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TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD
REPORT 129
RECONNAISSANCE OF THE CHEMICAL
QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF THE
RED RIVER BASIN, TEXAS
By
Donald K. Leifeste, James F. Blakey. and Leon S. Hughes
Prepared by the U.S GeologH;.1 Su..... ey in c:oope,-"on wIth the TellllS Waler Development Board
M~ 1971 TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD
W. E. Tinsley, Chairman Marvin Shurbet. Vice Chairman Robert B. Gilmore John H. McCoy Milton T. Potts earl Illig
Harry P. Burleigh. EXl!QJtive Director
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Authorization for use or reproduction of any material contained in this publication, i.e., not obtained from other sources, is freely granted without the n«:essity of securing permission therefor. The Board would appreciate acknowledgement of the source of original material so utilized. (
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Published and distributed bV the Texas Water Development Board ( Post Office Box 13087 Austin, Texas 78711
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pogo
ABSTRACT .... _......
INTRODUCTION . 3
RED RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN 3
General Description 3
Population and Municipalities 5
Agricultural and Industrial Development ...... •... 9
Development of Surface·Water Resources . 9
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE WATER 9
Chemical·Quality Records ...... ••...... ••...... •.. 9
Streamflow Records . 10
Environmental Factors and Their Effects on the Chemical Quality of the Water ...... •...... •. 10
Geology ...... ••.••..••.••..••••...•..•....•••..•...•. 10
Streamflow . 12
Actillities of Man ., 12
Relation of Quality of Water to Use 17
Domestic Use 17
Industrial Use 19
Irrigation .. 19
Geographic Variations In Water Quality ...... •...... 19
Dissolved Solids ... 21
Chloride . 22
Hardness ...... ••.••..•••••..•••••..•••••.••••••..•••••.•••.. _ 22
Other Constituents ...... •...... •.••••.....•...... •...... •...••.•. 22
Water Quality in Reservoirs 22
Buffalo Lake . 22
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS IConl'd.)
p,..
Bivins Lake 22
Baylor Creek Reservoir ...... •...•..••.•••..••.••.••...... ••...... 23
Greenbelt Reservoir ...... •...... •...... •...... ••.... 23
lake Kemp and Diversion Lake ...... •...... 23
Santa Rosa Lake ...... •...... 23 (
North Fork Buffalo Creek Reservoir ...... •...•...•..•...••••.... 23
Lake Wichita ...... •...•..••..••...... •...... 23
Lake Kickapoo ...... ••...... •...... •...... •. 23 I Lake Arrowhead ...... ••...... ••.••..•..•...•...... 23
Fanners Creek Lake ...... •...... •...... •...... •... 23
Hubert H. Moss Lake ...... •...... ••.....••.•••.••..... - •...... •.... 23 ( Lake Texoma ...... 23
Lake Randall . 2.
Brushy Creek Reservoir and Coffee Mill Creek Lake ...... •.....••..•...... 2.
Pat Mayse Reservoir ...... •.. 2.
Lake Crook ...... •..•...•...•.....•..••...... 29
Water Quality at Potential Reservoir Sites ...... •...... •...••••...... 29
Mackenzie ...... 29
Buck Creek .. 29
Lelia Lake Creek ...... 29
Dozier Creek ...... 29
Lower McClellan Creek ...... ••..•...... •...... •...... 29
Sweetwater Creek ...... •...... ••..•..•...•.... 29
Ringgold . . - . 29
Timber Creek and Bois d'Arc Creek ...... ••.•...•...... 29
Big Pine ...... •...... •..••.. 29
~~B~ _ · ·.··················· . 29
Barkman Creek .....•.....•...... ••...... •..••... -. 29
I TABLE OF CONTENTS (Conrd.)
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Present and Future Water-Quality Problems . 30
SELECTED REFERENCES 31
TABLES
1. Reservoirs in the Red River Basin in Texas Having a Capacity of 5,000 Acre-Feet or More 11
2. Source and Significance of Dissolved·Mineral Constituents and Properties of Water .. 16
3. Water-Quality Tolerances for Industrial Applications ...... •...... •...... 20
4. Index of Surface-Water Records in the Red River Basin, Texas 34
5. Summary of Chemical Analyses of Water at Daily Stations on Streams in the Red River Basin, Texas . 38
6. Chemical Analyses of Water From Streams and Aeservoin; at Sites Other Than Daily Stations in the Red Riller Basin, Texas 45
7. Chemical Analyses of Water From Streams at Selected Sites in the Red River Basin. Oklahoma . 62
FIGURES
1. Index Map Showing River Basins in Texas and Physiographic Sections of the Red River Basin 4
2. Map and Graphs Showing Precipitation and Runoff _ __ •...... •...•• _. .. 7
3. Geologic Map and Chemical Composition of low-Flow of Streams 13
4. Map Showing location of Natural Bnne Emissions and Areas of Petroleum Production _. 15
5. Diagram for Classification of Irrigation Waters 21
6. Duration Curve of Dissolved Solids for Red River Near Gainesville, Texas. 1953-63 ...... •••••..••.••.••. _....•...•..•.. 21
7. Graph Showin9 Dissolved-Solids Con lent and Quantity of Water in lake Texoma, 1945·67 24
8. Map Showing Sampling Sites in lake Texoma 26
9. Vertical Profiles of Specific Conductance. Dissolved Oxygen. and Temperature of lake Texoma 27
10. longitudinal Profiles of lake Texoma Showing Water Quality. July 25-27. 1967 ..... _ .. _. 26 ( TABLE OF CONTENTS (Conrd.)
Page
11. Map Showing Location of Streamflow and Olemical·Quality Data-Collection Sites, Major Existing Reservoirs, and Potential Reservoir Sites in Texas . 69 (
12. Map Showing Dissolved-Solids Concentrations of $urtace Water 71
13. Map Showing Chloride Concentrations of Surface Water 73
14. Map Showing Hardness of Surface Water. 75
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RECONNAISSANCE OF THE CHEMICAL
QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF THE
REO RIVER BASIN, TEXAS
ABSTRACT
The Red River, from its point of origin in eastern numerous seeps and springs in Permian rocks that crop New Mexico to the northeast corner of Texas, drains an out in this part of the basin account for much of the salt area of about 48,000 square miles. The total area in load in the Red River above Lake Texoma. The water Texas is 24,500 square miles. From west to east the quality of the main stem has been further degraded by topography changes from the nearly flat surface of the oil·field brines. The eastern part of the basin is in an area High Plains, to a gently eastward-sloping plain dissected of high rainfall and well·leached rocks and soils. by prominent systems of drainage in the Osage Plains, to Ground,water effluent is generally low in dissolved the low relief and gently gulfward slope of the West Gulf minerals, and the dissolved·solids content of streamflow Coastal Plain. varies only slightly with discharge.
The climate of the basin ranges from semiarid 10 The highly mineralized waters from salt sources in humid; mean annual precipitation is less than 18 inches the western part of the basin cause the water of the Red in the far western part and more than 46 inches in the River to be undesirable for public supply throughout extreme eastern part. Runoff increases from about 50 most of its reach in Texas. Storage of good-quality water acre-feet per square mile at the 100th meridian to more in existing and proposed reservoirs on tributaries to the than 800 acre·feet per square mile in the northeast Red River will increase degradation of water quality in corner of the State. the main stem, especially above Lake Texoma. Evefl if releases are made from tributary impoundments in the The dissolved·mineral content and chemical western part of the basin, evaporation during character of waters in the Red River basin vary widely impoundment and waste water from various uses of the from place to place and from time to time. Geologic reservoir waters will degrade the tributary waters factors. runoff and streamflow characteristics, and entering the main stem. For any plan to be effective in activities of man largely determine the nature and the improvement of water quality of Red River through. amount of dissolved material transported by the Red out its reach in Texas. large amounts of natural brine River and its tributaries. In the semiarid western part of must be prevented from entering water courses of the the basin. base flow is usually nonexistent. However. basin. l RECONNAISSANCE OF THE CHEMICAL
QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF THE
RED RIVER BASIN, TEXAS
INTRODUCTION During the period September 1961 to September 1967. water·quality data were collected on the principal The investigation of the chemical quality of the streams. on the major reservoirs, at a number of surface waters of the Red River basin, Texas. is part of a potential reservoir sites, and on many tributaries in the statewide reconnaissance. Each major river basin in the basin. State is being studied and a report is being prepared to present the results of the study and to summarize the Quality-of·water information for the Oklahoma available chemical-quality data. Reports that have been part of the Red River basin was collected by the U.S. published afe included in the list of references. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board. Water-quality data in Texas ancl The purpose of this report is to summarize Oklahoma have been collected also by the U.S. Public information on the quality of surface water in the Red Health Service and the Federal Water Quality River basin, and to present it in a form that will aid in Administration. the proper development. control, and use of water resources of the area. In the study. the following items Agencies that have cooperated in the collectioo of were considered: the nature and amounts of mineral water-quality and streamflow data include the U.S. constituents in solution; the geologic. hydrologic. and Army Corps of Engineers. the Texas State Department cultural influences that determine water quality; the of Health, and the city of Wichita Falls. amount and probable source of the salt transported by streams; and the suitability of the water for domestic. industrial. and agricultural uses. Data for the Oklahoma RED RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN part of the Red River basin are included to show the effect of runoff from Oklahoma on the chemical quality of water in the mainstem Red River. General Description A network of daily chemical·quality stations on The Red River basin in Texas is bounded on the principal streams in Texas is operated by the U.S. north by the Canadian River basin and on the south by Geological Survey in cooperation with the Texas Water the Brazos, Trinity. and Sulphur River basins. (See Development Board and with federal and local agencies. Figure 1). This network has not been adequate to inventory completely the chemical quality of the surface waters of The headwater stream in the Red River basin, the State. To supplement the informatIon being Tierra Blanca Creek, rises in the Hiljl Plains of eastern obtained by the network. a cooperative statewide New Mexico about 40 miles west of the Texas·New reconnaissance by the U.S. Geological Survey and Texas Mexico boundary at an elevation of about 4,800 feet Water Development Board was begun in September above mean sea level. Tierra Blanca Creek flows eastward 1961. In this reconnaissance. samples for chemical across the Texas High Plains and becomes the Prairie analyses have been collected periodically at numerous Dog Town Fork Red River in eastern Randall County. sites throughO\Jt the State so that some quality,of·water The Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River flows eastward to information would be available for locations where the southeast corner of the Texas Panhandle where it water-development projects are likely. These data aid in becomes the Red River, The Red River flows eastward as the delineation of areas having water-quality problems the Texas·Oklahoma boundary, then becomes the and in the identification of probable sources of Texas·Arkansas boundary for about 30 miles before pollution. and thus indicate areas where more detailed leaving the State. At the northeast corner of Texas, the investigations are needed. streambed elevation is about 250 feet.
