Somaliland 2021 Special Pre-Election Report-FINAL UPDATED
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An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg. -
Awdal Region - Completed Activities Jan-Dec 2012 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Lawya ! ! ! Caddo 43°0'E 43°30'E 44°0'E ! ! ! ! El Qori Sacadiin ! ! ! Bariisle ( Island) ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! WASH CLUSTER - Awdal Region - Completed Activities Jan-Dec 2012 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Lawya ! ! ! Caddo 43°0'E 43°30'E 44°0'E ! ! ! ! El Qori Sacadiin ! ! ! Bariisle ( Island) ! ! ! ! ! Muliyo ! ! ! ! ! Zeylac ! ! ! ! ! ! Toqos!hi ! Zeylac ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Waraabood ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A!WDAL ! ! ! ! Doon Jaglaleh ! ! ! ! ! Caasha ! ! ! ! ! ! Caddo ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Xirsi ! Bow! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Odawaa ! ! ! ! ZEYLAC !Dari ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! N N ! ' ' ! ! ! ! ! 0 0 ! ! ! ° ° ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 1 Cali Ceel ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 Harag Jiid 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Weeci Gaal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Haren ! ! ! Dudub ! ! ! Laan Cawaale ! Heensa Asa ! Laan Shinbirood ! ! ! ! ! ! Qumbo ! !Guutooyinka ! Camuud ! ! ! Wareen ! ! ! C!ulus ! ! ! ! Fulla ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !Iskudarka ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! Cammuud Culus !! ! ! ! ! Bulo ! Sh.Ciise ! ! ! ! ! Karuure ! ! !Xareed ! Heemaal ! ! ! ! Xidhxid Galbeed ! ! !Cadde ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Garaaca ! ! ! X!oore ! ! ! Lughaye ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Bullo Qoxle Lughaye ! ! !Xajiinle ! ! !Hadhwanaag ! Beeyo ! ! ! Beeyo ! ! ! Maame! !Liiban Macaan ! HEAL LUGHAYE ! ! Nuur ! ! Carmaale ! ! G!ahayr !! ! ! Odawaa ! ! ! ! ! Ido-Cadeys !Geerisa Heemaal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Dheere Hadeytacawl Biyo ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cas!e !! ! ! Hadayta ! ! ! Haydeeta ! ! Baxarsaas Heemaal ! !Xussein ! ! ! Weyn ! Baxara Kalawle ! ! Sheikh Awaare Biyo-Cas -
September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report
International Republican Institute Suite 700 1225 Eye St., NW Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 408-9450 (202) 408-9462 FAX www.iri.org International Republican Institute Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report Table of Contents Map of Somaliland……………………………………………………………………..….2 Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………….....3 I. Background Information.............................................................................................…..5 II. Legal and Administrative Framework………………………………..………..……….8 III. Pre-Election Period……………. …...……………………………..…………...........12 IV. Election Day…………...…………………………………………………………….18 V. Post-Election Period and Results.…………………………………………………….27 VI. Findings and Recommendations……………………………………………………..33 VII. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..38 Appendix A: Voting Results in 2005 Presidential Elections…………………………….39 Appendix B: Voting Results in 2003 Presidential Elections…………………………….41 Appendix C: Voting Results in 2002 Local Government Elections……………………..43 Appendix D: Voting Trends……………………………………………………………..44 IRI – Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report 1 Map of Somaliland IRI – Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report 2 Executive Summary Background The International Republican Institute (IRI) has conducted programs in Somaliland since 2002 with the support of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. Department of State, and the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). IRI’s Somaliland -
SOMALILAND GENDER GAP ASSESSMENT March 2019 Acknowledgements
