Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:16 09 May 2016 When is the Nation? This new collection of the key authors on nationalism delivers the latest thinking on the fundamental aspect of politics, sociology and international relations – nations and nationalism. John Breuilly, Walker Connor, Steven Grosby, Eric Hobsbawm, Anthony D. Smith and Pierre L. van den Berghe comprehensively explain the key theoretical question in nationalism studies of ‘when is the nation?’, that is, ‘in what point of history is a nation born?’ In a world still imbued with the language and practices of nationalism, this is a pertinent question, to which main theories give different answers. The comparison and contrast of these main approaches in the volume not only offers an overview of the state of theoretical debates but also reveals their strengths and weaknesses. This new text: • introduces the main schools of thought with clarity and concision • tackles the most pertinent questions in nationalism • delivers both theoretical and empirical perspectives • uses an innovative new interactive debate format with questions and answers • presents key case studies bringing theory to life The inclusion of case studies gives the reader fresh insights into specific nations and national groups, including the USA, Greece, England and Fiji. The accessible debate format puts main theories and thinkers to the test, enabling the reader to interact with the issues directly. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:16 09 May 2016 This unique volume is an invaluable resource for students and scholars of nationalism, ethnicity and global conflict. Atsuko Ichijo is Research Fellow in European Studies at Kingston University, London. She has recently published Scottish Nationalism and the Idea of Europe (Routledge, 2004). Gordana Uzelac is Senior Lecturer in Quantitative Sociology, London Metro- politan University. Her main research areas include the formation of ethnic and national identities and the process of nation-formation in Eastern Europe (especially former Yugoslavia) and western societies. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:16 09 May 2016 When is the Nation? Towards an understanding of theories of nationalism Edited by Atsuko Ichijo and Gordana Uzelac Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:16 09 May 2016 First published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2005 Atsuko Ichijo and Gordana Uzelac for editorial matter and selection; individual contributors, their contributions. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data When is the nation?: towards an understanding of theories of nationalism/ edited by Atsuko Ichijo and Gordana Uzelac. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:16 09 May 2016 1. Nationalism. I. Ichijo, Atsuko, 1967– . II. Uzelac, Gordana, 1966– JC311.W455 2005 320.54′01 – dc22 2005001997 ISBN 0-203-00150-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–415–35493–5 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–36121–4 (pbk) Contents Contributors vii Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 ATSUKO ICHIJO AND GORDANA UZELAC PART I Theoretical issues 7 Modernism Introduction 9 1 Dating the nation: how old is an old nation? 15 JOHN BREUILLY 2 The dawning of nations 40 WALKER CONNOR Question and answer I 47 Primordialism Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:16 09 May 2016 Introduction 51 3 The primordial, kinship and nationality 56 STEVEN GROSBY 4 Comment on Steven Grosby: the primordial, kinship and nationality 79 ERIC HOBSBAWM Question and answer II 85 vi Contents Ethno-symbolism Introduction 89 5 The genealogy of nations: an ethno-symbolic approach 94 ANTHONY D. SMITH 6 Ethnies and nations: genealogy indeed 113 PIERRE L. VAN DEN BERGHE Question and answer III 119 General discussion 124 PART II Case studies 135 7 When was the English nation? 137 KRISHAN KUMAR 8 When was the first new nation? Locating America in a national context 157 SUSAN-MARY GRANT 9 When, what and how is the nation? Lessons from Greece 177 ANNA TRIANDAFYLLIDOU 10 Nationalism and the politics of ethnicity in Fiji: critical perspectives on primordialism, modernism and ethno-symbolism 196 STEPHANIE LAWSON Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:16 09 May 2016 Conclusion: so, when is the nation? 212 GORDANA UZELAC AND ATUSKO ICHIJO Index 219 Contributors John Breuilly is Professor of Ethnicity and Nationalism at the London School of Economics and Political Science. His recent publications include: Austria, Prussia and Germany 1806–1871 (2002); Nationalismus und moderner Staat. Deutsch- land und Europa (1999); as co-editor, Germany’s Two Unifications: Anticipations, Experiences, Responses (2004), and as editor, 19th Century Germany: Politics, Culture and Society 1780–1918 (2001). His current research projects include the modernisation of the German lands; a comparative cultural history of nineteenth-century Hamburg, Lyon and Manchester; and a collaborative project comparing the first and second German unifications. Walker Connor is Distinguished Visiting Professor of Political Science at Middlebury College. He has held resident appointments at, inter alia, Harvard, Dartmouth, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Oxford, Cambridge, Bellagio, Warsaw, Singapore and Budapest. The University of Nevada named him Distinguished Humanist of 1991 to 1992 and the Uni- versity of Vermont named him the Distinguished Political Scientist of 1997. He has published over fifty articles and five books dealing with the comparative study of nationalism. Susan-Mary Grant is Reader in American History, University of Newcastle- upon-Tyne. Her publications include: North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (2000); Legacy of Disunion: The Enduring Significance of the American Civil War, edited with Peter J. Parish (2003); The Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:16 09 May 2016 American Civil War: Explorations and Reconsiderations, edited with Brian Holden Reid (2000), and a number of articles on American nationalism and on the Civil War. The American Civil War was shortlisted for the Lincoln Prize, 2001. Steven Grosby, Professor of Philosophy and Religion, Clemson University, is the author of Biblical Ideas of Nationality, Ancient and Modern (2003); editor and translator of Hans Freyer, Theory of Objective Mind (1998); and editor of The Calling of Education (1997) and The Virtue of Civility (1997). His numerous articles have appeared in such journals as European Journal of Sociology, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, History of Religions, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, Social Compass, Nations and Nationalism, and Ethnic and viii Contributors Racial Studies. He is also co-editor of the four-volume reader Nationality and Nationalism (2004) and is author of the forthcoming Nationalism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press). Eric Hobsbawm is Emeritus Professor of History, Birkbeck College, University of London. He is the author of a number of books including The Age of Capital (1975), The Age of Empire (1987), Nations and Nationalism (1990), The Age of Extremes (1994), Interesting Times (2002), and he co-edited The Invention of Tradition (1982). Atsuko Ichijo is Research Fellow in European Studies at Kingston University, London. Her main research interests are nationalism and its relationship to ‘Europe’ and ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ nationalism. Her recent publications include Scottish Nationalism and the Idea of Europe (2004), ‘The scope of theories of nationalism: comments on Scottish and Japanese experiences’, Geopolitics, 7(2), 2002, pp. 53–74, ‘The uses of history: Anglo-British and Scottish views of Europe’, Regional and Federal Studies, 13(3), 2003, pp. 23–43. She is a member of the editorial team of Nations and Nationalism. Krishan Kumar is William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor of Sociology at the Uni- versity of Virginia. He was previously Professor of Social and Political Thought at the University of Kent at Canterbury, England. He received his undergraduate education at the University of Cambridge and his postgraduate education at the London School of Economics. Among his publications are Prophecy and Progress: The Sociology of Industrial and Post-Industrial Society (1978); Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Modern Times (1987); The Rise of Modern Society; From Post-Industrial to Post-Modern Society 2nd ed. (2005); 1989: Revolutionary Ideas and Ideals (2001); The Making of English National Identity (2003). Stephanie Lawson is Professor of International Relations and Director of European and International Studies at the University of East Anglia. She is a graduate of the University of New England and former Fellow in the Research School of