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EXf'LA~TION
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( Figure 1.-0rainage Basins in Texas
The Red River has many tributaries in Oklahoma The Red River basin in Texas is in three physiogra and Texas. The Washita River. Sweetwater Creek, and phic sections-the High Plains section of the Great Plains the North and Salt Forks Red River rise in the Texas province, the Osage Plains section of the Central ( Panhandle and flow into Oklahoma before joining the Lowlands province. and the West Gulf Coastal Plain Red River from the north. The major all·Texas section of the Coastal Plain province. The physiographic tributaries are the Pease, Wichita. and Little Wichita sections are shown on Figure 1. Riven;. Downstream from the little Wichita River, the Texas part of the basin is narrow and is drained by The Hi!tl Plains section within the Red River basin numerous small streams. The major all-Oklahoma is characterized by a nearly flat surface sloping gently tributaries are Muddy Boggy Creek and the Kiamichi southeastward about 10 feet per mile. Among the few River. and generally insignificant features of relief are saucer like depressions, ranging in diameter from several tens of The total area drained by the Red River usptream feet to about 1 mile, and ranging in depth from a few from the northeast corner of Texas is approximately inches to about 60 feet. The eastern margin of the High 48,000 square miles, of which about 5.900 square miles Plains is marked by a prominent escarpment or "break is considered as noncontributing to streamflow. The of the plains." total area in Texas draining to the Red River is approximately 24,500 square miles of which about 5,300 square miles is considered noncontributing.
·4· ( The Osage Plains section within the Red River floodwater·retarding structures, and farm ponds. basin adjoins the Hi!tl Plains section and has as its However. many streams in the Red River basin are not eastern boundary the western margin of the gulfward regulated by reservoirs of appreciable size. dipping Cretaceous rocks of the West Gulf Coastal Plain, which extends diagonally from northeast to southwest The 28·year record of the Salt Fork Red River at &cross Montague County. The Osage Plains section Mangum, Oklahoma, is the only long·term record of generally is a gentle eastward-sloping plain dissected by flow from west of the lDOth meridian. Runoff varies prominent systems of drainage. The valleys are wide and widely from year to year, and at the Mangum station has bounded by abrupt escarpments, and the streams flow in varied from a maximum of 200,400 acre·feet in 1941 to broad, shallow channels. Much of the surface area has a a minimum of 8,930 acre-feet in 1940. Annual average definite reddish color. runoff is 0.9 inch (50 acre-feet per square mile) at this station, Runoff at Mangum is indicative of runoff from The West Gutf Coastal Plain section extends from the area west of the 1DOth meridian, the edge of the Osage Plains section eastward throughout the remainder of the report area. low relief and a gentle Runoff in the Red River basin in Texas increases gulfward slope of the land surface characterizes this more or less uniformly from west to east, and averages section. Local topographic features are irregular. rolling, more than 15 inches per year (800 acre·feet per square and hilly uplands, and flat flood plains and terraces. The mile) at the northeast corner of the State. For the period streams hiNe wide, nearly flat flood plains bounded by a 1944-65, the average runoff was 15.8 inches per year at series of terraces, which may be more than 100 feet the U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging station Boggy higher than the stream channels. Creek near Daingerfield in nearby Cypress Creek basin. Average annual runoff in inches per year, as computed The climate of the basin ranges from semiarid to from streamflow records for the period 1938-66, is gi~ humid IThomthwaite, 1952, p. 321. Thornthwaite's for seven stations on Figure 2. Also shown on Figure 2 is classification. which is based on a moisture index, annual runoff expressed as mean discharge in cubic feet compares potential evapotranspiration with precipita per second and inches per year for the gaging stations tion. Where precipitation is exactly the same as potential Salt Fork Red River at Mangum, Oklahoma; Red River evapotranspiration and water is available just as needed, near Gainesville, Texas; and Red River at Index, water is neither deficient nor in excess, and the climate Arkansas. is neither moist or dry. As water deficiency becomes larger with respect to potential evapotranspiration. the climate becomes more arid; conversely. as water surplus Population and Municipalities becomes larger, the climate becomes more humid. The Red River basin in Texas constitutes about 9 East of a north-south line near the Cooke· percent of the area of the State and has about 4 percent Montague County line. the basin has surplus moisture of the population. Much of the land is sparsely popu and is characterized by a moist subhumid to humid lated. Population changes within the basin reflect the climate. West of this line the area is deficient in moisture national trend of rural area decline and urban area and has a dry subhumid to semiarid climate. increase. As in other areas of the country. these changes are due to the reduction of farm employment opportu· Precipitation ranges from an annual mean of less nities resulting from the development of mechanized, than 18 inches in the far western part of the basin to large-scale agricultural methodS, and the consequent more than 46 inches in the extreme eastern part. exodus of surplus farm labor to cities, as well as other migration and social factors. The larger cities have Figure 2 shows the average monthly precipitation continued to grow while the population of small towns at Amarillo, Wichita Falls, and Sherman. Texas, and has remained fairly constant. The cities and towns McAlester. Oklahoma; it also shows the annual precipita· having populations over 2,500 are listed in the following tion for 1937-65 at Altus. Oklahoma. In general, table. precipitation is greatest during the spring and summer ·POPULA· 'POPULA· months and least during the winter. However, precipita· CITY nON CITY nON tion is more evenly distributed throughout the year in Am.rillo!! 164,770 1,600 the eastern part of the basin than in the western part. Bo"h"m Wlchlt. F.1I1 113,800 Tull. 6,690
Runoff is that part of precipitation that appears in Sh.'...." 27,100 Child"'11 6.420 surface streams. It is the same as streamflow unaffected 24,000 low" Park 5.410 by artificial diversions. storage, or other works of man in 'M" or on stream channels (Langbein and Iseri, 1960, p. 17). O""i,,," 23,400 S"-mrock 3,420 However, the terms are not synonymous for regulated Vat"Ofl 13,980 NOCO"II 3,360 flow. The Red River is regulated by Lake Texoma. and Her.fo.d 12,510 H....oftU 3.>DO some of the tributary streams are regulated by reservoirs. Bu.kbu,n11lt 8,490 Whillllboro '.9llO , 1961 PDPUI.tlo" .ni.....l" 101111" Mor"'ng Naws. 19611. Y A ...... lto ;. pa.nly h'l 1M Canacli,," RiYa. basi".
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\ Agricultural and Industrial Development chemical-quality data for varying periods at 12 stations either on the main stem or on Texas tributaries. In Agriculture has contributed substantially to the addition, miscellaneous chemical-quality data are avail. economic growth of the Red River basin. Farming, able for numerous sites. livestock raising, and dairying are successful because of the fertile soils and generally favorable climate. The The periods of record at all data-collection sites in availability of ground water for irrigation and the advent Texas are given in Table 4 and the locations are shown of mechanized farm equipment have been largely respon· on Figure 11. The chemical-quality data for the daily sible for the success of farming in the drier western part stations are summarized in Table 5, and the complete of the basin. In the eastern part, where rainfall is greater, records are published in an annual series of U.S. supplemental irrigation insures good crop yields. Cotton, Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers and in reports of grain sorghums. and wheat are the principal crops in the the Texas Water Development Board and predecessor western part, and cotton, corn, and vegetables predomi. agencies. Results of all the miscellaneous analyses are nate in the eastern part. given in Table 6. Chemical analyses from selected stations in Oklahoma are given in Table 7. Complete The processing of local farm products is one of the records of all chemical·quality data available for surface major industries in the basin; processing plants are water in Oklahoma are published in the annual series of located close to areas of agricultural production. Oil and U.S. Geological Survey Water·Supply Papers and in gas production constitutes another substantial income· reports of the Oklahoma Water Resources Board. See list producing segment of the economy. Much. of the of references. industrial development of the basin is related to the production of oil and gas. The development of irrigation Chemical-quality records, including continuous in places has been greatly facilitated by the abundant specific cooductance data, were collected by the U.S. supply of natural gas for power. Industries in the area Public Health Service (1964) at 27 sites in the Red River that depend on the production of oil and gas include basin in Texas and Oklahoma during 1961-62. Public synthetic rubber, carbon black. oil refining, petro Health Service sampling sites in the Red River basin in chemical, and pipeline equipment. Lumber mills, plants Texas are identified in Table 4. related to timber production, power plants, machinery. and furniture manufacturers are also located in the The Texas State Department of Health has made basin. available to the Geological Survey the data collected in its former statewide stream-sampling program. The former data-collection sites are listed in the following Development of Surface-Water Resources table. Some of them are at U.S. Geological Survey stream.gaging stations. The numbers refer to sites shown The only reservoir on the Red River is Lake on Figure 11. Texoma, which was built for flood control and hydro· electric power generation. Because of the poor quality of the water of the main stem, most of the water SITE NO. FORMER TEXAS STATE DEPART· development projects in the basin are on tributary MENT OF HEALTH DATA· streams. As of December 31, 1967, nineteen reservoirs in COLLECTION SITES the Texas part of the basin had capacities of 5,000 acre-feet or more. The capacity, ownership, and use of 4 Palo Duro Creek at Park Road 5 near these reservoirs are listed in Table 1; the locations are Canyon. Texas. shown on Figure 11. 13 Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River at State Highway 70 near Brice, Texas. CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE WATER 22 Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River at U.S. Highway 83 near Childress, Texas. Chemical·Quality Records 24 Red River at State Highway 283 near Quanah, Texas. Although the U.S. Geological Survey has collected chemical-quality records in the Red River basin, Texas, Red River at U.S. Highway 183 near since 1942, very few long-term daily records are avail Oklaunion. Texas. able. In 1942, a daily sampling station was established on the Pease River near Crowell, but it was discontinued 68 Red River at U.S. Highway 281 near in 1943. Daily chemical-quality records of more than 10 8urkburnett, Texas. years are available for the stations at Red River near Gainesville and Red River at Denison Dam. Since 1942, Red River at State Highway 79 near the U.S. Geological Survey has collected daily Byers, Texas.
