Notes on Three Hoards of Coins Recently Discovered in E Soutth F Scotlando H
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En Penmngkunde
JAARBOEK VOOR Munt- en Penmngkunde 52/53 1965/ 1966 KONINKIIJK NEDERLANDS GENOOTSCHAP VOOR MUNT- EN PENNINGKUNDE AMSTERDAM Commissie van redactie: Dr. H. Enno van Gelder, Voorburg Drs. G. van der Meer, 's-Gravenhage Alle correspondentie betreffende redactie en administratie te richten aan het Secretariaat: Zeestraat 71b, 's-Gravenhage. 52 MUNTVONDSTEN HerkenWh 1965 - Bij het aanleggen van aspergebedden op een stuk grond enkele kilometers buiten Herkenbosch (L.) aan de weg naar Roermond zijn in 1965 in een bouwvoor 22 koperen Romeinse munten gevonden1. Later is er nog een bijgekomen, zodat het totale aantal thans 23 bedraagt. Er zijn geen resten aangetroffen van een potje of ander omhulsel waarin de munten kunnen hebben gezeten. Aangezien er echter ook geen verdere sporen uit de Romeinse tijd zijn gevonden mag toch met zekerheid worden aangenomen dat het hier een gesloten vondst betreft van munten die tesamen en tegelijkertijd verborgen zijn De schat- vondst heeft de volgende samenstelling: Trier 330-335 kz. GLORIA EXERCITVS twijg Constantinus I aes III, portret Constantinus II, HK 81-2 mei-augustus 350 kz. GLORIA ROMANORVM TÏÏPU Magnentius aes II, CK55, Bastien 32 H^ Magnentius aes II, CK55, Bastien 33 351-augustus 352 kz. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES Ti? Decentius aes II, cf. CK 59, Bastien 65 TRP? Magnentius of Decentius aes II, cf. CK 58 of 59, cf. Bastien 64 e.v. Trier? Magnentius aes II, cf. CK 58, cf. Bastien 64 e.v. begin-10 augustus 353 kz. SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES Tl? Magnentius aes I, CK 62, Bastien 84 TÏÏF Magnentius aes I, CK 62, Bastien 88 (2 ex.) HERKENBOSCH 53 TRP Magnentius (Decentius?) aes I, CK 62 (63?), Bastien 88 (89?) TRP Decentius aes I,CK 63, Bastien 89 TRP of TiF. -
The Cambridge Companion to Age of Constantine.Pdf
The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine offers students a com- prehensive one-volume introduction to this pivotal emperor and his times. Richly illustrated and designed as a readable survey accessible to all audiences, it also achieves a level of scholarly sophistication and a freshness of interpretation that will be welcomed by the experts. The volume is divided into five sections that examine political history, reli- gion, social and economic history, art, and foreign relations during the reign of Constantine, a ruler who gains in importance because he steered the Roman Empire on a course parallel with his own personal develop- ment. Each chapter examines the intimate interplay between emperor and empire and between a powerful personality and his world. Collec- tively, the chapters show how both were mutually affected in ways that shaped the world of late antiquity and even affect our own world today. Noel Lenski is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. A specialist in the history of late antiquity, he is the author of numerous articles on military, political, cultural, and social history and the monograph Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century ad. Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S Edited by Noel Lenski University of Colorado Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521818384 c Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. -
Collector's Checklist for Roman Imperial Coinage
Liberty Coin Service Collector’s Checklist for Roman Imperial Coinage (49 BC - AD 518) The Twelve Caesars - The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians (49 BC - AD 96) Purchase Emperor Denomination Grade Date Price Julius Caesar (49-44 BC) Augustus (31 BC-AD 14) Tiberius (AD 14 - AD 37) Caligula (AD 37 - AD 41) Claudius (AD 41 - AD 54) Tiberius Nero (AD 54 - AD 68) Galba (AD 68 - AD 69) Otho (AD 69) Nero Vitellius (AD 69) Vespasian (AD 69 - AD 79) Otho Titus (AD 79 - AD 81) Domitian (AD 81 - AD 96) The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty (AD 96 - AD 192) Nerva (AD 96-AD 98) Trajan (AD 98-AD 117) Hadrian (AD 117 - AD 138) Antoninus Pius (AD 138 - AD 161) Marcus Aurelius (AD 161 - AD 180) Hadrian Lucius Verus (AD 161 - AD 169) Commodus (AD 177 - AD 192) Marcus Aurelius Years of Transition (AD 193 - AD 195) Pertinax (AD 193) Didius Julianus (AD 193) Pescennius Niger (AD 193) Clodius Albinus (AD 193- AD 195) The Severans (AD 193 - AD 235) Clodius Albinus Septimus Severus (AD 193 - AD 211) Caracalla (AD 198 - AD 217) Purchase Emperor Denomination Grade Date Price Geta (AD 209 - AD 212) Macrinus (AD 217 - AD 218) Diadumedian as Caesar (AD 217 - AD 218) Elagabalus (AD 218 - AD 222) Severus Alexander (AD 222 - AD 235) Severus The Military Emperors (AD 235 - AD 284) Alexander Maximinus (AD 235 - AD 238) Maximus Caesar (AD 235 - AD 238) Balbinus (AD 238) Maximinus Pupienus (AD 238) Gordian I (AD 238) Gordian II (AD 238) Gordian III (AD 238 - AD 244) Philip I (AD 244 - AD 249) Philip II (AD 247 - AD 249) Gordian III Trajan Decius (AD 249 - AD 251) Herennius Etruscus -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
