DOCSLIB.ORG

Logic A-Z from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Chapter 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Logic A-Z from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Chapter 1 Logic A-Z From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Chapter 1 Antepredicament Antepredicaments, in logic, are certain previous matters requisite to a more easy and clear apprehension of the doctrine of predicaments or categories. Such are definitions of common terms, as equivocals, univocals, etc., with divisions of things, their differences, etc. They are thus called because Aristotle treated them before the predicaments, hoping that the thread of discourse might not afterwards be interrupted. 1.1 References • This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "*article name needed". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. 2 Chapter 2 Apophasis Not to be confused with Apophysis (disambiguation), Apoptosis, or Apophis (disambiguation). Apophasis is a rhetorical device wherein the speaker or writer brings up a subject by either denying it, or denying that it should be brought up.*[1] Accordingly, it can be seen as a rhetorical relative of irony. Also called paralipsis (παράλειψις) – also spelled paraleipsis or paralepsis –, or occupatio,*[2]*[3]*[4]*[5] and known also as prae- teritio, preterition, antiphrasis (ἀντίφρασις), or parasiopesis (παρασιώπησις), apophasis is usually employed to make a subversive ad hominem attack, which makes it a frequently used tactic in political speeches to make an attack on one's opponent. Using apophasis in this way is often considered to be bad form. The device is typically used to distance the speaker from unfair claims, while still bringing them up. For instance, a politician might say, “I don't even want to talk about the allegations that my opponent is a drunk.”It can also be used in denying such claims entirely, for example by saying “I'm sure that my opponent is not lying; however, his grasp of the facts seems to be shaky.”*[6] 2.1 Name The word is Late Latin, from Greek ἀπόφασις from ἀπόφημι apophemi,*[7] “to say no”.*[8] 2.2 Proslepsis When paralipsis is taken to its extreme, proslepsis occurs, and the speaker provides full details stating and/or drawing attention to something in the very act of pretending to pass it over: “I will not stoop to mentioning the occasion last winter when our esteemed opponent was found asleep in an alleyway with an empty bottle of vodka still pressed to his lips.”*[9] Paralipsis was often used by Cicero in his orations: “Obliviscor iam iniurias tuas, Clodia, depono memoriam doloris mei”(“I now forget your wrongs, Clodia, I set aside the memory of my pain [that you caused].”) —Cicero,"Pro Caelio", Chapter 50 “It would be superfluous in me to point out to your lordship that this is war.” —Charles Francis Adams, U.S. Ambassador to Britain, dispatch to Earl Russell, 5 September 1863, concerning Britain's relations with the Confederacy. “Ssh,”said Grace Makutsi, putting a finger to her lips. “It's not polite to talk about it. SO I won't mention the Double Comfort Furniture Shop, which is one of the businesses my fiance owns, you know. 3 4 CHAPTER 2. APOPHASIS I must not talk about that. But do you know the store, Mma? If you save up, you should come in some day and buy a chair.” —Alexander McCall Smith, Blue Shoes and Happiness, Chapter 4 As a rhetorical device, it can serve various purposes, often dependent on the relationship of the speaker to the ad- dressee and the extent of their shared knowledge. Apophasis is rarely literal; instead, it conveys meaning through implications that may depend on this context. As an example of how meaning shifts, the English phrase“needless to say”invokes shared understanding, but its actual meaning depends on whether that understanding was really shared. The speaker is alleging that it is not necessary to say something because the addressee already knows it, but is it so? If it is, it may merely emphasize a pertinent fact. If the knowledge is weighted with history, it may be an indirect way of levying an accusation (“needless to say, because you are responsible"). If the addressee does not actually already possess the knowledge, it may be a way to condescend: the speaker suspected as much but wanted to call attention to the addressee's ignorance. Conversely, it could be a sincere and polite way to share necessary information that the addressee may or may not know without implying that the addressee is ignorant. An example of the last type of paralipsis/paralepsis, where it serves to politely avoid suggestion of ignorance, is found in the narrative style of Adso of Melk in Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose, where the character fills in details of early fourteenth-century history for the reader by stating it is unnecessary to speak of them.