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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper aligmnent can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing firom left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 Norifi Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313.'761-4700 800.'521-0600 Order Number 9411999 Comparative, diachronic and experimental perspectives on the interaction between tone and vowel in Standard Cantonese Lee, Gina Maureen, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 COMPARATIVE, DIACHRONIC AND EXPERIMENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TONE AND VOWEL IN STANDARD CANTONESE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Gina Maureen Lee, B.A., M.A. * :|î Ai The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Brian D. Joseph Mary E. Beckman "7 Adviser Marjorie K. M. Chan Department of Linguistics ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the members of my reading committee for their contributions to this dissertation. Marjorie Chan brought the issue of the vowel-tone interaction in Cantonese to my attention, and her knov/iedge of the Yue dialects was invaluable to me. She also provided some critical sources, particularly Chinese language references, some of which are not generally available. Mary Beckman’s knowledge of the phonetics of the Chinese languages, as well as her insistance that I make my points as clear as possible, were especially helpful. Brian Joseph, my longtime advisor, encouraged my interest in the Yue dialects and in Chinese linguistics, and felt that I could make an important contribution. I have benefitted much from his expertise in nearly all areas of linguistics. Mark Libucha, John Xiang-ling Dai, Qian Gao, Christie Block, Shui-hui Peng, Jian-guo Shi, and Jennifer Venditti generously assisted me in translating the Chinese and (in Jennifer’s case) Japanese language sources, and discussing matters of Chinese linguistics. John Dai provided glosses for some characters and wrote the characters for the data set used in the acoustic study. Last, but not least, I am grateful to the Department of Linguistics at Ohio State for funding me as a teaching associate. Such funding has indirectly contributed to the completion of this dissertation. VITA February 3, 1959 .......................... Born — Columbus, Ohio 1982 .......................................... B.A., cum laiide. Classics, The Ohio State University 1983-1984 .................................. University Fellow, The Ohio State University 1985 .......................................... M.A., Linguistics, The Ohio State University 1984-1992 .................................. Graduate Teaching Associate, Linguistics, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS (with Wayne Cowart) Editor, Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics #38; Papers from the Linguistics Laboratory. 1990. (with Mary Beckman) Editor, Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics #36: Papers from the Linguistics Laboratory 1985-1987. Sept. 1987. A study of Toishan FO. (ed. Mary Beckman and Gina Lee) Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics #36: Papers from the Linguistics Laboratory 1985-1987: 16-30. Sept. 1987. Diglossia in ancient India, (ed. Brian D. Joseph) Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics #34: Studies on Language Change: 151-164. Dec. 1986. FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Linguistics Studies in: Historical Linguistics, Brian D. Joseph 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS VITA ........................................................................................................................................... iii EXPLANATION OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS .................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. SYNCHRONIC PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF STANDARD CANTONESE.............................................................................................................. 8 C onsonants ................................................................................................................... 10 V o w els ........................................................................................................................... 12 T o n e s .............................................................................................................................. 17 II. THE REGULARITY OF THE VOWEL/TONE INTERACTION ................ 33 Number of form s ......................................................................................................... 33 Exceptions to the pattern ......................................................................................... 39 III. COMPARATIVE-HISTORICAL STUDY OF Y U E ........................................... 57 Reconstruction of Proto-Yue .................................................................................... 58 Dialect description....................................................................................................... 61 The Upper Entering split as an innovation .......................................................... 78 Historical development of Upper Entering tones ................................................ 80 IV IV. TONE-SEGMENT INTERACTIONS, TONAL DEVELOPMENTS, AND THEIR PHONETIC EFFECTS ............................................................................... 93 Contrary developments and their explanations .................................................. 103 Vowel quality affecting tone .................................................................................... 106 Duration affecting tone .............................................................................................. 109 V. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN VOWEL AND TONE IN THE MINORITY LANGUAGES OF SOUTHERN CHINA ..................................... 112 Tibeto-Burman minority languages ....................................................................... 114 Mon-Khmer minority languages ............................................................................ 119 Tai minority languages ......................................................................................... 123 Tai as a substratum .................................................................................................... 126 VI. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN VOWEL AND TONE AS AN AREAL FEATURE ................................................................................................................... 132 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. 137 APPENDIX: CANTONESE UPPER ENTERING TONE WORD LIST .................. 145 EXPLANATION OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS Different sources use slightly varying phonetic transcriptions, with as many different transcriptions as there are authors. For the sake of consistency, only one system is used here, which is listed below. Notations from other sources are converted to the present system. In some cases, the symbols chosen do not reflect any particular theoretical claims, but rather reflect an effort to avoid diacritics and unusual symbols. Vowels Consonants [i] high front unrounded [ng] velar nasal [I] lower high front unrounded [sh] palatal fricative [e] mid front unrounded [Ih] voiceless lateral fricative [E] lower mid front unrounded Ü] palatal glide ("epsilon") [?] glottal stop [u] high back rounded [*’] aspirated [U] lower high back rounded [0] mid back rounded [0] lower mid back rounded ("open ‘o’") [A] low back unrounded [a] low central unrounded ("inverted ‘a’") [oe] lower mid front rounded [0] mid front rounded [y] high front rounded [Ï] high central unrounded [ê] mid central lax (schwa) [:] long VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The traditional analysis of the syllable in Cantonese .................................... 10 Figure 2: Consonants in Standard Cantonese ...................................................................
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