DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Groningen Helena Augusta and the City of Rome

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Groningen Helena Augusta and the City of Rome View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Groningen University of Groningen Helena Augusta and the City of Rome Drijvers, Jan Willem Published in: Monuments & Memory DOI: 10.1484/M.ACSHA-EB.4.2018013 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2016 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Drijvers, J. W. (2016). Helena Augusta and the City of Rome. In M. Verhoeven, L. Bosman, & H. van Asperen (Eds.), Monuments & Memory: Christian Cult Buildings and Constructions of the Past: Essays in Honour of Sible de Blaauw (pp. 149-155). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.ACSHA- EB.4.2018013 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 12-11-2019 Places Helena Augusta and the City of Rome* Jan Willem DRIJVERS Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta, mother of Emper‑ of publications have seen the light of day in the or Constantine the Great (306‑37), is associated last two to three decades,2 but focuses on her with many cities: Drepanum, Naissus, Trier, connection with the city of Rome during her Reims, Colchester, Constantinople, Bethlehem lifetime. Also this topic is not terra incognita but and Edessa. However, foremost among the cities justifies consideration in the light of recent pub‑ that have connections with the empress are Je‑ lications, in particular Sible de Blaauw’s 1997 rusalem, where she is alleged to have found the article Jerusalem in Rome and the Cult of the Cross ‘true’ cross (i.e. the cross of Christ), and Rome in which he pays special attention to the Church where she probably lived after her son had con‑ of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, the preservation quered the city in the battle at the Milvian bridge of a cross relic in this early church, and Helena’s on 28 October 312. Helena clearly left her mark association with it.3 Apart from a few literary on the eternal city and there are several me‑ sources, in particular the Liber pontificalis dated mentos which remind both the tourist and the to the years 515‑30 but based on earlier writings, scholar of the sojourn of the augusta in the city. epigraphic and material sources are available for She figures prominently next to Bishop Sylvest‑ reconstructing Helena’s association with Rome. er and her son Constantine in the Rome‑based It has generally been accepted that Helena Sylvester legend which includes the story of her spent part of her life in the city of Rome and inventio crucis; frescoes in the Sylvester Chapel of resided there formally, although the sources do Ss. Quattro Coronati display her looking for the not contain references about Helena’s residence cross at Golgotha. The Scala Sancta (the alleged in Rome, apart perhaps from an implicit re‑ stairs of the praetorium of Pontius Pilate) are sup‑ mark by Eusebius that after her death she was posed to have been brought to Rome by He‑ with a great guard of honour carried up to the lena, an immense statue (by Andrea Bolgi and imperial city and buried there in the imperial dated to 1639) of Helena holding a large cross tombs.4 Although it has sometimes been argued and three nails has a prominent position in the that Eusebius’s imperial city refers to Constan‑ northwest pier in the crossing under the dome tinople, this cannot be the case because by the of St Peter’s Basilica, her porphyry sarcophagus time of Helena’s death in c. 328‑29 the new east‑ is shown in the Vatican Museums, and (part of ern capital was not yet inaugurated and did not her) relics have been kept in S. Maria in Ara‑ yet have an imperial mausoleum.5 Eusebius can coeli since the twelfth century. therefore only refer to Rome where on the ba‑ The discovery of the cross of Christ in Jerusa‑ sis of epigraphic and material evidence Helena’s lem made Helena famous, even though the cross presence and close connection with the city can was never found by her and the event was only be reasonably surmised. ascribed to her posthumously. Nevertheless, the Helena was buried in a mausoleum at the inventio crucis made her a saint of the Church.1 third mile of the Via Labicana (now Via Casili‑ As discoverer of the cross she is described in late na) outside Rome. The mausoleum, a domed antique and medieval narratives and she is often rotunda and known by its popular name of depicted holding a cross – in the Greek east of‑ Torpignattara, was attached to the cemeterial ten together with her son Constantine with the Basilica of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro and is the cross between them. However, this contribution first example of a funerary monument associ‑ is not about the legendary tradition of Helena as ated with a martyr church, thereby indicating discoverer of the cross and Helena as saint of the association between the Constantinian fam‑ the Church about which a considerable number ily and Christianity. Constantine built both 147 Jan Willem Drijvers the church and the mausoleum, probably in SESSOR or SESSORI and most likely refers to the period between 315 and 327. The mauso‑ the palace.10 The Palatium Sessorianum or