Idéologies Linguistiques À L'est De L'ukraine À La Suite Du Conflit Russo-Ukrainien De 2014

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Idéologies Linguistiques À L'est De L'ukraine À La Suite Du Conflit Russo-Ukrainien De 2014 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020-07-06 Idéologies linguistiques à l’Est de l’Ukraine à la suite du conflit russo-ukrainien de 2014: Représentations sociolinguistiques et choix de code intergroupes dans la ville de Kharkiv Pletnyova, Ganna Pletnyova, G. (2020). Idéologies linguistiques à l’Est de l’Ukraine à la suite du conflit russo-ukrainien de 2014: Représentations sociolinguistiques et choix de code intergroupes dans la ville de Kharkiv (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112261 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Idéologies linguistiques à l’Est de l’Ukraine à la suite du conflit russo-ukrainien de 2014: Représentations sociolinguistiques et choix de code intergroupes dans la ville de Kharkiv by Ganna Pletnyova A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN FRENCH, ITALIAN AND SPANISH CALGARY, ALBERTA JULY, 2020 © Ganna Pletnyova 2020 i Résumé Cette étude explore les effets du conflit russo-ukrainien sur les ideologies et pratiques linguistiques des Ukrainiens russophones de la ville de Kharkiv, située à l’Est de l’Ukraine, à 30 kilomètres de la frontière russe. L’Ukraine est un pays officiellement unilingue avec l’ukrainien comme seule langue d’État, où environ 40 % de la population de l’Est et du Sud parle russe comme première langue. Comme la Russie a tiré parti des questions langagières ukrainiennes de longue date, il est important de rechercher comment cela a influencé les Ukrainiens russophones. Ces derniers se sont polarisés par le conflit entre les positions politiques concurrentes pour et contre la Russie. Ces convictions politiques et les interprétations divergentes du rôle de la langue dans un État-nation ont poussé les Kharkiviens russophones à essayer de passer à l’ukrainien, à prôner le bi ou plurilinguisme ou à utiliser seulement le russe de manière démonstrative. Ces trois idéologies, déterminées par les recherches précédentes et confirmées par les observations personnelles de la chercheuse, ont servi de base à l’enquête de terrain. Dans ce projet, on a utilisé des méthodes de recherche qualitatives, à savoir des entretiens semi-directifs, ce qui a permis d’obtenir des réponses plus approfondies. L’enquête a été effectuée à Kharkiv en été 2018, où la chercheuse a interviewé 32 participants adultes (un nombre égal de femmes et d’hommes) de différents âges, niveaux d’éducation et professions. Les résultats de la recherche font état des changements dans les attitudes des participants envers l’ukrainien, le russe, des langues étrangères et la politique linguistique d’État aussi bien que dans leurs pratiques langagières et stratégies d’adaptation bilingue des locuteurs d’autres idéologies. Comme l’enquête a été menée quatre ans après le début du conflit, ses résultats ii mettent également en lumière l’évolution des idéologies et des comportements linguistiques avec le temps. Mots-clés: Sociolinguistique critique, Plurilinguisme, Représentations et idéologies sociolinguistiques, Nationalisme linguististique et relations intergroupes, Politique linguistique, Adaptation bilingue. Abstract This study explores the effects of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the linguistic ideologies and practices of Russian-speaking Ukrainians from the city of Kharkiv, situated in the east of Ukraine, 30 kilometres from the border with Russia. Ukraine is a country with a single official language, Ukrainian, where as many as 40% of the eastern and southern population speak Russian as their first language. As Russia capitalized on the long-existing language issues at the start of the conflict in 2014, it is important to research how it influenced Russian-speaking Ukrainians. This conflict both polarized Ukrainian Russophones into competing ideological positions for or against Russia and gave fresh vigour to the linguistic debate in Ukraine. The Russian- speaking Kharkivites’ opposing political convictions and interpretations of the role of language in a nation-state affected their linguistic behaviour, motivating them to either attempt to switch to Ukrainian, to advocate bi- or multilingualism or to demonstratively use only Russian. I sought participants for my study based on these three language ideologies, determined by