*[10] 2.3 With proper names When it is taboo to speak of an entity by name, an epithet or sobriquet can be used in place of the name. For example, when it was forbidden in Myanmar to speak the name of political prisoner Aung San Suu Kyi, she was commonly referred to as “The Lady”. Various names of God in Judaism are used to avoid writing or speaking sacred names. The name of the fictional Lord Voldemort in the popular Harry Potter universe is taboo, and he is commonly referred with epithets such as “He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named”and “You-Know-Who”. 2.4 Examples 2.4.1 Political In 1988, President Ronald Reagan said of Michael Dukakis, a presidential candidate who was rumored to have received psychological treatment, “Look, I'm not going to pick on an invalid.”*[11] In 2015, Donald Trump said of fellow Republican presidential candidate and former Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina, “I promised I would not say that she ran Hewlett-Packard into the ground.”*[12] In 2016, Trump tweeted of journalist Megyn Kelly, “I refuse to call Megyn Kelly a bimbo, because that would not be politically correct.”*[13] 2.5 See also • Argument from ignorance • Argument from silence • Elephant in the room • The lady doth protest too much, methinks • Glossary of rhetorical terms • Problem of induction • Apophatic theology • Ironic process theory • Unsaid 2.6. NOTES 5 2.6 Notes [1] Baird, A. Craig; Thonssen, Lester (1948). “Chapter 15 The Style of Public Address”. Speech Criticism, the Development of Standards for Rhetorical Appraisal. Ronald Press Co. p. 432. [2] Kathryn L. Lynch (2000). Chaucer's Philosophical Visions. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-85991-600-4. Retrieved 22 May 2013. [3] Anthony David Nuttall (1980). Overheard by God: fiction and prayer in Herbert, Milton, Dante and St. John. Methuen. p. 96. Retrieved 22 May 2013. [4] Fārūq Shūshah; Muḥammad Muḥammad ʻInānī (al-Duktūr.) (2003). Beauty bathing in the river: poems. Egyptian State Pub. House (GEBO). p. 19. Retrieved 22 May 2013. [5] K. V. Tirumalesh (1999). Language Matters: Essays on Language, Literature, and Translation. Allied Publishers. p. 113. ISBN 978-81-7023-947-5. Retrieved 22 May 2013. [6] Safire, William (October 9, 1988). “ON LANGUAGE; Debatemanship”. The New York Times. [7] “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon”. Perseus Digital Library. Tufts University. Retrieved 7 April 2013. [8] “apophasis”. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 1 June 2011. [9] Burton, Gideon O. “paralipsis”. Silva Rhetoricae: The Forest of Rhetoric. Brigham Young University. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011. [10] Eco, Umberto (1984). “Postscript to the Name of the Rose”. The Name of the Rose. Translated by William Weaver. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 39. Eco and Weaver use the spelling paralepsis or “passing over”for the phenomenon. [11] Lamar Jr., Jacob V. (15 August 1988). “Reagan: Part Fixer, Part Hatchet Man”. Time Magazine. Retrieved 16 August 2015. [12] Strauss, Daniel (14 August 2015). “Donald Trump bad-mouths his rivals”. Politico. Retrieved 16 August 2015. [13] “Donald J. Trump on Twitter”. Twitter. Retrieved 2016-01-27. 2.7 References • Smyth, Herbert Weir (1984) [1920]. Greek Grammar. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 680. ISBN 0-674-36250-0. 2.8 External links • Figures of rhetoric: Apophasis • A Handbook of Rhetorical Devices: Apophasis • Wordsmith: Paralipsis Chapter 3 Argument map An argument map In informal logic and philosophy, an argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument. An argument map typically includes the key components of the argument, traditionally called the conclusion and the premises, also called contention and reasons.