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Hakka Chinese ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE IPA Hakka Chinese Wai-Sum Lee Eric Zee Phonetics Lab Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics City University of Hong Kong [email protected], [email protected] Hakka Chinese is also known in China as Kejia dialect. The present study is based on phonetic data collected from native speakers of Hakka Chinese, male and female, aged between 18 and 22, during our field trips to Hakka-speaking Meixian County in the northeastern part of Guangdong Province in southeastern China in 2007. The speakers have lived all their life in Meijiang District of the county, speaking Meijiang variety which is considered representative of Meixian Hakka. The style of speech illustrated here is that typical of the educated younger generation and the recording is that of a 22-year-old male college student. Consonants Dental/ Bilabial Labiodental alveolar Palatal Velar Labial-velar Glottal Plosive pph tth cch kkh kw kwh Affricate ts tsh Nasal m n ≠ N Fricative f s ç h Approximant √ j Lateral l approximant ppaî ‘father’ t taö ‘to hit’ c cauÿ ‘to call’ k kaî ‘home’ ph phaû ‘to crawl’ th thaî ‘he/she’ ch chOû ‘tomato’ kh khaû ‘to block’ mmaî ‘mother’ n naî ‘to take’ ≠≠auÿ ‘urine’ kw kwaî ‘melon’ ffaî ‘flower’ s saî ‘sand’ ççiî ‘to hope’ kwh kwhaî ‘to boast’ √√aî ‘frog’ ts tsaî ‘residue’ j jaiû ‘coconut’ NNaû ‘tooth’ tsh tshaî ‘fork’ h haÿ ‘down’ llaî ‘to pull’ Syllabic consonants ®­ s®­î ‘teacher’ m­ m­ û ‘not’ n­ n­ û ‘fish’ Journal of the International Phonetic Association (2009) 39/1 C International Phonetic Association doi:10.1017/S0025100308003599 Printed in the United Kingdom Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 27 Sep 2021 at 20:19:20, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. 108 Journal of the International Phonetic Association: Illustrations of the IPA Vowels isiî simî sinî sipâ sitâ ‘west’ ‘heart’ ‘new’ ‘to collect’ ‘excuse’ eseö semî senî sepö setö ‘to wash’ ‘forest’ ‘star’ ‘garbage’ ‘color’ asaî samî sanî saNî sapâ satâ sakâ ‘sand’ ‘clothes’ ‘hill’ ‘sound’ ‘to involve’ ‘tongue’ ‘stone’ O sOî sOnî sONî sOtö sOkö ‘shuttle’ ‘sour’ ‘trade’ ‘to brush’ ‘rope’ usuî sunî suNî sutâ sukâ ‘book’ ‘grandson’ ‘double’ ‘art’ ‘cooked’ @ s@mö s@nî s@pâ s@tâ ‘(a surname)’ ‘body’ ‘ten’ ‘to eat’ Diphthongs ai saiÿ ‘basking’ ia siaî tsiamî siaNî tsiapö siakö ‘some’ ‘sharp’ ‘fishy’ ‘to receive’ ‘tin’ au sauî ‘to burn’ eu seuÿ ‘skinny’ OisOiî ‘not nice’ iO siONî siOkö ‘suitcase’ ‘to whittle’ ui suiî ‘though’ iu siuî siuNÿ siukö ‘to repair’ ‘to worship’ ‘to lodge’ ie sienî sietö ‘before’ ‘snow’ Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 27 Sep 2021 at 20:19:20, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. W.-S. Lee & E. Zee: Hakka Chinese 109 Triphthong iau | siauî ‘to rid’ Tones (citation form) â (high level) itâ ‘wing’ î (mid level) iî ‘clothes’ ÿ (high falling) iÿ ‘idea’ ö (mid falling) iö ‘rain’ itö ‘benefit’ û (low level) iû ‘aunt’ Conventions Consonants, syllabic consonants, vowels, diphthongs and triphthong Syllable-initial [t th] are apico-laminal denti-alveolar; syllable-initial [s] is laminal alveolar; syllable-initial [ts tsh] are laminal alveolar or laminal denti-alveolar; syllable-initial [c ch ≠] are lamino-anterodorsal alveolo-prepalatal or anterodorsal postalveolo-palatal; and [ç] is laminal prepalatal or anterodorsal palatal. All consonants occur in syllable-initial position, and only unreleased [p t k], i.e. [pâ tâ kâ], and [m n N] occur in syllable-final position. Syllabic alveolar approximant [®­]1 is preceded only and obligatorily by homorganic [s ts tsh], and syllabic nasals [m­ ]and[n­ ] occur in isolation. Vowels 2 [i a e O u] occur in open and closed syllables; and [@] occurs only in closed syllables. [a] occurs before [p t k m n N]; [i e @] only before [p t m n]; and [O u] only before [t k n N]. [i u] are about cardinal in open syllables; [u] before [k N] is slightly mid-centralized; [e] = [e];§ [a] = [a];· and [O] = [O].+ Diphthongs [ai au ui Oi eu] occur only in open syllables; [ia iu] in open and closed syllables; and [ie iO] only in closed syllables. In closed syllables, [ia] occurs before [p k m N]; [iu iO] before [k N]; and [ie] before [t n]. [ia] = [ia§ ];· [ai] = [ai];· [ie] = [ie§ ];§ [au] = [au· ];+ [eu] = [eu];§ [ui] = [ui];+ [iO] = [iO];+ and [Oi] = [Oi].