St.Helena: Her Life, Conversion and Influence on Constantine
St.Helena: her life, conversion and influence on Constantine Colette Khalifa May 1997 for my sons Sherif and Omar St. Helena’s visit by an Angel on the tester of the screen photographed in Sefton Church by Mr.D.G. Richbell Front: Synoptic composition of St. Helena’s pilgrimage to Jerusalem portraying the discovery of the Cross, the resurrection of the deceased person and the churches and monasteries established after her visit. From the Church of Santa Groce, Florence Taken from the Family Encyclopaedia of florid History, 1996 London, Reader’s Digest Association, CONTENTS Page No. 1. Introduction 4 2. Her Life Before Constantine’s Court 6 3. Her Conversion to Christianity 10 4. Helena’s Influence on Constantine 12 5. Her Position at the Court of Constantine 16 6. The Pilgrimage to the Holy Land 19 7. The Legend of the Discovery of the True Cross 30 8. Conclusion 28 APPENDICES 1. Genealogy Table of Helena and Constantius Chlorus 2. Coinage 3. Inscriptions 4. Stained Glass Window from Morley, Derbyshire 5. Map of Pilgrim Routes 6. Sarcophagus of Helena Augusta Ancient Sources Bibliography INTRODUCTION This subject of this dissertation is Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta, mother of Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman Emperor. She was involved with her son’s policy of propagating Christianity within the Roman Empire and is the subject of the legend of the discovery of the True Cross upon which Jesus Christ was crucified. The story is believed to have its origins at the end of the fourth century, some fifty years after her death and so to some is regarded as historical fiction, especially as her contemporary, Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, makes no direct reference to this event in his writings. -
ABSTRACT Sarcophagi in Context: Identifying the Missing Sarcophagus of Helena in the Mausoleum of Constantina Jackson Perry
ABSTRACT Sarcophagi in Context: Identifying the Missing Sarcophagus of Helena in the Mausoleum of Constantina Jackson Perry Director: Nathan T. Elkins, Ph.D The Mausoleum of Constantina and Helena in Rome once held two sarcophagi, but the second has never been properly identified. Using the decoration in the mausoleum and recent archaeological studies, this thesis identifies the probable design of the second sarcophagus. This reconstruction is confirmed by a fragment in the Istanbul Museum, which belonged to the lost sarcophagus. This is contrary to the current misattribution of the fragment to the sarcophagus of Constantine. This is only the third positively identified imperial sarcophagus recovered in Constantinople. This identification corrects misconceptions about both the design of the mausoleum and the history of the fragment itself. Using this identification, this thesis will also posit that an altar was originally placed in the mausoleum, a discovery central in correcting misconceptions about the 4th century imperial liturgy. Finally, it will posit that the decorative scheme of the mausoleum was not random, but was carefully thought out in connection to the imperial funerary liturgy itself. APPROVED BY DIRECTOR OF HONORS THESIS _____________________________________________ Dr. Nathan T. Elkins, Art Department APPROVED BY THE HONORS PROGRAM ____________________________________________ Dr. Andrew Wisely, Director DATE: _____________________ SARCOPHAGI IN CONTEXT: IDENTIFYING THE MISSING SARCOPHAGUS OF HELENA IN THE MAUSOLEUM OF -
The Monumental Villa at Palazzi Di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) During the Fourth Century AD