*[1] Argument maps can also show co-premises, objections, counterarguments, rebuttals, and lemmas. There are different styles of argument map but they are often functionally equivalent and represent an argument's individual claims and the relationships between them. Argument maps are commonly used in the context of teaching and applying critical thinking.*[2] The purpose of mapping is to uncover the logical structure of arguments, identify unstated assumptions, evaluate the support an argument offers for a conclusion, and aid understanding of debates. Argument maps are often designed to support deliberation of issues, ideas and arguments in wicked problems.*[3] An argument map is not to be confused with a concept map or a mind map, which are less strict in relating claims. 3.1 Key features of an argument map A number of different kinds of argument map have been proposed but the most common, which Chris Reed and Glenn Rowe called the standard diagram,*[4] consists of a tree structure with each of the reasons leading to the conclusion. 6 3.2. REPRESENTING AN ARGUMENT AS AN ARGUMENT MAP 7 There is no consensus as to whether the conclusion should be at the top of the tree with the reasons leading up to it or whether it should be at the bottom with the reasons leading down to it.*[4] Another variation diagrams an argument from left to right.*[5] According to Doug Walton and colleagues, an argument map has two basic components: “One component is a set of circled numbers arrayed as points.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Energy Efficiency Systems, Dations for Long-Term, Low-Carbon, Prosperity
    Kopi fra DBC Webarkiv Kopi af: Shaping the sustainable economy : summary report of the World Business Summit on Climate Change, Copenhagen, 24-26 May 2009 Dette materiale er lagret i henhold til aftale mellem DBC og udgiveren. www.dbc.dk e-mail: [email protected] Shaping the sustainable economy Summary report of the World Business Summit on Climate Change Copenhagen, 24-26 May 2009 A Monday Morning Initiative Summary report THERE IS NOT MUCH TIME. WE HAVE TO DO IT THIS YEAR. NOT NEXT YEAR. THIS YEAR […] THE CLOCK IS TICKING BECAUSE MOTHER NATURE DOES NOT DO BAILOUTS.” Former U.S. Vice President Al Gore Summary report Foreword 3 Foreword The World Business Summit on Climate Change was convened in Copenhagen from 24-26 May at the same venue that will host the COP15 in December this year. Over the course of three days, global leaders from business, policy, civil society, and science, all engaged in dialogue on the road to a low-carbon future and the recommendations for an ambitious new climate change framework. They heard from the United Nations Secretary-General on the need for business engagement and leadership; former U.S. Vice-President Al Gore on the critical impor- tance of an effective climate treaty and business leaders from more than 40 countries. The key objective of the World Business Summit on Cli- What we take from this Summit is a positive commit- mate Change was to contribute input to the work of the ment to action. It is clear to all that the world is in the Danish government and the United Nations negotiations midst of a global recession.
    [Show full text]
  • Skepticism and Pluralism Ways of Living a Life Of
    SKEPTICISM AND PLURALISM WAYS OF LIVING A LIFE OF AWARENESS AS RECOMMENDED BY THE ZHUANGZI #±r A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHILOSOPHY AUGUST 2004 By John Trowbridge Dissertation Committee: Roger T. Ames, Chairperson Tamara Albertini Chung-ying Cheng James E. Tiles David R. McCraw © Copyright 2004 by John Trowbridge iii Dedicated to my wife, Jill iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In completing this research, I would like to express my appreciation first and foremost to my wife, Jill, and our three children, James, Holly, and Henry for their support during this process. I would also like to express my gratitude to my entire dissertation committee for their insight and understanding ofthe topics at hand. Studying under Roger Ames has been a transformative experience. In particular, his commitment to taking the Chinese tradition on its own terms and avoiding the tendency among Western interpreters to