·9· SITE NO. FORMER TEXAS STATE DEPART· earth's crust. The kind and quantities of dissolved MENTOF HEALTH DATA· minerals in surface water depend upon a number of COLLECTION SITES environmental factors, some of the most important of which are geology, streamflow characteristics, and the 97 Red River at U.S. Highway 81 near activities of man. Terral, Oklahoma.
99 Red River near Gainesville, Texas. Geology Red River near Denison, Texas. The amounts and kinds of minerals dissolved in Red River at State Highway 78 near water that drains from areas where municipal and 80nham, Texas. industrial influences are small depend principally on the chemical composition and physical structure of the 104 Red River at U.S. Highway 271 near rocks and soils traversed by the water. The length of Arthur City, Texas. time the water is in contact with the soil and rocks is also important. The amount of minerals in the soils and Red River at State Highway 37 at Albion, rocks available for solution is decreased by leaching; Texas. therefore, in areas of high rainfall, rocks that originally Red River at U.S. Highway 59 near contained large quantities of readily soluble minerals Texarkana, Texas. have been leached by circulating water until the mantle rock and residual soil contain relatively small amounts of readily soluble materials. These rocks usually yield water Streamflow Records of low mineralization. However, in arid or semiarid regions most soils, and the rocks from which they Streamflow records in the Red River basin date originated, are incompletely leached and still contain from the 1890's, when the U.S. Weather Bureau began large amounts of readily soluble material. collecting gage·height records on the Red River at Arthur City in 1891 and on the Red River near Colbert, In the semiarid western part of the Red River Oklahoma (near Denison, Texas) in 1892. The first basin, some rocks and soils contain large quantities of Geological Survey gaging station was established on the halite, gypsum, limestone, and dolomite. Water of Wichita River at Wichita Falls in 1900. Discharge records streams draining these areas usually is highly are available for more than 50 stations on the Red River mineralized. In the eastern part of the basin, where and its tributaries in Texas; 11 stations have 15 year! or precipitation is more abundant, the well·leached rocks more of record and several others have more than 5 usually yield waters of low mineralization. years of record. The geology of the Red River basin, Texas, has In 1966 the Geological Survey operated 26 stream· been described by Baker and others (1963, p. 18·26). flow stations, five reservoir content stations, and five Rocks exposed in the Texas part of the basin consist of a partial.record stations in the Red River basin, Texas. thick series of sedimentary strata that range in age from During this reconnaissance, discharge measurements Pennsylvanian to Quaternary. The outcrop areas of the ( were made at other sites where water samples were geologic units are shown on Figure 3. collected for chemical analyses. Chemical analyses of selected low·flow samples are Records of discharge, stage of streams, and con· represented diagrammatically (Stiff, 1951) on Figure 3 tents and stages of reservoirs from 1900 to 1960 have to relate chemical composition of surface waters to been published in the annual series of the U.S. Geolog· geology. The shape of the diagram indicates the relative ( ical Survey Water·Supply Papers. 8eginning with the concentrations of the principal chemical constituents of 1961 water year, streamflow records have been released the water (in milliequivalents per liter) and the size of by the Geological Survey in annual reports for each state the diagram indicates roughly the relative degree of (U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964b, mineralization. 1965, 1966). Summaries of discharge records giving monthly and annual totals have been published (U.S. The headwater stream of the Red River rises in the Geological Survey 1955, 1964a; Texas Board of Water Ogallala Formation of Tertiary age. The Ogallala consists ( Engineers, 1958). of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and caliche. Some of the sand, gravel, and silt are unconsolidated; but some cementation occurs, chiefly by calcium carbonate. The Environmental Factors and Their principal chemical constituents in water from the Effects on the Chemical Quality Ogallala are sodium, calcium, magnesium, and of the Water bicarbonate. Base flow is generally nonexistent in ( streams that drain the Ogallala outcrop, and runoff Water from natural sources contains mineral occurs only after heavy rains. constituents dissolved from the rocks and soils of the ·10· , Table '.-Reservoirs in the Red River Basin in Texas Having Capacities of 5,000 Acre-Feet or More.!I
(The purpose for which the impounded waters are used is indicated by the following symbols: M, municipal; I, industrial; Ir, irrigation; P, hydroelectric power; F, flood control; R, recreation.!
DATE 'CAPACITY RESERVOIR COMPLETED STREAM IAC·FTI OWNER COUNTY USE
Bulfalo Laka 1938 Tia"" Blanca C'Nk 18,150 Fish and Wildlifa Servica, U,S, Departmen, 01 In'erior Randall R
Bivins Lake 1927 Palo Duro Creek 5,120 CilV of Amarillo Randall M
B8ylor Creak 1950 Baylor Creek 9,220 City of Chlld".u Childress M
G,eenbalt 1966 S"lt Fork RiICl Rlva, 59,800 Greenbelt MunicIpal and Indun,ial Water AuthorilV Donley M, I
Lake Kemp 1923 WIchita Riva' 461,800 Ctly of Wichila Falls and Wichita County Wlller Improvement District No, 2 Bavlo, I, Ir
Diversion Lake 1924 do 40,000 do Baylor, Archer I, Ir
Santa Rose Lake 1929 Be""er Creek 11,570 W, T, W~onar Estate Wilbarger 1,Ir
North Fork Buffalo Craak 1964 North Fo,k BuffalO 15,400 Wichita Counly Water C,eek Conuol and Improvament District No, 3 Wichita M
Lake Wichita 1901 Holliday Creek 14,000 CilV of Wichita FailS WiChita. Archer M
Lake Kickapoo 1945 NOrlh Fork Unle Wich.la R,ve, 106.000 ~o Archer M
Lake Arro.... haad 1966 Linla WIchita River 22B,ooo dO Archer, Clay M, I
Farmers Creek 1960 Farme" C,eek 25,400 NOflh Monte9ue County Water Supply District MOnla9ue M. I
Hube" H. Moss Lake 1966 Fish Creak 23,200 City of Gainesvlne Cooke M, I
Laka Te"oma 1943 Red R,ver 5,393,000 U.S. Army Corps 01 En9inee" Cook., Grayson P, F
Leka Randell 1909 Shewn..e Cr....k 5,400 CllV of Denison Grayson M
Brushy Cr..ek 1961 Brushy Cr..ek 16,800 Te"a. Power and UlIht Co. Fannin, Grayson Colfea Mill Cre..k Lek.. ",. Calf.... M,ll Cr..ek 8,000 U.S. Foren Service Fannin R Pat Mayse 1967 124,500 U.S, Army Corps of En9;nears Lame' M, I. F
Laka Crook 1923 P,ne C...ek 9,960 CilV of Pari. Lama. M
2!E".l1in9 0' "nde, con.truct,on a. of O..cember 31 1967 TOlal capac"y ,. thai capacity below .he .o.... est uncontrolled ou,let or splll.... ay and is based on the most recent ,e.ervolr ."rvey avaIlable
- 11 • Downstream from the Ogallala outcrop, the drain· and usually contain calcium and bicarbonate as the age area of the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River is predominant ions. Quaternary alluvium is exposed from underlain by rocks of Triassic and Permian age. The lake Texoma eastward to the northeast corner of Texas. Dockum Group of Triassic age consists of shale and However, these alluvial deposits are present along the sandy shale. crossbedded sandstone, and conglomerate. river in the form of terraces which hold water in bank The chemical quality of the water from the Dockum storage. The alluvium is recharged during high flow, but Group varies with local conditions, but it is generally it releases the water to the river when the high flow unsuitable for irrigation or public supply. subsides.
Rocks of Permian age crop out over much of the basin east of the Hi~ Plains Escarpment and west of the Streamflow eastern boundary of Montague County_The Permian rocks consist predominantly of shale. anhydrite. For many streams not regulated by upstream ( gypsum, limestone, dolomite. and sandstone. The reselVoin, the concentrations of dissolved minerals vary chemical composition of water contributed to streams inversely with the water discharge. The minimum by these rocks varies. During periods of sustained low concentrations usually occur during periods of hi~ flow flow, water of the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River, because most of the water is surface runoff that has been and the North and Salt Forks Red River is of a highly in contact with rocks and soils for a relatively short mineralized calcium sulfate type. Water of the Pease time. The maximum concentrations usually occur during ( River and North and South Forks Wichita River is of a periods of low flow when the water is predominantly hi~ly mineralized sodium chloride type. Significant ground water that has been in contact with the rocks natural brine emission areas as identified by the U.S. and soils for a sufficient time to dissolve part of their Public Health Service (1964) are shown on Figure 4. soluble minerals. Numerous small alluvial deposits of Quaternary age are present in this area, and ground·water flow from them In the western part of the Red River basin. probably causes some of the variations in chemical dissolved·solids content and water discharge are not ( composition and dissolved-solids concentration of sur related in a predictable manner. Many of the streams are face waters. dry or almost dry much of the time, and salt deposits accumulate on the beds and banks of the streams. Downstream from lake Kemp, the Wichita River Subsequent runoff dissolves these deposits causing drains rocks of the Wichita Group of Permian age. The erratic variation in the salt content of the runoff. Wichita Group consists 01 shale, sandstone, and lime· stone. Ground·water effluent in this reach is generally of In the eastern part of the basin, the dissolved· a mixed chemical type having sodium, sulfate, and solids content of ground·water effluent is generally low, chloride as the predominant ions. Dissolved-solids and therefore the dissolved·solids content of streams concentrations are much less than those of waters above varies only slightly with discharge. Consequently, the lake Kemp. dissolved solids·water discharge relationship is poorly defined for streams in the Red River basin in Texas. The drainage area of the little Wichita River is underlain by rocks of the Cisco and Wichita Groups. The Cisco Group of Pennsylvanian age is composed of shale, Activities of Man limestone, sandstone, and conglomerate. Ground·water effluent in little Wichita River watershed is generally of The activities of man often degrade the chemical a mixed chemical type. having sodium. bicarbonate, and quality of surface water. Depletion of flow by diversion chloride as the predominant ions; the water is relatively and by consumptive use, increased evaporation from low in dissolved solids. However, oil·field brine pollution impoundment, and return flow from irrigation increase \ in some reaches in the Wichita and little Wichita Rivers the dissolved·solids concentration of water in streams. has in the past altered the composition of water to a Also, the discharge of municipal and industrial wastes sodium chloride type. into a stream degrades the chemical quality of water.