The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) during the Fourth Century AD. by Maria Gabriella Bruni A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classical Archaeology in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Committee in Charge Professor Christopher H. Hallett, Chair Professor Ronald S. Stroud Professor Anthony W. Bulloch Professor Carlos F. Noreña Fall 2009 The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) during the Fourth Century AD. Copyright 2009 Maria Gabriella Bruni Dedication To my parents, Ken and my children. i AKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely grateful to my advisor Professor Christopher H. Hallett and to the other members of my dissertation committee. Their excellent guidance and encouragement during the major developments of this dissertation, and the whole course of my graduate studies, were crucial and precious. I am also thankful to the Superintendence of the Archaeological Treasures of Reggio Calabria for granting me access to the site of the Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and its archaeological archives. A heartfelt thank you to the Superintendent of Locri Claudio Sabbione and to Eleonora Grillo who have introduced me to the villa and guided me through its marvelous structures. Lastly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my husband Ken, my sister Sonia, Michael Maldonado, my children, my family and friends. Their love and support were essential during my graduate -
University of Groningen Helena Augusta and the City of Rome
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Groningen University of Groningen Helena Augusta and the City of Rome Drijvers, Jan Willem Published in: Monuments & Memory DOI: 10.1484/M.ACSHA-EB.4.2018013 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2016 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Drijvers, J. W. (2016). Helena Augusta and the City of Rome. In M. Verhoeven, L. Bosman, & H. van Asperen (Eds.), Monuments & Memory: Christian Cult Buildings and Constructions of the Past: Essays in Honour of Sible de Blaauw (pp. 149-155). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.ACSHA- EB.4.2018013 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. -
A Medallion of Constantius II Julia Ruff Lawrence University
Lawrence University Lux Lawrence University Honors Projects 2005 A Medallion of Constantius II Julia Ruff Lawrence University Follow this and additional works at: https://lux.lawrence.edu/luhp Part of the Byzantine and Modern Greek Commons © Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Recommended Citation Ruff, Julia, "A Medallion of Constantius II" (2005). Lawrence University Honors Projects. 70. https://lux.lawrence.edu/luhp/70 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by Lux. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lawrence University Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of Lux. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This honors these submitted by Julia Ruff has been read and found acceptable for Honors in Independent Study Randall McNeill, Member of the Examinin~ Committee Je#ld Podair, Member of the Examining Committee Carol Lawton, Thesis Adviser A MEDALLION OF CONSTANTIUS II Julia Ruff TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1 Introduction 2-3 The Sources 4 Historical Background 4-9 Ammianus Marcellinus 9-12 Reign of Constantius II 13-18 Medallions: Definition 18-19 Medallions: Occasions for Minting 19-22 Medallions: Intended Recipients 23-27 Description of the Medallion 28 Obverse 28-33 Reverse 34-39 Medallions: Production 39-45 The Messages of the Medallion of Constantius 45-50 Conclusions 50-51 Figure 1 52 Figure 2 53 Figure 3 54 Figure 4 55 Figure 5 56 Figure 6 57 Figure 7 58 Figure 8 59 Figure 9 60 Bibliography 61-62 ( 1 ( PREFACE I would like to acknowledge those individuals who have helped to make this work possible. -
View and Stated That This Imagery Might Us a Date from Which to Work Backwards
Usurping a Usurper: the Revolt of Poemenius at Trier Walter C Holt After him, Poemenius...was the man...who was chosen to protect his fellow-citizens when Trier closed its gates against Decentius Caesar.i The name ‘Poemenius’ is not one that would be familiar to most numismatists; in fact, it would probably not be familiar to a great many ancient his- torians either. Yet it is through his actions that we have today one of the more interesting issues of coins to survive from the Roman Imperial period. All that remains of this conse- quential moment in Roman history is a solitary sentence in a partially lost work of Ammianus Marcellinus and a Fig 1. Map of Principal cities. Created by author. few rare coins