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Artificial Intelligence and Language Old Questions in a New Key COMPLEX AI-BASED SYSTEMS AND THE FUTURES OF LANGUAGE, HENRIK SINDING-LARSEN (ed) KNOWLEDGE AND RESPONSIBILITY IN PROFESSIONS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE OLD QUESTIONS IN A NEW KEY 7/88 CompLex nr. 7/88 AI based systems and the future of language, knowledge and responsibility in professions A COST-13 project Secretariat: Swedish Center for Working Life Box 5606 S-l 1486 STOCKHOLM - Sweden Henrik Sinding-Larsen (ed.) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE Old questions in a new key TANO OSLO © Tano A.S. 1988 ISBN 82-518-2550-4 Printed in Norway by Engers Boktrykkeri A/S, Otta Preface This report is based on papers, presentations and ideas from the research seminar Artificial Intelligence and Language that took place at Hotel Lutetia, Paris 2.-4. November 1987. The seminar was organised by the research project AI-based Systems and the Future of Language, Knowledge and Responsibility in Professions. The seminar as well as the project was financed by a grant from the Commission of the European Communities through the research programme COST-13. The project has been initiated and conducted by the following institutions: • Institute of informatics, University of Oslo • Swedish Centre for Working Life, Stockholm • Norwegian Research Institute for Computers and Law, University of Oslo • Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Vienna The project secretariat has been at the Swedish Centre for Working Life, Box 5606, S - 11486 Stockholm, Sweden. Project coordinator has been professor Kristen Nygaard, Institute of informatics, University of Oslo. An important activity within the project has been to create a forum for collaboration among European researchers from different disciplines concerned with the impact of artificial intelligence on society and culture. Paris was the location for our third international seminar of this kind, the two first having been held in Vienna and London. The reports from these meetings are available as the following books: Ernst Buchberger, Bo Goranzon, and Kristen Nygaard (eds.) Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives and Implications, CompLex 11/87, Oslo: The Norwegian University Press, 1987, ISBN: 82-00-07867-1 Ernst Buchbcrger, Bo Goranzon, and Kristen Nygaard (eds.) Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives of A! as a social technology. Complex 2/88 Oslo: Tano 1988 Bo Goranzon & Ingela Josefson (eds.) Knowledge, Skill, and Artificial Intelligence London:Springer Verlag (forthcoming May 1988) The research project has also taken the initiative to organize the international conference Culture, Language and Artificial Intelligence, Stockholm May 31.-June 4.1988. The project members Henrik Sinding-Larsen (University of Oslo), Paul Henry (CNRS, Paris) and Ingela Josefson (Swedish Centre for Working Life) were responsible for the organisation of the Paris seminar while Henrik Sinding-Larsen has edited the report. The report contains a selection of the presentations. Most of the papers have been written or rewritten after the seminar took place. Thus the report is more than just a summing up of what was said during our meeting. Important parts are reflections and after-thoughts inspired from three intense days of work in Paris. The paper "Studying Cognition Today" by Daniel Andler (one of the seminar participants) was originally written for another occasion, and was not presented at the seminar. We have chosen to include it as an appendix because it provides a good background for an understanding of the other discussions. If the reader wants an overview of current discussion topics within cognitive science and AI, we would recommend to start with this paper. The seminar was an ambitious multi-disciplinary experiment. The participating researchers covered a wide range of disciplines: informatics, cognitive science, linguistics, philosophy, law, medicine, anthropology, archeology, psychology, and literature. To some extent this made our already difficult topic even more difficult. But our aim was to elucidate fundamental aspects of human and social reality, and that will unavoidably complicated if one tries, as we did, to look critically at previous simplifications. The multi-disciplinary approach became at the same time our strength and our weakness. Our weakness because at times it was difficult to establish a common ground for the discussions. Our strength because we at the end could see ideas converge on a higher level. It has been difficult to write an introduction and it has been difficult to establish a proper sequence for the papers. In many ways all of the papers are introductions to a new and relatively unexplored field and they could all have been placed first. This is how it must be at the present stage. In reading the report, practitioners of AI may be disappointed if they look for ready-made methods and techniques that they can directly apply in their work. However, the distance from the reflections of this book to possible applications is short just as the distance from practical problems of AI to fundamental philosophical problems of language and knowledge is short. That is to say, the problems many practitioners of AI encounter in their work are of a fundamental, epistemological nature and they cannot be solved without a reflection of the kind this report is attempting to produce. Our intended audience is not restricted to practitioners of AI, but includes all researchers concerned with the social, ethical, epistemological, and philosophical implications of this fascinating, new and powerful technology. Kampen, April 10th 1988 Henrik Sinding-Larsen Contents Preface Henrik Sinding-Larsen: Introduction ...............................................................................................1 Language, cognition, and reality Elisabeth Leinfellner-Rupertsherger: Linguistics, Wittgensteinian Linguistic Philosophy, and Artificial Intelligence: Pros and Cons ....................................................................... 11 Ragnar Rommetveit: On Human Beings, Computers and Representational- Computational versus Hermeneutic-Dialogical Approaches to Human Cognition and Communication...........................................................................47 Language and technology in the history of culture Henrik Sinding-Larsen: A! and the externalisation of knowledge ........................................... 77 Henrik Sinding-Larsen: Notation and Music: The History of a Tool of Description and its Domain to be Described..................................................................... 91 Language and the computerization of knowledge Diane Berry: Implicit Knowledge and Expert Systems.............................................................115 Anna Hart: Theories of Knowledge and Misconceptions in A.1...............................................137 Kristen Nygaard: The over-head foils from his talk, containing propositions and conceptual clarifications about AI, language, and the professions..................................161 Paul Henry: Language,Speech, and AI-based Systems............................................................171 Dr Gordon Jameson: The Place of Interactive Video in Teaching Systems ( Demonstration of a medical videodisc on the prevention of back injuries)..................... 179 Julian Hilton: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Future of Professions: Some Reflections............................................................................................. 185 Appendix 1: Daniel Andler: Studying Cognition Today.......................................................... 201 A ppendix 2: List o f participants ................................................................................................247 Henrik Sinding-Larsen Introduction: Artificial Intelligence - a challenge to our understanding of language, cognition, and reality. I have a very intelligent vacuum-cleaner. It understands my intention to start every time I press the button with the word ’on'. And even better, when I tell it to stop by pressing the button with the word 'o ff, it understands that too. To most of us statements like these sound rather ridiculous. We all "know" that a vacuum-cleaner, being a machine, reacts mechanically to our pressing of the two buttons and totally ignores what might be written on them. To talk about understanding in this case would at best be a far fetched metaphor. And to talk about a proper language understanding would hardly come to anybodies mind. Let us now make the vacuum-cleaner a bit more complicated. Instead of two we provide it with three buttons and we call these buttons ’r , ’2 \ and ’3’. To start the machine we must first press ’1* and then ’2'. To stop the machine we must first press button ’1’ and then button ’3’ twice. And we may ask ourselves: Is there now any more reason to talk about linguistic understanding than in the first case? I guess most spontaneous answers to this question would simply be "no". But let us make still further improvements on our vacuum-cleaner. We paste small pieces of white paper on the buttons to hide the numbers ’1 \ ’2 \ and *3’ and instead we label them ’o’, *n\ and T . This is very useful because now we don't need to remember arbitrary sequences of numbers but instead the familiar words ’on’ and ’off’. But what about the machine? Has this last move in any sense changed the machine ‘s capability to understand language? In my opinion the answer must still be no. But it has changed our capability for understanding the interaction with the machine, and this is a very significant
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