Sesso­ leum may have been intended initially for the rium was located just within the Aurelian wall emperor, although it cannot be excluded that in the south‑east corner of the city. This part of it was planned for Helena from the beginning. the city was known for its horti of which several The Liber pontificalis reports that Constantine are known by name (Horti Maecenatis, Horti La­ donated rich gifts to the mausoleum in love and miani, Horti Tauriani). The area of the Sessorium honour of his mother.6 The same source men‑ was formerly known as the Horti Spei Veteris and tions that the empress’ body was placed in a por‑ imperial property since at least the end of the phyry sarcophagus carved with medallions and second century. Apart from living quarters, the images of cavalrymen. The sarcophagus, now in complex of the Sessorium consisted of an amphi‑ the Museo Pio‑Clementino of the Vatican Mu‑ theatre (Amphitheatrum Castrense) of which re‑ seums, was clearly not designed for Helena since mains are still clearly visible to this day; it was the decoration was not suitable for a woman. to all likelihood used for private gladiatorial It has often been assumed that the coffin was shows for the imperial family and its entourages originally intended for Constantine himself or as well as for the equites singulares. The complex his father Constantius Chlorus. Recently it has furthermore contained a circus (Circus Varianus) been suggested that the sarcophagus was made and public baths, known as Thermae Helenae.11 for Maxentius and was readily available because During recent excavations in the area part of the it had remained unused.7 circus as well as cisterns for the Thermae Helenae The area of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro and Hele‑ have been discovered.12 na’s mausoleum were part of the territory called Helena’s engagement with the area is ex‑ fundus Laurentus or fundus Lauretum. This was a pressed by four inscriptions which have been large imperial domain extending from the Porta found close to the Sessorium.13 The first inscrip‑ Sessoriana (modern Porta Maggiore) southward tion to be discussed was inscribed on a marble to Mount Gabus and bounded by the Via Prae‑ base carrying originally a statue of Helena, and nestina and Via Latina. The Liber pontificalis re‑ found in the vineyard of S. Croce in Gerusa‑ ports that the whole area once was in possession lemme in 1571.14 It mentions Helena as mother of Helena: ‘fundum Laurentum iuxta formam of Constantine and grandmother of the Caesars balneum et omnem agrum a porta Sessoriana Constantinus and Constantius. Helena is ad‑ usque ad via Penestrina a via itineris Latinae dressed as Augusta, a title which she received in usque ad montem Gabum, possessio Augustae the autumn of 324.15 Because Crispus, Constan‑ Helenae, praest. sol. TCXX’.8 On the fundus tine’s oldest son and Caesar since 1 March 317,16 Laurentus was located the territory of ad duas is not mentioned the inscription must have been lauros, also mentioned by the Liber pontificalis,9 set up after May 326, the date of Crispus’s death. and known as the burial site of the equites sin­ The inscription and accompanying statue was gulares, an army unit which had their military dedicated to Helena by Iulius Maximilianus, barracks at the site of S. Giovanni in Laterano. a vir clarissimus (indicating that he belonged to The equites singulares were dissolved as a unit by the senatorial aristocracy) and a comes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rome: a Pilgrim’S Guide to the Eternal City James L
    Rome: A Pilgrim’s Guide to the Eternal City James L. Papandrea, Ph.D. Checklist of Things to See at the Sites Capitoline Museums Building 1 Pieces of the Colossal Statue of Constantine Statue of Mars Bronze She-wolf with Twins Romulus and Remus Bernini’s Head of Medusa Statue of the Emperor Commodus dressed as Hercules Marcus Aurelius Equestrian Statue Statue of Hercules Foundation of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus In the Tunnel Grave Markers, Some with Christian Symbols Tabularium Balconies with View of the Forum Building 2 Hall of the Philosophers Hall of the Emperors National Museum @ Baths of Diocletian (Therme) Early Roman Empire Wall Paintings Roman Mosaic Floors Statue of Augustus as Pontifex Maximus (main floor atrium) Ancient Coins and Jewelry (in the basement) Vatican Museums Christian Sarcophagi (Early Christian Room) Painting of the Battle at the Milvian Bridge (Constantine Room) Painting of Pope Leo meeting Attila the Hun (Raphael Rooms) Raphael’s School of Athens (Raphael Rooms) The painting Fire in the Borgo, showing old St. Peter’s (Fire Room) Sistine Chapel San Clemente In the Current Church Seams in the schola cantorum Where it was Cut to Fit the Smaller Basilica The Bishop’s Chair is Made from the Tomb Marker of a Martyr Apse Mosaic with “Tree of Life” Cross In the Scavi Fourth Century Basilica with Ninth/Tenth Century Frescos Mithraeum Alleyway between Warehouse and Public Building/Roman House Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Find the Original Fourth Century Columns (look for the seams in the bases) Altar Tomb: St. Caesarius of Arles, Presider at the Council of Orange, 529 Titulus Crucis Brick, Found in 1492 In the St.