overwrite traditional Chinese thought with the preoccupations ofWestern philosophy has enabled me to broaden my conception ofphilosophy itself. Roger's seminars on Confucianism and Daoism, and especially a seminar on writing a philosophical translation ofthe Zhongyong r:pJm (Achieving Equilibrium in the Everyday), have greatly influenced my own initial attempts to translate and interpret the seminal philosophical texts ofancient China. Tamara Albertini's expertise in ancient Greek philosophy was indispensable to this project, and a seminar I audited with her, comparing early Greek and ancient Chinese philosophy, was part ofthe inspiration for my choice ofresearch topic. I particularly valued the opportunity to study Daoism and the Yijing ~*~ with Chung-ying Cheng g\Gr:p~ and benefited greatly from his theory ofonto-cosmology as a means of understanding classical Chinese philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • Paradox Philosophy
    Paradox Philosophy Course at Akita International University Philipp Blum, University of Lucerne, [email protected] https://philipp.philosophie.ch/teaching/paradoxes20.html Summary of the course, version of February 17, 2020 Contents 1 Administrative info 2 2 What is a paradox? 3 3 Mathematical Paradoxes 4 3.1 Things and their groupings .............................. 4 3.2 Cantor and modern set theory ............................ 4 3.3 Frege’s definition of number and Russell’s paradox ................. 6 4 Physical Paradoxes 7 4.1 Zeno’s paradoxes .................................... 7 4.2 Not easily solved by the modern calculus ....................... 9 4.3 Whitehead’s lesson: becoming is not continuous ................... 9 4.4 Russell’s lesson: the at-at theory of motion ..................... 10 4.5 Black’s lesson: the problem of hypertasks ...................... 11 4.6 Background 1: the line and the points ........................ 11 4.7 Background 2: the metaphysics of persistence and the problem of change . 12 5 Semantic Paradoxes 13 5.1 Truth and Falsity .................................... 13 5.2 The Liar ......................................... 14 5.3 The Strengthened Liar ................................. 15 5.4 A Spicy Curry ..................................... 15 5.5 Having fun with liars and curries ........................... 16 5.6 The Sorites paradox .................................. 17 6 Paradoxes of Rationality 18 6.1 Surprise Exam ..................................... 18 6.2 Prisoners’ Dilemma ..................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Allais Paradox: What It Became, What It Really Was, What It Now Suggests to Us
    Economics and Philosophy (2019), 35, 423–459 doi:10.1017/S0266267118000469 ARTICLE The Allais paradox: what it became, what it really was, what it now suggests to us Philippe Mongin GREGHEC, 1 rue de la Libération, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France Email: [email protected] (Received 11 June 2018; revised 24 August 2018; accepted 27 August 2018; first published online 30 January 2019) Abstract Whereas many others have scrutinized the Allais paradox from a theoretical angle, we study the paradox from an historical perspective and link our findings to a suggestion as to how decision theory could make use of it today. We emphasize that Allais proposed the paradox as anormativeargument, concerned with ‘the rational man’ and not the ‘real man’,touse his words. Moreover, and more subtly, we argue that Allais had an unusual sense of the normative, being concerned not so much with the rationality of choices as with the rationality of the agent as a person. These two claims are buttressed by a detailed investigation – the first of its kind – of the 1952 Paris conference on risk, which set the context for the invention of the paradox, and a detailed reconstruction – also the first of its kind – of Allais’s specific normative argument from his numerous but allusive writings. The paper contrasts these interpretations of what the paradox historically represented, with how it generally came to function within decision theory from the late 1970s onwards: that is, as an empirical refutation of the expected utility hypothesis, and more specifically of the condition of von Neumann–Morgenstern independence that underlies that hypothesis.