+ Triphthong [iau] occurs only in open syllables and is preceded by a large majority of the consonants, including a zero consonant. [iau] = [iau· ].+ Tones Citation tone [â] occurs only on checked syllables. Citation tones [ÿ îû] occur on open syllables and closed syllables with a nasal ending. [ö] occurs on all syllable types, and when occurring 1 The syllabic alveolar approximant [®­] which is prevalent in many Chinese dialects is referred to as the apical vowel by Chinese dialectologists, and the non-IPA symbol [ę] (Pullum & Ladusaw 1996) in place of [®­]iswidelyusedinChina. 2 In the recorded speech in this Illustration, there is a weak frication on vowel [i] when not preceded by a consonant. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 27 Sep 2021 at 20:19:20, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. 110 Journal of the International Phonetic Association: Illustrations of the IPA on checked syllables, it is realized as mid to low-mid falling. On compounds, before [û öÿ], [î] → [ü]and[ÿ] → [â]; and before [ö], [ö] → [î]. Citation tones [âîûÿö] do not undergo tone sandhi before [â]or[î]. [îîö] → [üüö]and[ÿÿÿÿ] → [âââÿ] on compounds illustrate simultaneous tone sandhi application to tones on the non-compound-final syllables. Transcription of recorded passage The passage recorded and transcribed here is ‘The North Wind and the Sun’. iuî itâ paiî aû |petî fuNî thuNû ≠itû theuû hOkî eÿ auâ manî≠inû kwOâ√Oiÿ |auâ lOiî auâçiÿ | tuâ mOî makî eâ catî kwOö || auâ tenî auâ tenö |luâ hONâ iuü tsakî≠inû haNû tenî kwOâ lOiû | kiû s@nî hONâ tsOkî tenî itû chanâ thaiÿ lauî || kiû tenü ≠inû tshiuÿ √aî | manî khOî iî sienî√Okâ kiû thOtî haî lauü eö lOiû | manî tshiuÿ kwOâ√Oiÿ || petî fuNî tshiuâ tshinâ miaNâ kuî tshiOî |tuNî heâ |kiû iatâ tshiOî | eâ tsakî≠inû tshiuÿ tsOkî lauü eî emü tetî iatî satû || tauâ miî haû |petî fuNâ mOû phanâ fapî eû | tshiuâ tshinÿ tetî kiû eû || kwOÿ itî haî | ≠itû theuû anî latî saiâ haü çiÿ | eâ tsakî≠inû tshiuâ tsOkî lauü eâ thOtî haü lOiû || eö haî |petî fuNâ ts®­û hauî s@nû≠inÿ | kiû tenî liONî tsakö |hanû heî≠itû theuû kwOâ√Oiÿ || Simplified orthographic version (non-standard vernacular) Traditional orthographic version (non-standard vernacular) Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to Xuejia Fang, Dejian Song and Yuanmin Xia of Hakka Research Centre at Jiaying University in Meixian County, Guangdong Province, China, for their support. Special thanks go to Chit Wong for his assistance and contribution to the operation of the field trips, and to two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. Support by a research grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, is gratefully acknowledged. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 27 Sep 2021 at 20:19:20, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. W.-S. Lee & E. Zee: Hakka Chinese 111 References While only Pullum & Ladusaw (1996) is cited in this Illustration, listed here are other works that we have consulted in connection with the Hakka Chinese project. Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1973. Hakka dialect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huang, Xuezhen. 1992. Meixian kejiahua de yuyin tedian [Phonetic characteristics of the sounds in Meixian Hakka]. Fangyan [Dialect] 1992(4), 275–289. [In Chinese] Huang, Xuezhen. 1997. Meixianhua yindang [Sound file of Meixian Hakka]. Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press. [In Chinese] Huang, Xuezhen. 1998. Meixian fangyan cidian [Dialect dictionary of Meixian dialect]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press. [In Chinese] Pullum, Geoffrey K. & William A. Ladusaw. 1996. Phonetic symbol guide, 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wen, Changyan. 2005. Kejia fangyan [Hakka dialect]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology Press. [In Chinese] Xie, Liuwen. 2003. Kejia fangyan yuyin yanjiu [A phonetic study of Hakka dialect]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Press. [In Chinese] Yuan, Jiahua. 1983. Hanyu fangyan gaiyao [An outline of Chinese dialects]. Beijing: Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe. [In Chinese] Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 27 Sep 2021 at 20:19:20, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use..
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