    [Show full text]
  • Helena Augusta and the City of Rome Drijvers, Jan Willem
    University of Groningen Helena Augusta and the City of Rome Drijvers, Jan Willem Published in: Monuments & Memory DOI: 10.1484/M.ACSHA-EB.4.2018013 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2016 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Drijvers, J. W. (2016). Helena Augusta and the City of Rome. In M. Verhoeven, L. Bosman, & H. van Asperen (Eds.), Monuments & Memory: Christian Cult Buildings and Constructions of the Past: Essays in Honour of Sible de Blaauw (pp. 149-155). Brepols Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.ACSHA- EB.4.2018013 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal.
    [Show full text]
  • St.Helena: Her Life, Conversion and Influence on Constantine
    St.Helena: her life, conversion and influence on Constantine Colette Khalifa May 1997 for my sons Sherif and Omar St. Helena’s visit by an Angel on the tester of the screen photographed in Sefton Church by Mr.D.G. Richbell Front: Synoptic composition of St. Helena’s pilgrimage to Jerusalem portraying the discovery of the Cross, the resurrection of the deceased person and the churches and monasteries established after her visit. From the Church of Santa Groce, Florence Taken from the Family Encyclopaedia of florid History, 1996 London, Reader’s Digest Association, CONTENTS Page No. 1. Introduction 4 2. Her Life Before Constantine’s Court 6 3. Her Conversion to Christianity 10 4. Helena’s Influence on Constantine 12 5. Her Position at the Court of Constantine 16 6. The Pilgrimage to the Holy Land 19 7. The Legend of the Discovery of the True Cross 30 8. Conclusion 28 APPENDICES 1. Genealogy Table of Helena and Constantius Chlorus 2. Coinage 3. Inscriptions 4. Stained Glass Window from Morley, Derbyshire 5. Map of Pilgrim Routes 6. Sarcophagus of Helena Augusta Ancient Sources Bibliography INTRODUCTION This subject of this dissertation is Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta, mother of Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman Emperor. She was involved with her son’s policy of propagating Christianity within the Roman Empire and is the subject of the legend of the discovery of the True Cross upon which Jesus Christ was crucified. The story is believed to have its origins at the end of the fourth century, some fifty years after her death and so to some is regarded as historical fiction, especially as her contemporary, Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, makes no direct reference to this event in his writings.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander Nagel Some Discoveries of 1492
    The Seventeenth Gerson Lecture held in memory of Horst Gerson (1907-1978) in the aula of the University of Groningen on the 14th of November 2013 Alexander Nagel Some discoveries of 1492: Eastern antiquities and Renaissance Europe Groningen The Gerson Lectures Foundation 2013 Some discoveries of 1492: Eastern antiquities and Renaissance Europe Before you is a painting by Andrea Mantegna in an unusual medium, distemper on linen, a technique he used for a few of his smaller devotional paintings (fig. 1). Mantegna mixed ground minerals with animal glue, the kind used to size or seal a canvas, and applied the colors to a piece of fine linen prepared with only a very light coat of gesso. Distemper remains water soluble after drying, which allows the painter greater flexibility in blending new paint into existing paint than is afforded by the egg tempera technique. In lesser hands, such opportunities can produce muddy results, but Mantegna used it to produce passages of extraordinarily fine modeling, for example in the flesh of the Virgin’s face and in the turbans of wound cloth worn by her and two of the Magi. Another advantage of the technique is that it produces luminous colors with a matte finish, making forms legible and brilliant, without glare, even in low light. This work’s surface was left exposed, dirtying it, and in an effort to heighten the colors early restorers applied varnish—a bad idea, since unlike oil and egg tempera distem- per absorbs varnish, leaving the paint stained and darkened.1 Try to imagine it in its original brilliant colors, subtly modeled throughout and enamel smooth, inviting us to 1 Andrea Mantegna approach close, like the Magi.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Sarcophagi in Context: Identifying the Missing Sarcophagus of Helena in the Mausoleum of Constantina Jackson Perry