Downstream from the Montague-Cooke County Eighteen reservoirs presently impound water of line, the streams drain rocks of Cretaceous age. The Texas tributaries to the Red River (Table 1). AU of these principal outcrops are the Eagle Ford Shale consisting of except lake Kemp, Diversion lake, and lake Wichita shale, limestone, and sand; rocks of Austin age consisting contain waters of good to excellent quality. Because of chalk, marl. and sand; rocks of Taylor age consisting these waters are stored and prevented from reaching the of marl, chalk. and sandy marl; and the Washita and river, the quality of water of the main stem has been Fredericksburg Groups undifferentiated consisting of degraded to some extent. Much of the lake water limestone, marl, and clay. Waters draining these rocks, eventually returns to the river system, but its quality has although varying sli~tly in composition from one been affected by evaporation and other hydrologic ( formation to another, are low in dissolved·solids content changes due to impoundment. Most often the water
. 12 - ( diverted from the lakes returns to th~ river system as Relation of Quality of Water to Use waste water from municipal. industrial, and agricultural uses. As the needs for more water and number of Quality-of·water studies usually are concerned reservoirs increase, the quality-ot-water problems of the with determining the suitability of water-judged by the main stem may increase. chemical, physical, and biological characteristics-for a proposed use. In the Red River basin, surface water is At present, degradation of water quality by return used for municipal and industrial supplies and for flow from irrigation in the Red River basin, Texas is irrigation. This report considers only the chemical conSidered minor and localized. Although 1.4 million character of the water and its relation to these principal acres in the basin was irrigated with over 2 million U"". acre feet of water in 1964. more than 95 pet"cent of both the land irrigated and the water used was in the Texas Most of the mineral matter dissolved in water is Panhandle (Gillett and Janca, 19651. Nearly all of the dissociated into charged particles, or ions. Principal Panhandle supply is from ground water; the Ogallala cations (positive chargedl in natural water are calcium Formation supplied about 1.5 million acre-feet of water (CaJ, magnesium (Mgl. sodium (Nal, potassium (Kl. and to irrigate approximately a million acres in the High iron (Fe). The principal anions (negative charged) are Plains, Irrigation return flow contributes very little to carbonate (C031. bicarbonate (HC031. sulfate (504), streamflow in the Panhandle, and any flow that does chloride (CI), fluoride (FI, and nitrate (N03). Other reach a stream probably will enhance rather than constituents and properties are often determined to help degrade the quality of the natural saline waters in most define the chemical and physical quality of water. Table areas. The use of surface water for irrigation is limited 2 lists the constituents and properties commonly deter· primarily to the Wichita Falls area and the area along the mined by the U.S. Geological Survey. and includes a Red River north of Texarkana. Minor, localized resum' of their source and significance. degradation of Wlall tributaries to the Red River may be occuring in these areas. Domestic Use Oil is produced in many areas in the Red River basin (Figure 41. Brine is produced in nearly all oil fields Because of differences in individuals, varying and, if improperly handled, eventually reaches surface amounts of water consumed, and other factors, it is streams. According to an inventory by the Texas difficult to define the safe limits for the mineral Railroad Commission in 1961. more than 95 percent of constituents usually found in water. The limits usually the salt water produced in oil fields of the Red River accepted in the United States for drinking water are the basin, Texas, was injected underground (Texas Water drinking·water standards established by the United Commission and Texas Water Pollution Control Board, States Public Health Service. Originally established in 1963). The remainder of the salt water was disposed of 1914 to control the quality of water used on interstate in open surface pits, most of which were unlined. From carriers for drinking and culinary purposes, these these surface pits, much of the brine has seeped into the standards have been revised several times. The latest ground and eventually reaches the streams, or it is revision was in 1962 (U.S. Public Health Service, 19621. washed by surface runoff directly into the streams. Also, These standards have been accepted by the American brine from abandoned wells and unplugged or improp Water Works Association and by many state departments erly plugged test holes may reach streams. of public health as minimum standards for all public water supplies. The composition of oil·field brine varies, but the principal chemical constituents, in order of magnitude of The maximum concentrations permitted by the their concentrations, are chloride, sodium. calcium, and standards are given for selected constituents III the sulfate. Generally, an erratlc variation of the sodium following table: chloride content of water in streams draining areas where oil fields are located is evidence that oil·field brine pollution is occurring. Because of widespread contamina MAXIMUM CONCEN· tion of streams in the Red River basin by naturally CONSTITUENTS TRATION IMILLI· GRAMS PER LlTERI occurring sodium chloride brines, distinction between natural contamination and manmade pollution is diffi· $ulhta cult. However, the saline waters of several streams in the Chlo.ode central part of the basin have contained salts from both ,'" natural sources and oil fields. Chemical·quality records Nluata indicate that several streams, not affected by naturally F luo.lde ..!lOg occurring brines, have periodically shown effects of oil·field drainage. Generally, these streams are in the Diuolved loUd. Beaver Creek, Buffalo Creek, and Little Wichita River "'" .!IRacomma"ded IImln ba.ed 0" tha ava.aga 01 sub·basins. maximum dailv a" tampe,alu'H. Coneanlt.tio" cited i. Iha optimum bMad 0" tampe.alu.e ...co,d. 10' Iowa Pe,k
-17 . r TRle 2.-Source 'ncl Si.,ifc.nce of Ofnotved-Minenl Constitu~b 'ncl Progertin of W,ter
CONSTITUENT 0' SOU~CE OR CAUSE SIQNIFICANCE '~O'E~TY
SIII... lSI02) 011...",.., I.om ",oo,leolly .11 Fo...... h..O 11 I.. "I"....." boll.... C..',.., " ... I of • oc:b .tId 1011•.•0 ...... ly I_ hlth ", bollo<. '0 lo'm ,,"pO,'tl 0.. 1>'0<1. 01 'u.bI..... ( •h... 30 ~. Hillh cOne · t ..hllll.. CI lo..'lo.. 01 ._IIt'·WQe _ro, ."ft...... tlo much .. '00 ~.lI" - .lly I.. .lk.lI... _..~ ,,""tv 0'100""" t.OI"'I 9 ChIOfId. (ell OIMolv.., I.om roch ...d .o~•. I.. I Ou I...ombl llo.. ""'." .odl...... 1...... ltv 'on. '0 P,...... I.. leW.'" .nd lound In ..I..kl..g w I.. I.". 0 11"... In...._lho cO,,01I of I••", .mOu.... I nel.... b.I . w US Pulllic HlOllh SonrIQ 0.1I21 ",I.._hog . ... w ...... nd l..du ,.1 b.I . do'''. ,oeo...... nd ,h" ."••hlo.id••0...... "",OuICi ..0' ••c.." 250 mllll. F ",0.1d. (F) 0;"'1v.., I...... 11 '0 ml..u•• F"'otld' i.. d,l..... i..g _,,, ''''uc.. 'h. 1nc:ICI."".o1 .oo.h cIocoy ""....111.. I.om """.. ,ock••nd _.n .... w'''' It co.....m'" du.'''' .ho _loci of 1 lOll•. ACkIOCl '0 .....n' w by celcific.llon. H_ II moy c..... """flU", 01 .h h. 11u",,"".Io.. 01 mu..Ic'QeI . "'Qertdl... 0" .ho cone " .."'" 01 lluo H,""_'on Ad"'••1.,...... 1Ot1i••nd A OH 01 10 Ind _ ...... oIlly 01 • """"on. V.,.,.. "Igho' tho.. • 0 .....n ....1on ("H) I,. c.bO.. dlo._ -...... 0"" 1.0 dOno _ ••I_ollnl.y. "olu.. _ ...... 10 1ncI' .. Cott>o...,... tH...ttone.... hy",,,. lnct..."" ock:lity. 0.... II ,. 01 .... ,..tIYlty 01 . idOl. ."'" _,.. .111<..... hyd'_ 10 Co"._ 01 w _.lty 1 _ with .nd ho "M CIOC ing " HO_.....c lv .Ik...... _ y .,,,, .tI _tal. -18· ( ( Industrial Use and may make the soil saline. The increased salinity of the soil may reduce crop yields by decreasing the ability The quality requirements vary greatly for almost of the plants to take up water and essential plant every industrial application, as is indicated by the nutrients from the soil solution. The tendency of water-quality tolerances given in Table 3. One require irrigation water to cause a buildup of salts in the soil is ment of most industries is that concentrations of the called the salinity hazard of the water. The specific various constituents of the water remain relatively conductance of the water is used as an index of the constant. When conet!ntrations of undesirable substances salinity hazard. in water vary, constant monitoring is required and operating expenses are increased. High concentrations of scx:Hum (Na) relative to the concentrations of calcium lea) and magnesium (Mg) in Hardness is one of the more important properties irrigation water can adversely affect soil structure. of water that affects its utility for industrial purposes. Cations in the soil solution become fixed on the surface Excessive hardness is objectionable because it of the soil particles; calcium and magnesium tend to contributes to the formation of scale in steam boilers, flocculate the particles, whereas sodium tends to pipes, water-heaten, radiators, and various other equip deflocculate them. This adverse effect on soil structure ment where water is heated, evaporated. or treated with caused by high sodium concentratioos in an irrigation alkaline materials. The accumulation of scale increases water is called the sodium hazard of the water. An index costs for fuel, labor, repairs and replacement, and lowers used for predicting the sodium hazard is the sodium the quality of many wet-processed products. However, adsorption ratio (SARI. which is defined by the some calcium hardness may be desirable because calcium equation: carbooate sometimes forms protective coatings on pipes and other equipment and reduces corrosion_ SAR- ,-;;::=;;::N::':+===- The corrosive property of water receives consider \JCa++ + Mg++ able