previous research and confirmed by my own observations. In my project, I used qualitative research methods, i.e. semi-structured interviews, which allowed me to obtain in-depth reponses from participants. The field study was carried out in iii Kharkiv in the summer of 2018, where I interviewed 32 adult participants (an equal number of men and women) of different ages, levels of education and professions. The study results provide evidence of changes in the participants’ attitudes to Russian, Ukrainian, foreign languages and state language policy as well as shifts in their language practices and accommodation strategies of speakers of different language ideologies. As the study was carried out four years after the beginning of the conflict, its results also cast light on the evolution of language ideologies and behaviours over time. Key words: Critical sociolinguistics, Multilingualism, Linguistic ideologies and attitudes, Linguistic Nationalism and Intergroup Relationship, Language policy, Bilingual Accommodation. iv Préface Cette thèse est un ouvrage original, inédit et indépendant de son auteure, Ganna (Anna) Pletnyova. L’enquête de terrain reportée dans les Chapitres VII-X a été approuvée par le Comité éthique de l’Université de Calgary (Conjoint Faculties Research Ethics Board (CFREB)) pour le projet Linguistic Ideologies in the East of Ukraine: Analysis of Language Attitudes and Choice of Code in the City of Kharkiv le 20 avril 2018 (Ethics ID: REB18-0282). v Remerciements Ce projet doctoral de longue durée a été réalisé grâce aux conversations, conseils et soutien de plusieurs personnes se trouvant au Canada et en Ukraine. C’est à elles que je dois mes remerciements et respects les plus chaleureux. Tout d’abord, je voudrais remercier mon magnifique directeur de recherche, Dr. Ozouf Sénamin Amedegnato, qui a su m’écouter et me poser des questions perspicaces sur mes intérêts et ma vie en générale, m’aidant ainsi à comprendre ce que je voulais rechercher et comment il fallait l’effectuer. Il m’a guidée sur mon parcours de doctorat, me soutenant aux moments de difficulté et de désespoir, sans me laisser me décourager. C’est d’abord et avant tout grâce à lui que j’ai pu mener ce travail à terme. En plus, j’adresse ma gratitude aux membres de mon comité scientifique, Dr. Elena Bratishenko et Dr. Rahat Zaidi, pour les conseils pertinents qu’elles m’ont donnés au cours de mon parcours de doctorante et pour leur acceptation rassurante de l’interdisciplinarité de ce projet. Je tiens également à remercier tous mes collègues et amis à l’Université de Calgary et dans ma ville natale de Kharkiv pour nos débats scientifiques et pour nos simples bavardages quotidiens, qui m’ont aidée à voir plus clairement les choses que je ne voyais pas avant. Enfin et surtout, je suis très reconnaissante à ma famille au Canada et en Ukraine qui m’a supportée et soutenue, envers et contre tout, pendant ces cinq ans de ma vie. Merci à mes parents, ma sœur et mon frère d’avoir écouté mes problèmes, doutes et examens de conscience et de s’être occupés de mon fils pendant mes longues heures de travail. Merci à mon mari qui m’a soutenue dans tous mes efforts, en acceptant notre séparation temporaire. Sans vous, ce projet ne serait jamais réalisé. Merci beaucoup! vi À mon mari Serge, qui ne lira ça jamais vii Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................. i Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Préface............................................................................................................................................ iv Remerciements ................................................................................................................................ v Table des matières......................................................................................................................... vii Liste des figures, tableaux, photos et cartes ................................................................................ xvii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Aperçu du terrain ..................................................................................................................... 1 L’Ukraine: une brève présentation des faits socio-politiques ................................................. 1 La ville de Kharkiv: le terrain de l’enquête ............................................................................
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