    [Show full text]
  • I'll Have What She's Having: Reflective Desires and Consequentialism
    I'll Have What She's Having: Reflective Desires and Consequentialism by Jesse Kozler A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors Department of Philosophy in the University of Michigan 2019 Advisor: Professor James Joyce Second Reader: Professor David Manley Acknowledgments This thesis is not the product of solely my own efforts, and owes its existence in large part to the substantial support that I have received along the way from the many wonderful, brilliant people in my life. First and foremost, I want to thank Jim Joyce who eagerly agreed to advise this project and who has offered countless insights which gently prodded me to refine my approach, solidify my thoughts, and strengthen my arguments. Without him this project would never have gotten off the ground. I want to thank David Manley, who signed on to be the second reader and whose guidance on matters inside and outside of the realm of my thesis has been indispensable. Additionally, I want to thank Elizabeth Anderson, Peter Railton, and Sarah Buss who, through private discussions and sharing their own work, provided me with inspiration at times I badly needed it and encouraged me to think about previously unexamined issues. I am greatly indebted to the University of Michigan LSA Honors Program who, through their generous Honors Summer Fellowship program, made it possible for me to stay in Ann Arbor and spend my summer reading and thinking intentionally about these issues. I am especially grateful to Mika LaVaque-Manty, who whipped me into shape and instilled in me a work ethic that has been essential to the completion of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • “Climategate” (PDF)
    The Emails from the University of East Anglia’s Climatic Research Unit On or about November 19, 2009, as yet unknown persons hacked into an email server at the University of East Anglia’s Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in Norwich, U.K. The CRU is an academic department specializing in climate research and is particularly known for reconstructing past global surface temperatures on the decade to millennium time scales. The CRU is one of three organizations worldwide that have independently compiled thermometer measurements of local temperatures from around the world to reconstruct the history of average global surface temperature for the past 130 ‐ 150 years. The other two groups are in the United States (NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center and the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies). From a much larger number of emails, the hackers selected and posted more than 1000 on a publicly accessible file server in Russia. The vast majority of the 1000+ emails are routine and unsuspicious. Perhaps one or two dozen of the email exchanges give the appearance of controversy, though no unethical behavior has yet been documented. Professor Phil Jones, director of the CRU, was involved in most of these email exchanges. He has temporarily stepped down as the CRU director pending the outcome of an independent investigation instigated by the university. Although a small percentage of the emails are impolite and some express animosity toward opponents, when placed into proper context they do not appear to reveal fraud or other scientific misconduct by Dr. Jones or his correspondents. The most common accusations of misconduct center around two general themes: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Mit Einer Logischen Kritik Der Mathematischen Logik Und Bibliographie Der Logik
    GRUNDRISS DER PYRAMIDALEN LOGIK mit einer logischen Kritik der mathematischen Logik und Bibliographie der Logik Lehrmaterialien aus dem Philosophischen Institut der HHU Düsseldorf Forschungsabteilung für Wissenschaftstheorie Prof. Dr. L. Geldsetzer A AB AC ABD Copyright 2000 vorbehalten Kopieren zum Studiengebrauch erlaubt 2 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorbemerkung Zum Konzept der pyramidalen Logik 4 I. Einführung 4 II. Die logischen Elemente 20 1. Intensionen 20 2. Extensionen 21 3. Der Begriff 24 a. Die reguläreBegriffsstrukturDielogische a. 24 b. Negative Begriffe 25 c. Der widersprüchliche Begriff (contradictio in adiecto bzw. contradictio in terminis) 26 d. Der Dispositionsbegriff 30 e. Der Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff 32 f. Der Zahlbegriff 33 g. Sogenannte Relationsbegriffe, Ähnlichkeitsbegriffe und "Familienähnlichkeit" 44 h. Der Begriff des Begriffs in der stoischen Logik 47 i. Methoden der Begriffsbildung: Induktion, Deduktion, Analyse und Synthese 50 4. Die Junktoren 55 a. Die urteilsbildendenDie a.Junktoren 57 1. Die unbeschränkteDie (allgemeine)1.Implikation 57 2. Das unbeschränkte (allgemeine) "Zukommen" 58 3. Die korrelierende Implikation 58 4. Die Kopula bzw. die materiale Implikationmateriale 58Kopula die Diebzw. 4. 5. Das spezielle "Zukommen" bzw. die formale Implikation oder Inklusion 58 6. Die Negation 59 7. Der Existenz- bzw. Produktjunktorbzw.Existenz- Der 7. 59 b. Die ausdrucksbildendenDie b. Junktoren 61 1. Die QuantifikationDie 1. 62 2. Die ÄquivalenzDie 2. 63 3. Die unvollständigeDie Disjunktion3. 63 4. Die vollständige Disjunktion oder Alternative 63 5. Die AdjunktionDie 5. 64 c. Die mathematischenJunktorenDie c. 65 1. Die Summenbildung Die 1. (Additionsjunktor) 68 2. Die SubtraktionDie (Differenzenjunktor)2. 68 3. Die ProduktbildungDie 3. (Multiplikationsjunktor) 68 4. Die Division (Quotienten- oder Proportionsjunktor) 69 5. Die PotenzbildungDie (Potenzjunktor)5.