SOMALILAND GENDER GAP ASSESSMENT March 2019 Acknowledgements Many organisations and individuals gave crucial cooperation in the implementation of this research. The research team would like to extend their appreciation to those who volunteered their time to participate in various capacities, particularly interviewees and focus group discussion participants. This report is a production of and attributable to NAGAAD, with Oxfam providing funding and technical support and Forcier Consulting implementing the research. Thank you to the staff from each organisation involved in the production of this report. Contact: NAGAAD, Hargeisa, Somaliland. [email protected] www.nagaad.org This report is not a legally binding document. It is a collaborative informational and assessment document and does not necessarily reflect the views of any of the contributing organisations or funding agencies in all of its contents. Any errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. Supported by: CONTENTS Acronyms 4 1. Executive Summary: The Gender Gap at a Glance 5 2. Recommendations 9 3. Introduction 11 4. Indicators for Composite Gender Gap Index 12 5. Limitations 13 6. Research Findings 14 6.1 Economic Participation 14 6.2 Economic Opportunity 19 6.3 Political Empowerment 31 6.4 Educational Attainment 37 7. Conclusion 50 8. Technical Annex 51 8.1 Methodological Framework 51 8.2 Index Calculation 52 ACRONYMS ABE Alternative Basic Education CATI Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews FGD Focus Group Discussion HAVOYOCO Horn of Africa Voluntary Youth Committee -
Volume 3 Demography, Data Processing and Cartography
VOLUME 3 DEMOGRAPHY, DATA PROCESSING AND CARTOGRAPHY M. Rahmi, E. Rabant, L. Cambrézy, M. Mohamed Abdi Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UNHCR – IRD October 1999 97/TF/KEN/LS/450(a$ Index MAJOR FINDINGS ...…………………………………………….……….…………….3 I-1 : Demography ...…………………………………………….……….…………….3 I-2 : Exploitation of the aerial mosaics …………………………………………..5 1 - Cartography of the refugee camps. …………………………………...……...5 2 - Estimation of the populations ………………………………………………..…6 I-3 – Conclusion : results of the integration of maps and data in a GIS … 10 II – Demography data processing ………………………………………………....13 Table 1. Number of households and family size …….....………………..….…....13 Graph 1 . Family size ..…………………………………….………………….14 Graph 2. Family size (percentage) …………………….…….……………. 15 Table 2 : Number of refugees by sex and by block …….……………...…... 15 Table 3 : number of households and family size by blocks ………………… 20 Table 4 : population by age and by sex. ……………………………...… 26 Graph 3. Pyramid of ages …………………………………………………29 Table 5 : Relationship by sex …………………………………………………38 Graph 4 : relationship …………………………………………………………39 Table 6 : Number of refugees by sex and nationality ………………….40 Table 7 : Number of refugees by sex and province of origin ………….41 Table 8 : UNHCR codes for districts and nationality ………………….43 Table 9 : Number of refugees by nationality, sex, and district of origin. ………………… 50 Table 10 : Principal districts of origin of somalian refugees (population by block and by sex). ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 Table 11 : Principal -
Briefing Paper
NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso UNHCR Brussels E-mail : [email protected] August 2002 Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.unhcr.org These working papers provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers do not represent the official views of UNHCR. They are also available online under ‘publications’ at <www.unhcr.org>. ISSN 1020-7473 Introduction The classical definition of refugee contained in the 1951 Refugee Convention was ill- suited to the majority of African refugees, who started fleeing in large numbers in the 1960s and 1970s. These refugees were by and large not the victims of state persecution, but of civil wars and the collapse of law and order. Hence the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention expanded the definition of “refugee” to include these reasons for flight. Furthermore, the refugee-dissidents of the 1950s fled mainly as individuals or in small family groups and underwent individual refugee status determination: in-depth interviews to determine their eligibility to refugee status according to the criteria set out in the Convention. The mass refugee movements that took place in Africa made this approach impractical. As a result, refugee status was granted on a prima facie basis, that is with only a very summary interview or often simply with registration - in its most basic form just the name of the head of family and the family size.1 In the Somali context the implementation of this approach has proved problematic. -
SOMALIA - WASH, Health and Shelter Interventions - Sool and Sanaag Regions As of 1 October 2009 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