lost and hoarded long ago. to Britain in 343, Constans was seen as The Roman Empire was once again an ineffective ruler and ill-admired by his united under Constantine I ‘the Great’ (AD court, the military and his subjects alike. A 307–337; Fig 1), and on his death the empire combination of his fanatical and aggressive was inherited by his three sons. Constantine manner and his unacceptable proclivities II received control of the western areas, and vices (at least one source calling them Constans the central parts as well as North ‘criminal’)ii led to a coup in January 350. Africa, and Constantius II the eastern At the celebrations for the birthday of regions. Constantine launched an attack on the son of Marcellinus, Constans’ comes rei the youngest brother’s adjacent territories privatae (Count of the Private [imperial] and was soundly defeated with the elder Purse), one of Constans’ generals presented brother perishing in the fighting. -
Book IV. Title LVIII.1 Concerning Actions Given by Edicts of The
Book IV. Title LVIII.1 Concerning actions given by edicts of the aediles. (De aediliciis actionibus.) Headnote. Warranties in sales. 1. For warranty against eviction , see C. 8.44.8 note. And there was an ancient action for deficiency in acreage. Paul 2. 17. 4. Aside from that, the rule of caveat emptor applied in classical law, and there was no regress as to secret defects, except: (1) when there was an express warranty; (2) if the vendor was guilty of fraud, resulting in damage. Failure to disclose material defects, known to the vendor, or knowingly to keep the vendee in an error, as to quantity, quality or condition (including burdens), early gave rise to an action on the contract. Cic., De off. 3.58-60; D. 4.3.37), and, in later law, (instead of that action), in an action on the contract (ex empto). Paul 2.17.6; Vat. 13. 2. A markedly different rule was made by the aedile, market supervisor, under edicts issued by him, as to property sold in the public market, and at first applied as to slaves. He required certain defects to be disclosed, and a stipulation warranting against them (and against eviction) to be given, and gave actions for a limited time, designed to enforce the giving of the stipulation. D. 21.1.28. Later all corporeal defects of animals sold in the public market, not minor in character, were required to be disclosed. D. 21.1.38 pr. Furthermore, the aedile came to imply a warranty against such defects, and gave an action for rescission (redhibitio) for 6 months, and an action for the difference in value and price (quanti minoris) in 12 months, if such defects appeared in the meantime. -
The Beasts of Revelation Why Study Revelation 12?
Class 3 The Great Red Dragon vs The Woman Part 2 The Beasts of Revelation Why Study Revelation 12? • It outlines dramatic, earth-quaking events of extreme importance in the divine plan, that would forever re-shape the course of history • It contains practical exhortation and warning for disciples living during those events and for disciples today • It explains how the “Man of Sin” of 2 Thess. 2 would be revealed • It is the source of false beliefs in Christendom The Dragon The Key Players The Woman The Man-Child The Great Red Dragon – Pagan Roman Empire • The Dragon shares many similar feature to that of Daniel’s 4th Beast (Symbolizing the Roman Empire) • The language is also used by both Peter & Paul to describe pagan Roman Empire – Compare Rev. 12:4,9,10 with 1 Pet. 5:8 & Eph. 6:8-9 • Dragon – Ezek. 29:3 – used initially of Egypt, later conquered by Roman Empire & used as symbol of R.E. • Serpent – Gen 3:15 – Pagan R.E. bruised Christ’s heel • Red = fiery – pagan generals carried fire ahead of them into battle as offering to the gods • 7 heads – location identified as Rome (Rev. 17:9-10) • Heads Crowned – (rather than 10 horns) Symbol of kingly or imperial dignity The Woman of Revelation 12 Woman: Representative of the Christian Community (both true & False) The Woman in Glory (12:1): • Clothed with the sun • Clothed with imperial favour • Moon under her feet • Pagan religious system under her subjection • Crown of 12 stars on head • Awarded political ascendancy and honour through her military achievements The Woman of Revelation 12 Rev 12:2,5 “And she being with child cried, travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered… “And she brought forth a man child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron…” • Christian community pregnant with iniquity (2 Cor.