attention in industrial water supplies. A high 2 conet!r1tration of dissolved solids in a water may be closely associated with the corrosiveness, particularly if where the coocentrations of the ions are expressed in chloride is present in appreciable quantities. Water that milliequivalents per liter. contains a large concentration of magnesium chloride may be highly corrosive because the hydrolysis of this The U.S. Salinity laboratory Staff has prepared a salt yields hydrochloric acid. classification for irrigation waters in terms of salinity and sodium hazard. Empirical equations were used in developing a diagram reproduced in modified form as Irrigation Figure 5, which uses SAR and specific cooductance in classifying irrigation waters. This classification, although The chemical composition of a water is an embodying both research and field observations, should important factor in determining its usefulness for irriga· be used only as a general guide because many additional tion, because the quality of the water should not factors also affect the suitability of water for irrigation. adversely affect the productivity of the land irrigated. With respect to salinity and sodium hazards, waters are The extent to which chemical quality limits the suitabil divided into four classes; low, medium, high, and very ity of a water for irrigation depends on many factors, high. The classification range encompasses waters that such as the nature, composition, and drainage of the soil can be used for irrigation of most crops on most soils as and subsoil; the amounts of water used and the methods well as waters that are usually unsuitable for irrigation. of applying it; the kind of crops grown; and the climate The salinity and sodium hazards of water at selected of the region. Because these factors are highly variable, sites in the Red River basin are given on Figure 5. every method of classifying waters for irrigation is somewhat arbitrary. Geographic Variations in Water Quality The most important characteristics in determining the quality of irrigation water, according to the U.S. Variations in dissolved solids, hardness, and Salinity laboratory Staff (1954, p. 69) are: (1) total chloride in the Red River basin afe shown in Figures 12, concentration of soluble salts, (2) relative proportion of 13, and 14. These values are based on the discharge· sodium to other cations, (3) concentration of boron or weighted average concentrations, as calculated from other elements that may be toxic, and (4) the excess of chemical-quality data. The discharge-weighted average equivalents of bicarbonate over equivalents of calcium represents the chemical character of the water if all the plus magnesium. water passing a point in the stream during a period were impounded in a reservoir and mixed, with no adjust· High concentrations of dissolved salts in irrigation ments for rainfall, evaporation, or chemical changes that water may cause a buildup of salts in the soil solution. might occur during storage. For many of the streams . 19 - , •-0 0."_ uu ...... - ...... • 00 • •• ;f GS! "-2" .. , :. i~ •· ~ ·.: :. ( -! ~ , ; ·~ .: · • • .. : .. • • • ! , • 1j ,• .. , ..; ( . ~ · • : .. • • I - • I ~: r f .. • : j ., ••·•• ••• , , • · I , ••• ..":"": • · ,· •· • · ;· •• ...... • •• J · · · ! : •j , • ·~ ; , • , ,· o • ; i· ;· •: :· 1 • i .i i i ,..- ::.!: ,I ~=• • , ·: • ( ,';c:: i • ' .. • " ·,.-. , -,·. • · ,· 1"· ~ · . ii··. ! ,• ::,:~ , i ::!. .. ., • · '." , • ~· :;. · • .. "'0 .... Q~!ii."= • ~f.1 ( o 0_ :~ • • :~ • • •• ., . l' ·• J ! ,". ;• , .- E~ , ,!"I' : ,-. po! " o - 20- I ( SP£CJFlC COrOJeTANCL IN MICII:)MHOS .6T 2~'C: The discharge·w,;ighted average concentrations of 6181000 dissol.... ed solids of the Red Ri ....er near Gainesville for the ." • • periods 1944-46. 1953-63, and 1966-67 has ranged from ". ~ ~ .: a minimum of 891 mg/I in 1945 to a maximum of 1,950 " ~&'''''T1OII mgtl in 1958. The discharge·weighted average co~tra ""'- ... .. tion of dissolved solids of the Red River at Denison Dam " ,Doc._1. ,,.,,'_ i ,.. $0... _ """'" _. v._ for the period 1944-1967 has ranged from 486 mgl1 in •" t-,!t, ,,"I 1946 to 1,230 mg/I in 1961. The discharge-weighted lIIM 11, ..... _ • average concentrations of dissolved solids at Index, ,- '·lO, "6111 - "f - - Arkansas for 1961, 1962, and 1963 were 728 mgtl, 609 "'~ 15... 21_30...... , •·"'f • _"".,-- ,--- '" mgtl, and 538 mgtl, respecti ....ely. The analyses showing ~ • ...... - ~" IJ.ly .., lM5J annual maKimum and minimum dissolved·solids concen. , "lr6 trations and the weighted averages for the stations are , ,• • 0 • • • given in Table 5. Annual dissolved·solids averages for ~I. Red Ri ....er at Denison Dam are shown on Figure 7. ~ , ~ '" Time·weighted a....erages represented by duration t " curves are usually higher than discharge·weighted • a....erages. The duration cur....e for dissol ....ed·solids concen trations for the Red River near Gaines.... ille during " , • • • 1953·62 is shown in Figure 6. Dissol .... ed solids equaled • or exceeded 3,560 mgtl 10 percent of the time, 3,040 , • mgtl 30 percent of the time, 2,620 mgtl 50 percent of • • the time, and 1,100 mg/I 90 percent of the time. Downstream from the Wichita Ri ....er. TeKas tributaries drain Cretaceous rocks and contribute water containing less than 250 mgtl of dissol ....ed solids. The discharge'weighted a....erage concentration of dissol ....ed solids of the little Wichita Ai ....er near Henrietta for the periods 1953-55 and 1959-66 ranged from 124 to 286 mgtl and averaged 211 mg/I; and the little Wichita River chemical-quality data are limited, especially data on the near Ainggold for the 1959·62 perioo ranged from 151 chemical quality of flood flows; therefore, the sub to 187 mg/I and a....eraged 171 mg/I. divisions shown on the maps should be considered as generalized. AU the streams will at times have concentra· tions exceeding those shown, but the averages are indicative of the quality of water that would be stored in a hypothetical reservoir. -'" I - Dissolved Solids I , ~ S ;/l)OO The concentrations of di~olved solids in streams ,• in the Red River basin range from several thousand 10 , less than 250 mgtl (milligrams per liter) (Figure 3). ~ooo Water from the outcrop areas of Tertiary age in the ~ elttreme western part of the basin usually ha....e , dissol....ed·solids concentrations less than 250 mgt!. • "'" ~ ~~ DO\'tIIlstream from the Tertiary outcrop, rocks of Triassic ~ I and Permian age contribute water containing ....ery high • concentrations of dissolved solids; more than 10.000 - mgtl is common in some areas. The highly concentrated ~ water from the Prairie Dog Town, Salt. and North Forks • - Aed River, Pease Ri ....er. and North and South Wichita I Ai ....ers cause the mainstem Red Ri ....er to contain more I , than 1,000 mgtl of dissol ....ed solids throughout most of . ,o XI )QOO~"O (I toO to r...... , its reach in Texas. About midway between lake TeKoma ~ tOOt T>laT ~$CllII[I)-SCUDS- COM:(NTUTO< and Index. Arkansas, good quality inflow from the (OU&lEll OJI (>T;UDUl n.&T StoOM< tributaries is of sufficient quantity to cause the Red Figu" 6.-0ur'llon Curve of D,ssOI"ed Solidi lOr Aed AI".r Ri ....er to contain less than 1.000 mgtl of dissol ....ed solids. Ne•• Gei".."UI•• T""... 1953-63 Chloride Bicarbonate concentrations are usually less than ( 250 mgtl in surface waters in the basin; bicarbonate is The concentrations of chloride in surface water of the principal anion in most waters unaffected by brines. the Red River basin vary from several thousand to less The annual weighted·average bicartxmate concentrations than 100 mgt\. Concentrations are generally less than of the Red River near Gainesville and at Denison Dam 250 mgtl in all streams not affected by natural or have usually been less than 150 mg/l. oil·field brines. Brines in the drainage areas of the Prairie \ Dog Town, Salt, and North Forks Red River, Pease Sulfate concentrations vary widely in the Red River, and North and South Wichita Rivers degrade the River basin. Streams draining Permian rocks north of the quality of the Red River throughout its reach in Texas. Priarie Dog Town Fork Red River have a sulfate content The annual weighted·average chloride concentration of of several hundred mgtl. Sulfate is the principal anion in the Red River near Gainesville (1944·46, 1953·63, these waters. In Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River and in 1966·67) has ranged from 283 to 717 mgtl, and at the streams draining Permian rocks south of the Red Denison Dam (1944·67), it has ranged from 139 to 431 River, sulfate occurs in high concentrations; but chloride mgtl. Chloride concentration of the main stem is is the principal anion. Downstream from the Permian generally more than 500 mgtl almost as far downstream rocks, the tributaries contain less than 50 mg/I of sulfate. as Lake Texoma, but it is less than 250 mgll through the The annual weighted·average sulfate concentration of the last 100,150 miles of its reach in Texas. Tributaries Red River near Gainesville (1944-46,1953·63,1966-67) downstream from the Wichita RtVi'r generally have has ranged from 169 to 450 mg/l, but it has usually been chloride concentrations less than 50 mgtl. more than 250 mg/I, The annual weighted·average of I sulfate at Denison Dam 11944·671 has ranged from 100 to 297 mgtl, but it usually has been less than 250 mgtl. Hardness Fluoride concentrations are generally less than 1.0 Surface water in the Red River basin generally mgtl except in some of the streams that drain the ranges from moderately hard (61·120 mg/ll to very hard Ogallala Formation. Tule Creek near Silverton at times (more than 180 mglll. Waters of streams in the western contains more than 5.0 mgtl of fluoride. ( and central parts of the basin that contain high concentrations of dissolved solids are very hard, often Nitrate concentrations are usually less than 5.0 having more than 500 mgtl hardness. The streams mgtl, except in some of the heavily irrigated areas of the draining Cretaceous rocks in the eastern