SOMALIA - WASH, Health and Shelter Interventions - Sool and Sanaag Regions as of 1 October 2009 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ! Bossaso Ceelaayo P Higlo ! Humanitarian interventions Laasa Johor Laas- k Higlo qoray! U/xeed k surad ! " ! k ! "! Higlaale "! Qorax k ! kk Waqdariya " k jiif k ! k Xarshaw ! ! Health " ! k" ! ! Xidid"! f k Xabaasha- k" Gulf of Aden ! k! waale " k ! ! Meermeer ! WASH f"! ! " Badhan k ! Celaayo "kk! ! " "k !" ! k k "k ! ! k"! k"k ! ! BOSSASO ! 64,100 e Shelter ! Madar ! LAASQORAY ! ! moge! ! ! ! !! ! " ! Completed or Ongoing ! ! ! ! k!! ! ! ! Saba ! Hadaaftimo ! !! ! ! " ! k! Macmac wanagsan ! Daray ! ! ! ! " " ! k Moon ! Midigale ! " Sabawanag ! k ! k !! Daamo ! " k " " " " ! k ! ! k k k Ooman k k " k " ! Planned ! Dhifeeco ! k ! ! k ! Badhand "f k k ! ! k Ceerigaabo! ! P!! " "k " ! k k ! !! ! Qadhadho32,000 Cawsane ! k ! Dhige ! k "f ! ! Uduncule" k Rad k ! ! k " Total population in need k ! ! k xx ! Carmale ! ! (including IDPs) ! ! ! " ! ! ! k" Fargob ! k k ! SANAAG ! k" ! ! CEERIGAABO Haylaan ! ! ! ! ! Biyo ! ! " Dawaco ! ! ! " k " !! k! k ! ! ! ! guduud " Qaloocato " ! k "k ! "kArdaa! k ! ! k !! ! Dhabar Ceelmagacle 22,000 Dhaban ! Buraan ! k " k ! dalool " ! Danweyn k k" Ceel-buh ! ! ! Goof ! k " P ! ! kk Shimbiraale "! " " k" Regional capital ! ! !! ! k k ! ! CEEL ! k k kk ! " " ! " " f Dareemolamood k ! ! ! k f ! k! ! k ! ! " " ! ! ! ! k "" Bali ! k ! Bira AFWEYN ! kk Gooraan ! Settlement ! God Table busle ! !! Tuur Qoof ! ! ! Gallubade " ! Kalad Waraabaha " !! Waaciye Docolka -
Territorial Diagnostic Report of the Land Resources of Somaliland
Territorial diagnostic report of the land resources of Somaliland Technincal Report No. L-21 February, 2016 Somalia Water and Land Information Management Ngecha Road, Lake View. P.O Box 30470-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel +254 020 4000300 - Fax +254 020 4000333, Email: [email protected] Website: http//www.faoswalim.org Funded by the European Union and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the SWALIM Project concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries This document should be cited as follows: Ullah, Saleem, 2016. Territorial diagnostic report of the land resources of Somaliland. FAO-SWALIM, Nairobi, Kenya. 2 Table of Contents List of Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ 9 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.1 Background -
CLAIMING the EASTERN BORDERLANDS After the 1997
CHAPTER SEVEN CLAIMING THE EASTERN BORDERLANDS After the 1997 Hargeysa Conference, the Somaliland state apparatus consolidated. It deepened, as the state realm displaced governance arrangements overseen by clan elders. And it broadened, as central government control extended geographically from the capital into urban centres such as Borama in the west and Bur’o in the east. In the areas east of Bur’o government was far less present or efffective, especially where non-Isaaq clans traditionally lived. Erigavo, the capital of Sanaag Region, which was shared by the Habar Yunis, the Habar Ja’lo, the Warsengeli and the Dhulbahante, was fijinally brought under formal government control in 1997, after Egal sent a delegation of nine govern- ment ministers originating from the area to sort out local government with the elders and political actors on the ground. After fijive months of negotiations, the president was able to appoint a Mayor for Erigavo and a Governor for Sanaag.1 But east of Erigavo, in the area inhabited by the Warsengeli, any claim to governance from Hargeysa was just nominal.2 The same was true for most of Sool Region inhabited by the Dhulbahante. Eastern Sanaag and Sool had not been Egal’s priority. The president did not strictly need these regions to be under his military control in order to preserve and consolidate his position politically or in terms of resources. The port of Berbera was vital for the economic survival of the Somaliland government. Erigavo and Las Anod were not. However, because the Somaliland government claimed the borders of the former British protec- torate as the borders of Somaliland, Sanaag and Sool had to be seen as under government control. -
Somaliland Assistance Bulletin
