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Orbis, Κόσμοσ, Οίκουμένη: Aspetti Spaziali Dell’Idea Di Impero Universale Da Augusto a Teodosio

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Orbis, Κόσμοσ, Οίκουμένη: Aspetti Spaziali Dell’Idea Di Impero Universale Da Augusto a Teodosio Mastino, Attilio (1986) Orbis, κόσμοσ, οίκουμένη: aspetti spaziali dell’idea di impero universale da Augusto a Teodosio. In: Popoli e spazio romano tra diritto e profezia: atti del 3. Seminario internazionale di studi storici "Da Roma alla terza Roma", 21-23 aprile 1983, Roma, Italia. Napoli, Edizioni scientifiche italiane. p. 63- 162, [3] c. di tav. (Da Roma alla terza Roma. Documenti e studi, 3). http://eprints.uniss.it/7089/ Documento digitalizzato dallo Staff di UnissResearch DA ROMA ALLA TERZA ROMA DOCUMENTI E STUDI STUDI - III 21 APRILE 1983 POPOLI E SPAZIO ROMANO TRA DIRITTO E PROFEZIA EDIZIONI SCIENTIFICHE ITALIANE © 1986 by Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane s.p.a. 80121 Napoli, via Chiatamone, 7 ATTILIO MASTINO ORBIS, KOIMOl:, OIKOYMENH: ASPETTI SPAZIALI DELL'IDEA DI IMPERO UNIVERSALE DA AUGUSTO A TEOOOSIO I Premessa La concezione universale del potere non fu una creazione degli imperatori romani, ma ha radici molto piu antiche, che attraversano gli ultimi secoli della repubblica; eppure Augusto ed i suoi successori diedero dell'universa­ lismo come fatto politico ed anche religioso un'interpretazione totalmente nuova ed originale, ponendo geograficamente al centro dello spazio cosmico la città di Roma e sottolineando il felice collegamento con l'oeterlli/as, l'eterna durata nel tempo del potere imperiale. In questa sede verrà esaminato un aspetto, particolare ma relativamente poco studiato, di questa concezione, partendo dalla titolatura degli impera­ tori romani fino a Teodosio: verrà affrontata l'evoluzione nel tempo delle parole orbis, x6crp,o~, otxoullÉv1} ed anche mundus, "terra marique" e yii xa.L BciÀ.a.erera., intese nel senso di Il ambito spaziale dell'impero universale", aI. lorché fanno parte della denominazione, pit1 o meno ufficiale, con la quale ciascun principe compare nella documentazione epigrafica; verrà utilizzata anche la testimonianza dei papiri 1 e delle monete 2. 1 Si è utilizzato soprattutto il lavoro di P. BURETH, us titulattlres impériales dans les papyrus, les oslfoca et les inscriptions d'Egypte (30 a.C.-284 p.c.), Bruxelles 1964, con i successivi aggiornamenti di P.]. SIJPESTEIJN, "Reniarks on some ImperiaI Titles in tbe Papyri", ZPE, 40 (1980), pp. 1.30-1.38; ID., "Furtber Remarks OD some Impe­ riai Titles in tbe Papyri", ZPE, 45 (1982), pp. 177-1%; ID., "More Remarks on some ImperiaI Titles in tbe Papyri", ZPE, 49 (1982), pp. 97-111. Per l'età piu tarda (a partire da Diocleziano), dr. K. A. WORP, "Byzantine Imperiai TituIature in the Greek Documen­ tary Papyri. Tbe Oath Formulas", ZPE, 45 (1982), pp. 199-223, fino ad Eraelio. n materiale è stato parzialmente discusso da E. VAN'T DACIC, "La papyrologie et l'histoire du Haut-Empire: Ies lormulae des empereurs", ANRW, II, 1, Berlin·New York 1974, pp. 857-888. 