    ABSTRACT Sarcophagi in Context: Identifying the Missing Sarcophagus of Helena in the Mausoleum of Constantina Jackson Perry Director: Nathan T. Elkins, Ph.D The Mausoleum of Constantina and Helena in Rome once held two sarcophagi, but the second has never been properly identified. Using the decoration in the mausoleum and recent archaeological studies, this thesis identifies the probable design of the second sarcophagus. This reconstruction is confirmed by a fragment in the Istanbul Museum, which belonged to the lost sarcophagus. This is contrary to the current misattribution of the fragment to the sarcophagus of Constantine. This is only the third positively identified imperial sarcophagus recovered in Constantinople. This identification corrects misconceptions about both the design of the mausoleum and the history of the fragment itself. Using this identification, this thesis will also posit that an altar was originally placed in the mausoleum, a discovery central in correcting misconceptions about the 4th century imperial liturgy. Finally, it will posit that the decorative scheme of the mausoleum was not random, but was carefully thought out in connection to the imperial funerary liturgy itself. APPROVED BY DIRECTOR OF HONORS THESIS _____________________________________________ Dr. Nathan T. Elkins, Art Department APPROVED BY THE HONORS PROGRAM ____________________________________________ Dr. Andrew Wisely, Director DATE: _____________________ SARCOPHAGI IN CONTEXT: IDENTIFYING THE MISSING SARCOPHAGUS OF HELENA IN THE MAUSOLEUM OF
    [Show full text]
  • A Medallion of Constantius II Julia Ruff Lawrence University
    Lawrence University Lux Lawrence University Honors Projects 2005 A Medallion of Constantius II Julia Ruff Lawrence University Follow this and additional works at: https://lux.lawrence.edu/luhp Part of the Byzantine and Modern Greek Commons © Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Recommended Citation Ruff, Julia, "A Medallion of Constantius II" (2005). Lawrence University Honors Projects. 70. https://lux.lawrence.edu/luhp/70 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by Lux. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lawrence University Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of Lux. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This honors these submitted by Julia Ruff has been read and found acceptable for Honors in Independent Study Randall McNeill, Member of the Examinin~ Committee Je#ld Podair, Member of the Examining Committee Carol Lawton, Thesis Adviser A MEDALLION OF CONSTANTIUS II Julia Ruff TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1 Introduction 2-3 The Sources 4 Historical Background 4-9 Ammianus Marcellinus 9-12 Reign of Constantius II 13-18 Medallions: Definition 18-19 Medallions: Occasions for Minting 19-22 Medallions: Intended Recipients 23-27 Description of the Medallion 28 Obverse 28-33 Reverse 34-39 Medallions: Production 39-45 The Messages of the Medallion of Constantius 45-50 Conclusions 50-51 Figure 1 52 Figure 2 53 Figure 3 54 Figure 4 55 Figure 5 56 Figure 6 57 Figure 7 58 Figure 8 59 Figure 9 60 Bibliography 61-62 ( 1 ( PREFACE I would like to acknowledge those individuals who have helped to make this work possible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beasts of Revelation Why Study Revelation 12?