part of the basin High Plains where concentrations sometimes exceed 10 generally contain waters that are moderately hard, even mgtl. though they usually have a low dissolved-solids content. ( Water Quality in Reservoirs Other Constituents Chemical analyses for most of the principal Other constituents of importance in the evaluation reservoirs in the Texas part of the Red River basin are of the chemical quality of a water include silica, sodium, given in Table 6. Most of the reservoirs are on tributaries bicarbonate, sulfate, fluoride, and nitrate. where quality-of·water problems are less severe than on ( the main stem. Silica concentrations in the Red River basin range from less than 10 to nearly 70 mgt!. In the western part of the basin, water from streams draining the Tertiary, Buffalo Lake Triassic, and Permian rocks usually contains more than 20 mg/l of silica. In the central part of the basin, streams When sampled in 1951, water in Buffalo Lake ( draining rocks of Pennsylvanian age usually contain 10 contained 472 mg/l dissolved solids, 27 mgtl of chloride to 15 mg/l of silica; and in the eastern part of the basin, and was very hard. Principal chemical constituents were water from rocks of Cretaceous age usually contains less sodium and bicarbonate. than 10 mgtl of silica. The annual weighted·average silica concentration of the Red River at Denison Dam has usually been about 10 mgl\. Bivins Lake \ Sodium concentrations range from several thou· Chemical analyses are not available for Bivins sand to less than 100 mgtl. Concentrations are generally Lake, but analyses for downstream sites indicate that the less than 100 mgtl in streams unaffected by natural or stored water contains less than 500 mgtl of dissolved oil·field brines. The sodium concentration of the Red solids, is hard, and has calcium, sodium, bicarbonate, River is usually more than 250 mgtl upstream from Lake and sulfate as the principal chemical constituents. Texoma and 100 to 250 mgtl from Lake Texoma to Index, Arkansas. - 22- ( Baylor Creek Reservoir Lake Wichita Very limited data indicate that Baylor Creek Natural runoff into Lake Wichita is probably of Reservoir impounds water containing between 500 and good quality. However, the lake receives return flow 1,000 mgtl of dissolved solids. The water is very hard from areas irrigated with water from Lake Kemp, and and of a calcium SlIlfate type. also is degraded with water from oil fields. The dissolved·solids content usually exceeds 1,(X)() mg/1. An analysis in June 1965 showed that the water in Lake Greenbelt Reservoir Wichita contained 1,450 mg/I of dissolved solids; calcium. sodium, sulfate. and chloride are the principal Greenbelt Reservoir was not impounding water chemical constituents. during this study, but the chemical quality of its water can be inferred from analyses of Salt Fork Red River near Clarendon. Analyses of samples collected during Lake Kickapoo low flow indicate that the dissolved-solids content seldom exceeds 500 mg/!. No data are available on the Water stored in lake Kickapoo usually cootains quality of water at high flow, but it is likely that the less than 250 mg/l of dissolved solids and is moderately dissolved-solids content would be less than at low flow. hard. Principal dissolved constituents are calcium, Therefore, water impounded in the reservoir probably sodium, and bicarbonate. will contain less than 500 mg/I of dissolved solids, be very hard, and of a mixed chemical type. Lake Arrowhead Lake Kemp and Diversion lake Impoundment of water in Lake Arrowhead began in 1966. and no analyses of the stored water were Lake Kemp and Diversion Lake were constructed available during the study period. The quality of the in 1923 and 1924, respectively, and are two of the stored water can. however, be inferred from records for oldest major reservoirs in the Red River basin. Water is the daily sampling statioo, Little Wichita River near released from Lake Kemp into Diversion Lake and then Henrietta. During the period of daily record (1952·55, released or withdrawn for industrial use and irrigation. 1959·66), the annual weighted·average dissolved·solids The reservoirs are downstream from natural salt· concentration has ranged from 124 to 286 mg/', and cootributing areas. Sources of natural pollution of the averaged 218 mg/l. The water was of a sodium chloride Wichita River above Lake Kemp were investigated by type-probably because of oil·field brine reaching the Joerns (1961) and by the U.S. Public Health Service stream. (1964). Chemical analyses indicate that since construc· tion the impounded water has usu.ally contained 2,000 to 3,000 mg/l dissolved solids. Calcium, sodium, sulfate, Farmers Creek Lake and chloride are the principal dissolved constituents. The water is suitable for irrigation for only highly salt· When sampled in 1967, water in Farmers Creek tolerant crops. lake contained 294 mg/! of dissolved solids and was hard. Principal chemical constituents were calcium. sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride. Santa Rosa Lake Water stored in Santa Rosa Lake is low in Hubert H. Moss Lake dissolved solids, moderately hard, and of a calcium bicarbonate type. Chemical·quality data are not available lor Hubert H. Moss Lake. but records from adjoining watersheds in the Trinity River basin indicate that the reservoir, when North Fon: Buffalo Creek Reservoir filled, will contain moderately hard water having a low dissolved·solids cootent. Chemical analyses are not available for North Fork Buffalo Creek Reservoir. but analyses for North Fork Buffalo Creek near Iowa Park indicate that at high flow Lake Texoma the water is of good quality; dissolved-solids content is less than 200 mg/l. Analyses of water at low flow, Denison Dam which forms lake Texoma was built however, indicate oil·field brine pollution. The quality in 1942 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood of the stored water will depend upon the extent to control and hydroelectric po\ver. Increasing needs for which brine reaches North Fork Buffalo Creek upstream water have caused Lake Texoma to be considered as a from the reservoir. source of water for public supply even though it has ·23· generally been too highly mineralized for this use. Water outflow plus change in storage, in thousands of acre from Lake Texoma is pumped to Lake Randall to feet) is also shown on Figure 7_ The net annual water augment the municipal supply for the city of Denison. available also represents the inflow to Lake Texoma The city of Sherman has studied the practicability of minus losses due to evaporation, infiltration, and damming off the Big Mineral Arm of the lake to obtain a diversion. Along with the trend of increasing mineraliza. municipal supply (Mendieta and Skinner, 1966). tion in Lake Texoma, Figure 7 sham a general trend toward less available water. Since 1965, the dissolved-solids content of water in Lake Texoma has ranged from 969 to 1,230 mgtl. The mineralization of water of Lake Texoma is Chloride has ranged from 325 to 442 mgtl, and sulfate increasing because of (1) a continuous salt load reaching from 228 to 296 mgt!. Although the dissolved-solids the reservoir from upstream natural and man-made brine content of Lake Texoma water varies from year to year, sources, (2) decreasing inflows to the reservoir because 23 years of records collected since impoundment began of upstream impoundments, (3) increasing dissolved ( in 1944 show a definite trend of increasing mineraliza solids concentrations of inflom because of upstream tion. Annual weighted·average concentrations of impoundments of good·quality water, and (4) increasing dissolved solids for the outflow station at Denison Dam dissolved-solids concentrations because of evaporation are shown on Figure 7. The net quantity of water from Lake Texoma and from impoundments upstream. available annually at Denison Dam (expressed as annual ( I I I I ( f-- No'f'o.._ l"oO <"''''If'~ ...... " \ ( / f, IV /'u,J. \ \ / I' \ V \ I I ,I \ /,ft""'_o..w...... e,",__ \ I 1\ I \ /\'-"', ( l\i \./ \ \ '" /\i \'/ \ I ~ \... I \ ;' " , , 'v , '00 194~ ., " """ " " Figure 7.-Graph Showing Dissolved-Solids Content and Quantity of Water in Lake Texoma, 1945-67 ·24 - ( Kane (1967, p. 17) shows average annual net reservoir. At site lC, temperature decreased from 25.8°C lake-surface evaporation for Lake Texoma during the at the surface to 21.4°C at the bottom, and dissolved 1940-65 period to be 30 inches per year. At elevation oxygen decreased from 7.2 mg/I at the surface to 0.0 617 feet (top of power pool). Lake Texoma covers mg/I at the bottom. At most sites, temperature and 89,0Cl0 acres. Therefore, evaporation losses from Lake oxygen decreased slightly with depth throu~ the top 50 Texoma may be more than 200,000 acre-feet per year. feet, then decreased sharply through the next 10 feet, West of lake Texoma average net annual evaporation and was nearly uniform through the remaining depth. losses increase rapidly to more than 50 inches in the Vertical profiles for sites lC and 3C are shown on Figure Higtl Plains. Waters that are released from impound· 9, and longitudinal profiles for the Red Rivet'" and ments above Lake Texoma after having been degraded Washita River arms during the July 25-27 period are by evaporation, further degrade the quality of inflows to shown on Figure 10. the reservoir. Lake Texoma, like many reservoirs in the To aid in the evaluation of water quality in Lake southwest, undergoes thermal stratification in the Texoma, the Geological Survey made two summer and becomes almost completely mixed during reconnaissance-type surveys of the reservoir. The surveys the winter. During the summer, the more concentrated were made in March and July 1967 to obtain data for inflow from the Red River tends to flow along the different seasons of the year. Measurements of specific bottom of the reservoir and the less concentrated inflow conductance, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were from the Washita River tends to seek an intermediate made at sites