Somaliland Assistance Bulletin 1 – 30 November 2005 HUMANITARIAN SITUATION Security & Access The overall security situation in Somaliland remained stable. A verdict was issued on the trail case of the 10 arrested suspects of the killings of four humanitarian workers occurring in 2003 and 2004. The case originally started in March 2005. According to the regional court in Hargeisa, 8 men were found guilty of "terrorism" and were sentenced to death. Following the killing of the 4 expatriate humanitarian workers, the UN in collaboration with the national authorities established a Special Protection Unit (SPU) initially to provide protection for humanitarian workers of UN & international NGOs, subsequently extended to the rest of the community. Since then no further incidents were reported. A deadly mine accident occurred in Burao on 16 November 2005 where a vehicle diverted from the main road towards a roadside short cut. Three out of a total of seven passengers were reported dead, including one UN staff member. Somaliland Mine Action Center (SMAC), supported by UNDP, coordinates mine action activities, since late 1999, an approximate area of around 115 million square meters has been cleared. Food Security/Livelihoods Aerial Photograph of Burao settlements, source UN Habitat. Deyr rain started on time, whereby most areas received Ministry of Health & Labour (MOH&L), the Somali Red normal to above normal rains except for parts of Crescent Society, Save the Children Fund, Candlelight southern Awdal region. Rainfall distribution and intensity and Havoyoco. Sources of income among Burao were good and allowed for further replenishment of water settlements were labeled more irregular and unreliable. -
From Somalia
Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIRs | Help 25 November 2011 SOM103870.E Somalia: Somaliland, including government structure, security, and access for internally displaced persons (IDPs) from Somalia Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa Somaliland, located in the northwest of Somalia, is a self-declared independent republic (The Europa World Year Book 2011; Human Rights Watch 2011). It officially seceded from Somalia in 1991, but has not been recognized by the international community (MRG 2010, 17; The Guardian 26 Aug. 2011). Government and Administration Somaliland has a directly elected president and a bicameral legislature (US 8 Apr. 2011 Sec. 3; Human Rights Watch July 2009, 16-17) comprised of a house of representatives and a house of elders (ibid.; ACCORD Dec. 2009, 5). Its 2010 presidential elections were deemed to be generally free and fair by international observers (Human Rights Watch 2011; US 8 Apr. 2011, Sec. 3). The United States (US) Department of State notes that while the 2002 Somaliland constitution is based on democratic principles, the region also uses laws enacted prior to 1991, and does not recognize Somalia's Transitional Federal Charter (ibid., Sec.1.e). Somaliland's administrative institutions are considered to be generally functional (ibid., Sec. 3; ACCORD Dec. 2009, 5; The Guardian 26 Aug. 2011). However, sources also note that the government's limited revenue, due in part to its ineligibility for international development assistance as an unrecognized sovereign state, limits its ability to provide basic public services (ibid.; Human Rights Watch July 2009, 12; Freedom House 2011). -
SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland En Puntland
COMMISSARIAAT-GENERAAL VOOR DE VLUCHTELINGEN EN DE STAATLOZEN COI Focus SOMALIË Veiligheidssituatie in Somaliland en Puntland 30 juni 2020 (update) Cedoca Oorspronkelijke taal: Nederlands DISCLAIMER: Dit COI-product is geschreven door de documentatie- en researchdienst This COI-product has been written by Cedoca, the Documentation and Cedoca van het CGVS en geeft informatie voor de behandeling van Research Department of the CGRS, and it provides information for the individuele verzoeken om internationale bescherming. Het document bevat processing of individual applications for international protection. The geen beleidsrichtlijnen of opinies en oordeelt niet over de waarde van het document does not contain policy guidelines or opinions and does not pass verzoek om internationale bescherming. Het volgt de richtlijnen van de judgment on the merits of the application for international protection. It follows Europese Unie voor de behandeling van informatie over herkomstlanden van the Common EU Guidelines for processing country of origin information (April april 2008 en is opgesteld conform de van kracht zijnde wettelijke bepalingen. 2008) and is written in accordance with the statutory legal provisions. De auteur heeft de tekst gebaseerd op een zo ruim mogelijk aanbod aan The author has based the text on a wide range of public information selected zorgvuldig geselecteerde publieke informatie en heeft de bronnen aan elkaar with care and with a permanent concern for crosschecking sources. Even getoetst. Het document probeert alle relevante aspecten van het onderwerp though the document tries to cover all the relevant aspects of the subject, the te behandelen, maar is niet noodzakelijk exhaustief. Als bepaalde text is not necessarily exhaustive.