    [Show full text]
  • Italy Italian Republic
    2020 International Student Summit Restarting the Global Economy Post COVID-19: A Model G7+5 Summit Italy Italian Republic Key Facts Head of State / Head of Government: President Sergio Mattarella is the Chief of State and Prime ​ Minister Giuseppe Conte is the Head of Government. Capital city: Rome ​ Population: 62,402,659 ​ Currency: the Euro ​ Gross domestic product (PPP): $2.317 trillion ​ Legal System: Civil law system with judicial review of legislation in the Constitutional Court. ​ Political system: Italy is a member of the European Union and is a parliamentary republic. The legal voting age is 18, except for senatorial elections, where voters must be age 25 or older. The government is broken up into three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. Economy Italy has the third largest economy in the eurozone, but it also has a great deal of debt. Background: The north of the country has a highly developed economy with a large number of ​ private companies that produce consumer goods. The south of the country has a less developed economy and a greater focus on agriculture. The country also has a lot of debt. Because of this, investors and European partners have been pressuring the country to address their economic problems. However, since 2014, the economy has been experiencing modest growth. Unemployment moved down to 11.4% but youth unemployment remained at 37.1%. The World Affairs Council of Philadelphia 2020 International Student Summit Restarting the Global Economy: A G7+5 Summit December 2020 Main Industries: A large part of Italy’s economy is made up of the manufacturing of high quality consumer goods that are produced by mostly small and medium sized enterprises, many of which are family owned businesses.
    [Show full text]
  • Ad Securitatem
    AD SECURITATEM The best essays by students at the Baltic Defence College during 2017/18 Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................................................. 2 BEST ESSAYS OF THE JOINT COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COURSE ................... 3 Is the Operational Planning Process Immune to the Pitfalls of Group Decision- Making? MAJ Jeff Allen .................................................................................................................... 4 Can small powers have grand strategies? MAJ Vitalijus Anisimenko .............................. 17 Is the network theory the most suitable for understanding terrorist radicalisation? MAJ Deimantas Čyžius ................................................................................................................... 28 If NATO deterrence fails, can the Baltics use unconventional warfare to overcome Russian occupation? MAJ Michael D. Hoffman ...................................................................... 40 Is social network theory the most suitable for understanding terrorist radicalisation within Europe? MAJ Sean Navin.................................................................................................. 52 BEST ESSAY OF THE CIVIL SERVANTS COURSE (CSC) ..................................................... 64 What are the future prospects of the eFP in the Baltic region? Mr. Marko Brügel ......... 65 How can Latvia enhance its societal resilience to better counter Russian propaganda?
    [Show full text]
  • North Minneapolis—A Welcoming Home for Business Welcome
    GrowNorth! North Minneapolis—A welcoming home for business Welcome If you have any questions or ideas, please contact your personal business development consultant at the City of Minneapolis, Casey Dzieweczynski 612-673-5070 On behalf of the City of Minneapolis, we would like to thank you for considering North Minneapolis as the new location for your business. Today is a great time to invest, and here’s why: • North Minneapolis is conveniently located near downtown, accessible from the entire metro and has great freeway access to Interstates 94 and 394. The area is also served by Olson Highway and Highway 100 with a connection to South Minneapolis via the Van White Memorial Boulevard. • The City’s economic development team can help find the right location for your busi- ness through its site assistance support. Available real estate includes significant areas of industrially zoned land, well-served by freeways and freight rail. • The City offers several business financing programs, ranging from $1,000 to $10 million and development grants to assist business owners in acquiring property, purchasing equipment and making building improvements. • The City’s employment and training program team can assist with workforce recruit- ment and training programs so your staff is knowledgeable and productive the minute they are hired. • The Minneapolis-coordinated development review will help you successfully navigate the regulatory process, which includes Planning/Zoning, Building Plan Review, Permit- ting and Licensing, and other regulatory review agencies. No one knows Minneapolis the way we do. The Department of Community Planning and Economic Development is ready to support you with all your business needs—from finance to site location, to customized training to fit your employment needs—and is here to help you every step of the way.