2 Per un primo esame del problema nella documentazione numismatica, dr. M. ~tIT, "Propagande de succès et d'euphorie dans l'empire romain", Iura, 16 (1965), pp. 52-75; G. G. BELLON, "Significati storico-politici delle figurazioni e delle scritte delle monete da 63 Un ampio repertorio delle testimonianze epigrafiche e numismatiche che alludono alla concezione universale del potere è stato fornito nel 1963 da G. Barbieri, in occasione della pubblicazione di un cippo inedito di Costan­ tino da Marsala 3; successivamente l'argomento non è stato affrontato in ma­ niera specifica. Manca in proposito un adeguato studio di sintesi, anche se si possiedono ricerche parziali o su singoli imperatori 4. Possono essere co­ munque utilmente consultati anche altri lavori dedicati ad alcuni epiteti par­ ticolari 5 oppure alla titolatura ufficiale od ufficiosa degli imperatori romani 6, o pitl in generale all'universalismo 7, all'ideologia del principato ed alle virru esaltate nella documentazione epigrafica e numismatica Il. Piu studiata è stata Augusto a Traiano (zecche di Roma e 'imperatorie')", ANRW, II, 1, Berlin-New York, 1974, pp. 997-1144; R. FEARS, '~The Cult of Virtues and Roman .ImperiaI Ideology", ANRW, II, 17, 2, Berlin-New York 1981, pp. 827-948. 3 G. BARBIERI, "Due cippi di Marsala del IV secolo d.C.", Kwxtù..oc;, 9 (1963), pp. 225- 252 (in particolare: appendice I, epiteti imperiali con la parola orbis, alle pp. 243-250). 4 Pili avanti si indicheranno alcuni studi particolari. Vd. un primo elenco in M. CLAUSS, "Ausgewiihlte Bibliographie zur lateinisehen Epigraphik der romischen Kaiserzeit (1.-3. Jh.)", ANRW, II, 1, Berlin-New York 1974, p. 819. S Cfr. p. es. ST. WEINSTOCK, "Vietor and invietus", Harvard Theologieal Review, 50 (1957), pp. 211-247; D. HAGEDORN - K. A. WORP, "Von xvp~oc; zu SEa1t6-n)c;. Eine Bemer­ kung 2ur Kaisertitulatur im 3./4. ]hd!', ZPE, 39 (1980), pp. 165-177. 6 Cfr. L. BERLINGER, Bei/rage %ur inollhiellen Titulatur der romisehen Kaiser. Eine Untersuehung ihres ideengesehiehtlichell. Gehaltes und ihrer Entwicklung, diss., Breslau 1935; M. HAMMOND, "Imperia! Elements in tbe Formula of the Roman Emperors during tbe Drst two and a half Centuries of the Empire", Memoirs 01 the American Aeademy in Rome, 25 (1957), pp. 19-64; in particolare, per gli epiteti, pp. 41-54; L. PETERSEN, "Zur Titulierung des Kaisers in Cursusinschriften", Neue Beitriige %ur Geschiehte der alten Welt. Zweite ;'lternationale T agtmg ·der Faehgruppe alte Gesehiehte .der deutsehen Histori­ ker-Gesellsehalt von 4. bis 8. September 1962 in Stralsund, II, Romisches Reich, Berlin 1965, pp. 97-106; R. FREI-STOLBA, "Inoffizielle Kaisertitulaturen im 1. und 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.", Museum Helveticum, 26 (1969), pp. 18-39. 7 ]. KAERST, Die antik"e Idee der Dekumene in ihrer politischen und kulturellen Bedeutung, Leipzig 1903, pp. 33 55.; A. ALFOLDI, "Insignien und Tracht der romischen Kaiser", R. Mitt., 50 (1935), pp. 3-171 (ora anche in Die monarehische Reprasentation im romisehen Kaiserreiche, II, Darmstadt 1970, pp. 121-276); J. VOGT, "Orbis Romanus. Ein Beitrag 20m Sprachgebrauchund zur Vorstdlungswelt des romischen Imperialismus", in ID., Vom Reiehsgedanken der Romer, Leipzig 1942, 'pp. 170-207 (ora in Drbis. Ausge­ wahlte SehriJten %ur Gesehichte des Altertllms, Wien 1960, pp_ 150-171). Non si dimentichi che è uscita recentemente la voce orbis del Thesaurtls linguae LaJinae (IX, 2, fase. VI [a. 1978], cc. 906-920, particolarmente cc. 91655.), che però non tratta espressamente delIa titolatura imperiale. Di gronde interesse anche la voce oikumene delIa PW (F. GISINGER, in PW, XII, 2.