throughout the reservoir and at various depth. Dissolved·solids content of the reservoir increases depths at each site. Water samples were collected at upstream in the Red River arm and decreases upstream selected sites for laboratory analysis. Figure 8 is a map in the Washita River arm. During the winter, oxygen is of the reservoir showing the observation sites. available at all depths throughout the reservoir, but during the summer is generally deficient at all depths The first survey was made March 21·23. During greater than 50 feet. this period, surface elevation remained almost constant at approximately 603 feet above mean sea level (contents, 1,710,000 acre·feet!, and water was being Lake Randall released through the powerhouse. The reservoir was well mixed during this survey. Dissolved·solids content. Lake Randall, a small reservoir owned by the city estimated from specific conductance values and verified of Denison, is used as a municipal supply. Water is by laboratory analyses (dissolved solids equals pumped from Lake Texoma to augment the normal approximately 0.58 specific conductance), increased yield, and quality of the water in Lake Randall is only slightly with depth at each site. In the Red River therefore determined by the proportion of water that is arm, dissolved-solids content was nearly uniform at pumped from Lake Texoma. about 1,200 mg/I from site lC to site 24C, but increased upstream to about 1,700 mg/I at site 38C. In the Washita River arm, concentrations decreased in an upstream Brushy Creek Reservoir and Coffee Mill Creek lake direction to about 1,000 mg/I at site 12C. Temperatures generally were about 1°C lower at the bottom of the Although no chemical analyses are available for lake than at the surface. Dissolved oxygen was nearly either of these reservoirs, the water quality can be uniform throughout the vertical profile at each site-near inferred from records for nearby Bois d'Arc Creek and saturation at the surface and only about 1 mgflless near from records for watersheds in the adjacent Trinity the bottom. Vertical profiles for sites lC and 3C are River basin. Water in these areas is usually hard and of a shown on Figure 9. calcium bicarbonate type. The dissolved·solids content averages less than 250 mg/1. During the second survey, made July 25·27, surface elevation was about 614 feet (contents, 2,480,000 acre·feet, an increase of 770,000 acre·feet Pat Mayse Reservoir since the March survey). The dissolved·solids content varied only slightly with depth at each site except at site Pat Mayse Reservoir was not impounding water 3BC where the concentration was 1,090 mg/I at the during this study, but its quality can be inferred from surface and 2,290 mg/I at the bottom. At all the other analyses of Sanders Creek near Chicota (site 104). High sites on the Red River arm, dissolved·solids content was flows in Sanders Creek contained less than 100 mg/I of near 1,000 mg/I, usually sli!tltly less at the surface and dissolved solids, and the reservoir should store water slightly more at the bottom. In the Washita Rivet" arm, containing less than 200 mg/I of dissolved solids. The the dissolved-solids content varied from 935 mg/I at site water will be moderately hard and of a calcium 7C to about 700 mg/t at site 12C. A thin layer of water bicarbonate type. about 40 feet below the surface was less concentrated than the water above and below. Temperature and oxygen stratification was evident in all areas of the - 25· I ( I ~ :; fid ~ , w .' -I I, ( o E o ( x >-" ~" ",-3 •w, .-C ( ~ ~" " I ----~. I-"-~ { -I· -----' ( i T, ~~ 1. , ( r JULY 25-27, 1967 MARCH 21-23, 1967 IC ... 0 IC 605 K> 60' 0 595 595 '0 K> 5B5 / 30 5B5 '" 575 r- '" 575 30 565 50 565 J w '" ~555 J 555 60 w 50 J > w •w 545 ~ 545 ~ 70 60 w• z ~ ;5 535 535 80 z 70 • w• ~ 525 w 525 I "w • w iil • > "w 0 w • m • w •.,: w 3C • " a • • 0 "w "w ... Q w a • 3C w •§605 z "0 K> -.603 0 ~ z Q } i:;595 595 K> J •" W / '" w> 585 30 wJ 585 '" 57'S '" 575 30 565 50 565 '" 555 555 60 50 545 70 545 60 535 535 80 70 20 23 24 '6 2. 10 "" TEMPERATURE." " IN DEGREES CELSIUS " "" " 0 , 6 10 12 16 4 6 10 12 • DISSOLVED• OXYGEN."IN MILUGRAMS PER LITER • 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 1600 Xl 2200 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE. IN MICROMHOS AT 25"'C • """ Figure 9 Vertical Profiles of Specific Conductance, Dissolved Oxygen, and Temperature of lake Texoma ( LU[ nX""'A, ""'5'llTA R'vE/I ~.. "'--- " ," " ~ "~ li' - n' 0 r ,W" '" '" • 'Il'- 'il' 'r! 'Ii' ,- •• .Il'- .W- .ft' ,0'- .W " .il' ~ •• • ,n'--,", ,ft' .~ ,W ( .W- "rp .1' ,W .. ~ ...... W' " t• ; .. ,N .Ii' ,If ".' --- ....' ( .. .iF ,'1Ji ,'J' .il • .rr .iI' • .f" ~;s, .. .~. < LA~£ tt.o..... >lEO RIVER ARW •• m •• • "" '" ll' r; ., ., ( '"" " .." '" • 'll' '!l' '11' 'I' 'il' 'elf 'II" • ,R'", ,W .l!' ,!l' ,r:' • • .'U .1' .ll' .Ii' .r,' \ .. ,it' .!l' .!'.' ,N .. ,11' ...III ,.,...... ( .. ,!~ .Il'- ,Ii"- • ,11' J~' .. .l" .. • .",....,n 1'"$'...... , .... _ EXPLol.Nol.TlON ~ Soo<'~ -...:_.. ~ """...... , 25' C ,...... '9'''' c..... •• ""_ 0'19'", .. "'"9''''''' _ .... ~f" S....~I'". ~•• Figure 10 \ Longitudinol Profiles of Loke Texoma Showing Water Quality, July 25-27, 1967 l ( Lake Crook Lower McClellan Creek lake Crook is owned and operated by the city of Limited chemical-quality data indicate lhat a Paris for municipal water supply. When sampled in 1960, reservoir on McClellan Creek would store water the reservoir waler contained 70 mgtl of dissolved solids, containing about 500 mgtl dissolved solids. The water was soh, and of a calcium bicarbonate type. would be of a mixed chemical type and would be very hard. Water Quality at Potential Reservoir Sites Sweetwater Creek One of the principal objectives of this study was to A reservoir on Sweetwater Creek would store appraise the quality of water available for storage at water of acceptable quality for most uses. The water pOtential reservoir sites in the Red River basin. Several would be of a calcium sodium bicarbonate type and pOtential sites suggested by various agencies are shown contain less than 500 mgtl dissolved solids. on Figure 11. In the following discussion. evaluations of water Quality are based on 1967 conditions and the names of potential reservoir sites are those in use as of Ringgold December 31,1967. Daily chemical-qualitv records for the Little Wichita River near Henrietta and Ringgold indicate that Mackenzie a reservoir near the Ringgold site would impound water of good quality. At the Henrietta station the annual A reservoir on Tule Creek at the Mackenzie site weighted·average cOflcentration of dissolved solids was would impound water of good quality; the dissolved less than 300 mgtl each year during the period of record solids content would be less than 250 mgt!. The water (1953-661. Oil-field brine has reached the streams in the would be hard and have calcium and bicarbonate as its watershed, and has caused some deterioratiOfl of the principal ions. otherwise excellent-qualitv water. Buck Creek Timber Creek and Bois d'Arc Creek Information is not available on the chemical The water available for storage at these sites is of a quality of flood flow in Buck Creek. Low·flow samples calcium and sodium bicarbonate type and is moderately show high concentrations of calcium.and sulfate. A hard. The dissolved·solids content should be less than reservoir on Buck Creek would probably impound water 250 mgtl. containing more than 1.000 mgtl of dissolved solids. Big Pine Lelia Lake Creek A reservoir on Big Pine Creek would impound Although water samples have been collected water containing less than 150 mgtl dissolved solids. The periodically for several years, data on the chemical water would be low in all dissolved constituents and quality of flood flows in Lelia Lake Creek is lacking. would be soft. Available data indicate that a reservoir on lelia Lake Creek would impound water of mixed chemical composition containing about 500 mgtl dissolved solids. Pecan Bayou The water would undoubtedly contain more than 500 mgtl of dissolved solids at times. The water in Pecan Bayou is always low in dissolved constituents. therefore, water impounded al the Pecan Bayou site would contain less than 100 mgtl Dozier Creek dissolved solids and would be soft. A reservoir on the Salt Fork Red River at the Dozier site would probably store water containing more Barkman Creek than 1,000 mg/l of dissolved solids. A 2·year (1953·54) daily record is available for a station near Wellington A reservoir on Bar-kman Creek would impound hite 47). The weighted-average dissolved-solids concen· water cOfltaining less than 100 mgtl dissolved solids. The trallons were 1,300 mgtl in 1953 and 1.100 mg/1 in water would be soft and low in all dissolved 1954. cOflstituents. ·29· Present and Future proposed by the Corps of Engineers, would greatly Water-Quality Problems improve the quality of the water impounded in lake Texoma. The Corps estimates that chloride concentra. Natural arw:l in the past, oil·field brines are the tions would be less than 110 mg/l 50 percent of the principal degrading influences on water-quality of the time, arw:l would seldom exceed 150 mg/I. Dissolved Red River. The highly mineralized waters from salt solids would be reduced to an average of about 820 mg/l sources in the western part of the basin cause the water and sulfate to about 220 mg/l. With its quality thus ( of the Red River to be undesirable for public supply improved, water of the lower Red River will be suitable throughout most of its reach in Texas. The salinity for a wider variety of beneficial uses. problems in the Red River basin have been intensively studied by various Federal agenCies. The U.S. Public Impoundments on tributaries in Texas arw:l Health Service (1964) reported that there are 10 primary Oklahoma and in lake Texoma are also causing natural brine emission areas in the Red River basin. degradation of water quality in the main stem. Of the 18 Figure 4 shows the locations of the primary sources arw:l existing reservoirs on tributary streams