    Class 3 The Great Red Dragon vs The Woman Part 2 The Beasts of Revelation Why Study Revelation 12? • It outlines dramatic, earth-quaking events of extreme importance in the divine plan, that would forever re-shape the course of history • It contains practical exhortation and warning for disciples living during those events and for disciples today • It explains how the “Man of Sin” of 2 Thess. 2 would be revealed • It is the source of false beliefs in Christendom The Dragon The Key Players The Woman The Man-Child The Great Red Dragon – Pagan Roman Empire • The Dragon shares many similar feature to that of Daniel’s 4th Beast (Symbolizing the Roman Empire) • The language is also used by both Peter & Paul to describe pagan Roman Empire – Compare Rev. 12:4,9,10 with 1 Pet. 5:8 & Eph. 6:8-9 • Dragon – Ezek. 29:3 – used initially of Egypt, later conquered by Roman Empire & used as symbol of R.E. • Serpent – Gen 3:15 – Pagan R.E. bruised Christ’s heel • Red = fiery – pagan generals carried fire ahead of them into battle as offering to the gods • 7 heads – location identified as Rome (Rev. 17:9-10) • Heads Crowned – (rather than 10 horns) Symbol of kingly or imperial dignity The Woman of Revelation 12 Woman: Representative of the Christian Community (both true & False) The Woman in Glory (12:1): • Clothed with the sun • Clothed with imperial favour • Moon under her feet • Pagan religious system under her subjection • Crown of 12 stars on head • Awarded political ascendancy and honour through her military achievements The Woman of Revelation 12 Rev 12:2,5 “And she being with child cried, travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered… “And she brought forth a man child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron…” • Christian community pregnant with iniquity (2 Cor.
    [Show full text]
  • The Experiences and Education of the Emperor Julian and How It
    COMPANION TO THE GODS, FRIEND TO THE EMPIRE: THE EXPERIENCES AND EDUCATION OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN AND HOW IT INFLUE NCED HIS REIGN Marshall Lilly Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2014 APPROVED: Christopher Fuhrmann, Major Professor Laura Stern, Committee Member Robert Citino, Committee Member Richard McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Lilly, Marshall. Companion to the Gods, Friend to the Empire: The Experiences and Education of the Emperor Julian and How It Influenced His Reign 361-363 A.D. Master of Arts (History), August 2014, 108 pp., bibliography, 114 titles. This thesis explores the life and reign of Julian the Apostate the man who ruled over the Roman Empire from A.D. 361-363. The study of Julian the Apostate’s reign has historically been eclipsed due to his clash with Christianity. After the murder of his family in 337 by his Christian cousin Constantius, Julian was sent into exile. These emotional experiences would impact his view of the Christian religion for the remainder of his life. Julian did have conflict with the Christians but his main goal in the end was the revival of ancient paganism and the restoration of the Empire back to her glory. The purpose of this study is to trace the education and experiences that Julian had undergone and the effects they it had on his reign. Julian was able to have both a Christian and pagan education that would have a lifelong influence on his reign.
    [Show full text]
  • The Practice of Piety and Virtual Pilgimage
    THE PRACTICE OF PIETY AND VIRTUAL PILGIMAGE AT ST. KATHERINE’S CONVENT IN AUGSBURG _______________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts _____________________________________________________ by MISTY MULLIN Dr. Anne Rudloff Stanton, Thesis Supervisor MAY 2012 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled THE PRACTICE OF PIETY AND VIRTUAL PILGRIMAGE AT ST. KATHERINE’S CONVENT IN AUGSBURG presented by Misty Mullin, a candidate for the degree of master of arts, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Anne Rudloff Stanton Professor Norman Land Professor Rabia Gregory Mary L. Pixley, PhD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Anne Rudloff Stanton, my advisor, for suggesting that I read Pia Cuneo’s article “The Basilica Cycle of Saint Katherine’s Convent: Art and Female Community in Early-Renaissance Augsburg,” which led to the discovery of my thesis topic. I greatly appreciate all the encouragement and support she provided me throughout the thesis process and valued all her comments, which helped organize and clarify my writing. I could not have produced my thesis without her! I would also like to thank Dr. Norman Land for his dedication to good writing because it made me focus on the use of language and clarity in my own writing. I appreciate that he takes the time to actually look at art and I enjoyed hearing all of his humorous anecdotal stories. I would also like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Pastor Carolyn Hetrick Helena, Mother of Constantine May 22 Helena
    Mothers, Mentors and Muses- Pastor Carolyn Hetrick Helena, Mother of Constantine May 22 Helena, later known as Flavia Julia Helena Augusta, was the mother of Constantine the Great, the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. Although he lived much of his life as a pagan, and later as a catechumen, he joined the Christian faith on his deathbed, being baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia. On the evening of 27 October, 306 , the eve of the Battle of Milvian Bridge, with the armies preparing for battle, Constantine had a vision which led him to fight under the protection of the Christian God. Some details of that vision, however, differ between the sources reporting it. Lactantius states that Constantine was commanded in a dream to "delineate the heavenly sign on the shields of his soldiers.” He followed the commands of his dream and marked the shields with a sign "denoting Christ". In his later Life of Constantine, Eusebius gives a detailed account of a vision and stresses that he had heard the story from the Emperor himself. According to this version, Constantine with his army was marching when he looked up to the sun and saw a cross of light above it, and with it the Greek words "Εν Τούτῳ Νίκα", En toutō níka. The literal meaning of the phrase in Greek is "in this (sign), conquer.” At first he was unsure of the meaning of the apparition, but in the following night he had a dream in which Christ explained to him that he should use the sign against his enemies.