[a. 1937], cc. 2123-2174; in pnrticolare,cc. 215855. e 216555.) ed altri lemmi del Thesaurus linguae Latinae e del Thesaurus Graecae linguae, che saranno citati di volta in volta. I aro soprattutto M. P. CHARLESWORnI, "Tbe Virtues of a Roman Emperor. Propa­ ganda and tbe Creation of Belief", Proceedings 01 the British Academy, 23 (1937), pp. 105-133; J. BÉRANGER, Reeherehes sur l'aspect idéologique du principat (Schweize­ rische Beitriige zur Altertumswissenschafts, 6), Basel 1953; L. CERPAUX -]. TONDRlAU, Un eoncu"ent du ehristianisme. Le culte des souverains dans la eivilisation gréeo-romaille, Tournai 1957; F. TAEGER, Charisma ... Studien zur Geschiehte des antiken He"seherkultes. Stuttgart 1960; P. GRENADE, Essai sur les origines du principato Investiture et renouvelle­ ment des pouvoirs impériaux, Paris 1961; ]. R. FEARS, Princeps a diis eleetus. The Divine 64 finora la serie degli attributi cosmocratici riferiti agli imperatori in alcuni testi letterari SI COSI come è stato ampiamente trattato sotto questo profilo il periodo tardo-antico e bizantino l0. In realtà il maggior interesse del problema si trova nella ricerca delle origini di alcuni formulari, poi divenuti stereotipi: attraverso un riesame della documentazione, si cercherà perciò di evidenziare l'evoluzione della titolatura imperiale che contiene precisazioni di ambito spaziale, in riferi­ mento alle diverse epoche, alle differenti concezioni politico-religiose, alle singole località. Una ricostruzione unitaria è resa problematica dal fatto che il materiale in esame, che abbraccia quattro secoli, è di diversa qualità, pro­ viene da quasi tutte le province e testimonia spesso motivazioni occasionali ed episodiche; del resto ci sono conservate iscrizioni dedicate da privati, da comunità cittadine, da amministratori provinciali e dagli stessi imperatori, per cui occorrerà di volta in volta stabilire il carattere della dedica e quindi il grado di maggiore o minore ufficialità degli epiteti attribuiti al principe. È un fatto che, a differenza delle monete, nei diplomi militari, che presen­ tano la titolatura latina ufficiale, la parola orbis non è mai attestata; è signi­ ficativo invece che le dediche ufficiali poste in Oriente contengano di fre­ quente ed in epoca abbastanza precoce le parole x60lL0~ ed oLxovl-liVTJ: gli stessi dedicanti utilizzavano dunque termini e concetti differenti, a seconda che si rivolgessero ad un pubblico anziché ad un altro; in Occidente i rife­ rimenti all'idea di impero universale e ad un potere totalizzante appaiono chiaramente in origine molto piu cauti che in Oriente. Dopo i Severi la titolatura latina è rappresentata con sempre maggior ampiezza, mentre quella greca si incontra sempre piu raramente; in ogni caso sparisce quasi comple­ tamente la parola x6C1lo~, che individua una realtà territoriale piu vasta ri­ spetto ad orbis e ad oLxovl-liVll 11. Si tratta di delineare da un punto di vista quantitativo questo fenomeno e di stabilire le linee di uno sviluppo diacro­ nico che sicuramente è stato influenzato da motivazioni politiche e da avve­ nimenti particolari,. ma che piu ancora è stato condizionato dalle diverse concezioni filosofiche e religiose, fino ad arrivare alla grande rivoluzione cri- Election 01 the Emperor as a Political Concept at Rome (Papers md Monographs of the American Academy in Rome, 26), Roma 19TI; A. WALLACE-HADRILL, "The Emperor and bis Virtues", Bistoria, 30 (1981), pp. 298-323. SI Per ridea di impero universale in Tacito, dr. p. es. A. CASTRO, Tacilus and the "Virtues" 01 the Roman Emperor: the Role 01 Imperial Propaganda in the Historiography 01 Tacitus, diss., London 1977; per rHistoria Augusta, dr. B. BALDWIN, "Acclamations in the Historia Augusta", Athenaeum, 59 (1981), pp.
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