in Texas, 16 are several secondary sources, and includes the average daily impounding water of better quality than is carried by salt load that the Public Health Service calculated to be the Red River. Of the 11 potential reservoir sites contributed by each primary source. A detailed discussed, 9 would impound water having better quality description of each source is given in the report by the than water of the main stem. Public Health Service (19641. The city of Sherman is considering damming off The U.S. Army Corps of Engineer District at Big Mineral Arm of lake Texoma which is less Tulsa, Oklahoma, has prepared a report (19661 on the mineralized than the main body of the reservoir. Most feasibility of plans to control the major salt sources in existing and any future reservoirs on Oklahoma the Arkansas and Red River basins and has constructed tributaries will Impound waters of better quality than is an experimental control project at Estelline Springs on carried by the mainstem Red River. Removal of the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River. Congress has water of tributary streams leaves water of poorer quality authorized construction of additional salt·control in the Red River. Surface impoundments in the Red projects on three tributaries of the 'Wichita River above River basin will further degrade water of the basin lake Kemp, and the Corps of Engineers has proposed because of evaporation losses. Figure 7 shows the trend five additional projects in the Red River basin, four in of increasing mineralization of lake Texoma waters, Texas and one in Oklahoma. which must result in part from evaporation losses. According to Kane 0967, p. 17) average annual net lake The plan for control of salt in the Wichita River surface evaporation rates vary from 10 inches near the ( consists of three low·water dams, pumping facilities, and Texas·Arkansas line to more than 50 inches in the High pipelines for collecting highly mineralized water arw:l Plains. moving it to storage basins for evaporation. The Corps estimates that the chloride load reaching lake Kemp The population of the Red River basin in Texas would be reduced by about 80 percent arw:l the sulfate has doubled in the past 25 years. The population growth load by about 30 percent. Chloride concentrations is expected to be greater in the next 25 years. Along would rarely exceed 200 mg/l and sulfate would usually with increasing demarw:ls for municipal supplies, more be less than 500 mg/!. water will be needed for industry and irrigation. If a significant part of these supplies is to come from surface Maximum control of both man·made and natural waters of the Red River basin, a maximum effort to brine pollution throughout the upper Red River basin, as improve water quality will be required. \ - 30- SELECTED REFERENCES American Water Works Association, lQSO, Water quality Maier, F. J., 1950, Fluoridation of public water supplies: and treatment: Am. Water Works Assoc. Manual, 2d Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 42, pt. 1, p. ed., tables 3-4, p. 66-67. 1120-1132. Baker, E. T., Jr., long, A. T., Reeves, R. D., and Wood, Mendieta, H. B., and Skinner, P. W., 1966, Quality of LA., 1963, Reconnaissance investigation of the water of Big Mineral Arm and tributaries lake ground-water resources of the Red River, Sulphur Texoma, Texas, January 18·20 and February 10-11, River, and Cypress Creek basins, Texas: Texas Water 1966: Texas Water Devel. Board Rept. 35, 16 p. Camm. Bull. 6306. 127 p. Rawson, Jack, 1967, Study and interpretation of the Dallas Morning News, 1967, Texas almanac and state chemical quality of surfaC1! waters in the Brazos River industrial guide, 1968-1969: A. H. Bela Corporation, basin, Texas: Texas Water Devel. Board Rept. 55,113 736p. p. Darton, N. H., Stephenson. L. W., and Gardner. Julia, Stiff, H. A., Jr., 1951, The interpretation of chemical 1937, Geologic map of Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey geol. water analysis by means of patterns: Jour. of Petro· map. leum Technology, Oct., p. 15. Gillett. P. T., and Janca. I. G., 1965, Inventory of Texas Stose, G. W. and ljungstedt, O. A., compilers, 1932, irrigation, 1958 and 1964: Texas Water Camm. Bull. Geologic map of the United States: U.S. Geo!. Survey 6515,317 p. geol. map. Hughes, L. S., and Leifeste, O. K., 1965, Reconnaissance Texas Board of Water Engineers, 1958, Compilation of of the chemical quality of surface waters of the surface water records in Texas through September Sabine River basin, Texas and louisiana: U.S. Geol. 1957: Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 5807-A, Survey Water·Supply Paper 1809-H, 71 p. 503 p. __1967, Reconnaissance of the chemical quality of Texas Water Commission and Texas Water Pollution surface waters of the Neches River basin, Texas: U.S. Control Board, 1963, A statistical analysis of data on Geel. Survey Water·Supply Paper 1839-A, 72 p. oil·field brine production in Texas for the veil( 1961 from an inventory conducted by the Texas Railroad Hughes, l. S., and Rawson, Jack, 1965, Reconnaissance Commission: Summary volume, 81 p. of the chemical quality of surface waters of the San Jacinto River basin, Texas: Texas Water Devel. Board Thornthwaite, C. W., 1952, Evapotranspiration in the Rept. 13,45 p. hydrologic cycle, In The ph~ical basis of water supply and its principal uses, v. 2 of The Physical and Joerns, J. 0., 1961, Investigation of sources of natural Economic Foundation of Natural Resources: U.S. pollution, Wichita River above lake Kemp, Texas Cong., House Comm. on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1951·57: U.S. Goo!. Survey open-file rept. no. 62. p.25·35. Kane, J. W., 1967, Monthly reservoir evaporation rates U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1966 Water quality for Texas, 1940 through 1965: Texas Water Devel. control study, Texds·Oklahoma·Kansas, In Survey Board Rept. 64, 111 p. report on Arkansas·Red River basin: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Tulsa District, v. 4. langbein, W. B., and lsen, K. T., 1960, General introduction and hydrologic definitions In Manual of U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, Compilation of records of hydrology, part 1, General surface·water techniques: surface waters of the United States through U.S. Geol. Survey Water·Supply Paper 1541-A, p. September 1950, Part 7, lower Mississippi River 1-29. basin: U.S. Goo!. Survey Water·Supply Paper 1311, 606 p. leifeste, D. K., and Hughes, l. S., 1967, Reconnaissance of the chemical quality of surface waters of the __1961, Surface water records of Texas, 1961: U.s. Trinity River basin, Texas: Texas Water Deve!. Board Geol. Survey open·file rept. Rept. 67,73 p. __1962. Surface water records of Texas, 1962: U.S. leifeste, D. K., and lansford, M. W., 1968, Reconnais Geol. Survey open-file rept. sance of the chemical quality of surface waters of the Colorado River basin, Texas: Texas Water Devel. __1963, Surface water records of Texas, 1963: U.S. 80ard Rept. 71, 85 p. Geo!. Survey open-file rept. U.S. Geological Survey, 1964a, Compilation of records U.S. Public Health Service, 1962, Drinking water of surface waters of the United States, October 1950 standards, 1962, U.S. Public Health Service Pub. 956, to September 1960, Part 7, lower Mississippi River 61 p. basin: U.S. Geo!. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1731, 552 p. __1964, Arkansas·Red River basins wat~ quality conservation, report on a basic study of wat~ __1964b, Surface water records of Texas, 1964: U.S. quality, sources of natural and manmade salt ( Geo!. Survey open·file rept. pollution, and suggested corrective measures: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, __1964c, Water quality records in Texas, 1964: U.S. Public Health Service, 4 vols. Geol. Survey open.file rept. U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954, Diagnosis and _1965, Water resources data for Texas, 1965, Part improvement of saline and alkali soils: U.S. Dept. of 1, Surface water records; and Part 2, Water quality Agriculture Handb. 60,160 p. records: U.S. Geo!. Survey open·file rept. _1966, Water resources data for Texas, 1966, Part 1, Surface water records: U.S. Geo!. Survey open-file rept. t « . 32· ( Quality-of.water records for the Red River basin are (and predecessor agencies) Reports. ann reports of the published in Ihe following U.S. Geological Survey Oklahoma Water Resources Board. Water·Supply Papers, Texas Water Development Board US.GS. WATER WATER-5UPPLY T,W.D.B. OKLAHOMA WATER YEAR PAPER NO. REPORT NO. RESOURCES BOARD REPORT 1940-45 • 1938-45 1946 ,"'"' ·,946 '1946 49 1947 1102 "947 '194649 1948 1133 '1948 +1946-49 '94' 1163 '1949 +1946-49 ..'" ".. '1950 _1950 1951 ".. "951 +1951 1952 1252 "'952 '1952 1953 ."., '1953 '1953 "94 1352 '1954 '1954 1955 ..., '1955 .1955 .... 1452 8UII.5905 "956 1957 1522 8ull. 5915 '1957 .... 1513 8ull .... '1958 1959 .... Bull "'" "1959 .960 1744 8ull 6215 ·1960 ..., .... Bull ",,, • 1961 1962 '94' Bull ''''' "962 1963 1950 R.pl, 7 '1963 1964 ,• ~ 1965 " "~ 1966 " • "Ch4mlc.l ComptKltlon of T,,~a. Surfac.. Wete.." ""e' o ..lgnet.o onlv bV ",,".r vear from 1938 through 1955. • "Chemlcel Ch.r..,••r of Surfltc. We••' of Oklahome" w .. d ..lgnated only bV .... at.. v••r from 1946 through 1963. -" Publl.hed •• U.S. Geologlul Su"".v op.n·fiI. r.POrt. - 33------~---~----==--- , , . !, • •, : : , ., ; • i ; · r ·!~... •• . . . , < < • ; i ; , ,• , ,· , ::h , , , i ! i " .--. , , ! ;: . , ; ~ ~ ;; ' • :;• • • ,• , : , , ,;· • , ,l ; i ! • · · • •i j , i . . , , , = ~ ; , ,• I ·~ , ·l J , · , • . , , · • . • , ·J , , , . , ! , , · i. ! • · , · , · , , · , ; .::: ,· j , j · • · . , , · , . • · • · , • • , J ~ ; • ! • ,! - j • , • • , ! ! i •· , , ! , , · :; " i. •· , • . ~ , ,· i . '- ~ • ....'.' .'. , • ~ i ; i., ,.: · , ! •• ~ · ,- &5 Iii .' , · ! ;~ ~ · •• ( •" i · ;J . i • • • , . , . j • 1 I I ( , :; : , , , ~ • .! ; , ·• · , , . j ! , l• ! ; ·, , ,• j' ~ ~.h ! •••~ ~ !: - I ;;:;,,- ,• ; . ; .. 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