    [Show full text]
  • Translations of the Sacred City Between Jerusalem and Rome
    136 De Blaauw Chapter 6 Translations of the Sacred City between Jerusalem and Rome Sible de Blaauw Several cities and individual churches in the Middle Ages were associated with the idea of representing or incorporating Jerusalem in one manner or another. This widely attested phenomenon occurred in a large range of variants, de- pending on the ‘type’ of Jerusalem represented and the way in which the rep- resentation was made concrete.1 In this contribution, I aim to discuss one of the earliest, and perhaps one of the most notable cases of ‘being’ Jerusalem outside Jerusalem. The church leaders of Rome may have had very specific rea- sons for appropriating the significance of the historical Jerusalem as the an- cient capital of the Roman Empire. Moreover, they may have utilized very specific instruments in order for this claim to materialize. It was rooted in the idea that Christian Rome had been founded directly from Jerusalem by the mission of the apostles Peter and Paul. Rome was, in the words of Jennifer O’Reilly: ‘the western extremity of their evangelizing mission from the biblical centre of the earth at Jerusalem and became the new centre from which their papal successors continued the apostolic mission to the ends of the earth’.2 The existence of the apostles’ tombs, reinforced by the recollections of numer- ous Christian martyrs, was the fundamental factor in making Rome into the new spiritual capital of the Christian world. This claim urged Christian Rome to establish new terms for its relationship with what qualified, perhaps, as ‘the ideological centre of the Christian empire’ in Jerusalem.3 It has been argued that the Roman Church did so by a literal transfer of the significance of earthly Jerusalem to Rome, and hence by making Jerusalem superfluous.
    [Show full text]
  • The Classical Quarterly the Advocacy of an Empress: Julian and Eusebia
    The Classical Quarterly http://journals.cambridge.org/CAQ Additional services for The Classical Quarterly: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The Advocacy of an empress: Julian and Eusebia Shaun Tougher The Classical Quarterly / Volume 48 / Issue 02 / December 1998, pp 595 - 599 DOI: 10.1093/cq/48.2.595 , Published online: 11 February 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009838800039471 How to cite this article: Shaun Tougher (1998). The Advocacy of an empress: Julian and Eusebia. The Classical Quarterly, 48, pp 595-599 doi:10.1093/cq/48.2.595 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAQ, IP address: 131.251.254.13 on 21 Feb 2014 SHORTER NOTES 595 combination of the noun cunctator with such an adjective in the positive. At 16.2.11 he uses the phrase providus et cunctator, while in 27.10.10 the words cunctator et tutus occur.14 The TLL's article on cunctator provides no further instance of such a collocation of this noun with an adjective. Ammianus' distinctive predilection for precisely such juxtapositions would seem to undermine the case for thinking that only Pliny's quite different comparative participle could have inspired him to link the noun cunctator with cautus. That such an assumption is in fact unnecessary can be shown by documenting the occurrence of exactly the same combination in other classical texts. In an impressive instance of anaphoric isocolon, Livy had written (22.12.12): 'pro cunctatore segnem, pro cauto timidum . .. conpellabat'.
    [Show full text]