    [Show full text]
  • Capitolo 8 Gruppo.Pdf
    Organizzazione Aziendale Capitolo 8, Gruppo: costruzione e dinamiche di Massimo Magni © EGEA S.p.A. Severino Salvemini (a cura di), Organizzazione Aziendale, 2017 Livello di analisi •Organizzazione •Relazioni tra individui •Individuo © EGEA S.p.A. Severino Salvemini (a cura di), Organizzazione Aziendale, 2017 Learning goal Evidenze dell’importanza del team Definizione Condizioni di utilizzo di un gruppo Tipi di gruppi Design e management di un gruppo efficace Soluzione delle patologie di gruppo © EGEA S.p.A. Severino Salvemini (a cura di), Organizzazione Aziendale, 2017 Gruppo: importanza del fenomeno 1985 --> il 20 per cento delle attività in un’organizzazione si svolge in team 2015 --> questa percentuale supera l’80 per cento PERCHÉ? ● Vantaggio cognitivo (mettere a fattor comune le conoscenze individuali) ● Vantaggio motivazionale © EGEA S.p.A. Severino Salvemini (a cura di), Organizzazione Aziendale, 2017 quando si usa il gruppo invece che l’individuo? • Problema complesso • Problema multidisciplinare • Problema con componente rilevante di creatività e innovazione • Problema che tocca una molteplicità di attori da coinvolgere • Quando le informazioni/competenze sono distribuite tra i membri del gruppo © EGEA S.p.A. Severino Salvemini (a cura di), Organizzazione Aziendale, 2017 Gruppo: definizione Insieme di tre o più individui che interagiscono e dipendono gli uni dagli altri per il raggiungimento di un obiettivo comune e che si riconoscono e sono riconosciuti come entità sociale unica. In altre parole: • I membri del gruppo condividono gli stessi obiettivi • Il gruppo sviluppa ruoli e relazioni interne • Il gruppo esiste quando gli individui riconoscono se stessi come membri e la sua esistenza è riconosciuta dall’esterno • Si basa sul processo di aggiustamento diretto e reciproco tra attori interdipendenti © EGEA S.p.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Warming from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia This Article Is About the Current Change in Earth's Climate
    Global warming From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the current change in Earth's climate. For general discuss ion of how the climate can change, see Climate change. For other uses, see Globa l warming (disambiguation). Page semi-protectedThis is a featured article. Click here for more information. refer to caption Global mean land-ocean temperature change from 1880?2012, relative to the 1951?1 980 mean. The black line is the annual mean and the red line is the 5-year runni ng mean. The green bars show uncertainty estimates. Source: NASA GISS. (click fo r larger image) Map of temperature changes across the world key to above map of temperature changes The map shows the 10-year average (2000?2009) global mean temperature anomaly re lative to the 1951?1980 mean. The largest temperature increases are in the Arcti c and the Antarctic Peninsula. Source: NASA Earth Observatory[1] refer to caption Fossil fuel related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions compared to five of the IPCC' s "SRES" emissions scenarios. The dips are related to global recessions. Image s ource: Skeptical Science. Global warming refers to an unequivocal and continuing rise in the average tempe rature of Earth's climate system.[2] Since 1971, 90% of the warming has occurred in the oceans.[3] Despite the oceans' dominant role in energy storage, the term "global warming" is also used to refer to increases in average temperature of t he air and sea at Earth's surface.[4][5] Since the early 20th century, the globa l air and sea surface temperature has increased about 0.8 C (1.4 F), with about two- thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.[6] Each of the last three decades h as been successively warmer at the Earthfs surface than any preceding decade sinc e 1850.[7] Scientific understanding of the cause of global warming has been increasing.
    [Show full text]