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A Fungus Amongst Us 7 Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 16: 7-8. A Fungus Amongst Us 7 Book review Neurospora: Genomics and Molecular Biology Durgadas P. Kasbekar and Kevin McCluskey (Eds.) Caister Academic Press (2013) ISBN: 978-1-908230-12-6 A Fungus Amongst Us Neurospora Genomics and Molecular Biology Neurospora Genomics and Molecular Biology Neurospora Building on over 70 years of genetics research, Neurospora continues to be the leading model for the study of the genomics and molecular biology of flamentous Genomics and Molecular Biology fungi. The ease of culture, amenability to genetic and molecular genetic analysis, and the close correlation between genetic and biochemical traits are some of its Jennifer Loros advantages. Research with Neurospora has provided insights unachievable from work with simpler systems and difcult to extract from more complicated ones, cementing its position as a leading model system. In recent years the application of modern high throughput analyses had led to a deluge of information on the Department of Biochemistry, Thegenomics andAudrey molecular biology and of Neurospora Theodor. This timely book aims to distil the most important fndings to provide a snapshot of the current research landscape. Geisel School of Medicine at InDartmouth this book, internationally recognizedHanover, Neurospora experts NH, critically review the most important research and demonstrate the breadth of applications to industrial USA biology, biofuels, agriculture, and human health. The opening chapter is an introduction to the organism. Following chapters cover topics such as: carotenoid biosynthesis, polysaccharide deconstruction, genome biology, genome recombination, gene regulation, signal transduction, self-recognition, development, circadian rhythms and mutation. The book closes with a fascinating look at the Durgadas Kasbekar and Kevinhistory and futureMcCluskey trends for research have edited on Neurospora gene and genome Kasbekar and McCluskey Kasbekar an engaging new book calledanalysis. Neurospora Genomics and Molecular Biology on theThis volume scientifc is essential for everyone contributions of working with Neurospora and other flamentous fungi. A recommended Edited by Neurospora crassa, the modelbook forsystem all biology, agriculture made and famous with George Beadle and Edward medicalTatum’s libraries. 1958 Nobel prize in Durgadas P. Kasbekar and Physiology or Medicine. That work, of course, pioneered Kevin McCluskey ISBN978-1-908230-12-6 the one gene, one enzyme hypothesis that directly led to the understanding that an organism’swww.caister.com genes encode Caister Academic Press polypeptides. This is a book9 781908 about230126 the best understood of the flamentous fungi. Fungi comprise one of the six Kingdoms of life on earth, being evolutionarily the closest eukaryotes to the Kingdom of animals; this has lead to their extensive use in scientifc research as cellular models for the more complex or less tractable cells or organisms. A list of why fungi are vast majority of fungal species. (As a biased aside, I do important would be very long and could include their role think NIH should really include at the least the other well as environmental biomass decomposers, mycorrhizal studied flamentous fungus in this group, Aspergillus interactors with the majority of vascular plant species on nidulans). Models for eukaryotic cells help us fgure out earth, cellular machines in industry and commerce (where how processes work in much more complicated cellular would we be without bread and cheese, wine and beer systems and these two yeasts have been terrifc models for and enzymatically faded blue-jeans?) and because fungi many things that all cells do from cell division to traffcking are serious pathogens of both animals and plants. Since proteins. S. cerevisiae is well established and especially fungal cells are so similar to animal cells, fungal infections well fnancially supported, rightly so, for investigations into in people, especially the immune-compromised, are hard a broad biological arena of problems. Neurospora has to treat and are responsible for an enormous number of somewhat more than 10,000 genes, not quite twice as many deaths worldwide. as baker’s yeast, and not surprisingly, can do many things And yet the fungi are quite understudied as a group. So the yeasts cannot, or does them in ways signifcantly more just how large is that group? Taxonomists have described similar to the ways used in more complicated eukaryotes. somewhere in the neighborhood of 100,000 species of Neurospora has been a useful model for animal and other fungi and are currently struggling with how to bring that types of cells and organisms in the areas of circadian number more in line with current estimates of the total rhythms, self versus non-self recognition, gene processing, number of species out there. Challenging taxonomists are epigenetics, homology-based gene silencing, mitochondrial the modern molecular methods of nucleic acid sequencing biogenesis, evolutionary adaptation and speciation, protein combined with the ability to analyze widely diverse sets of signaling cascades and functional genomics. But this sampling environments. Total estimates for fungal species haploid, non-pathogenic and easily manipulated fungus have continued to rise dramatically in recent years with 1.5 has also been superbly useful as a model for other fungi. million species an often-quoted number although many Areas of research beyond those listed above include sexual mycologists think it could be up to a log order higher. and asexual development, morphology, photobiology, cell The Model Organisms for Biomedical Research web polarity and cell fusion. At some level all of these areas are page at NIH lists three fungal models: Saccharomyces addressed in this new book. cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Neurospora. Neurospora species are found world wide and much is The frst two being yeasts, and Neurospora being the known about their natural history thanks to David Perkins archetypal of the flamentous group that comprises the and his colleagues who surveyed thousands of wild collected specimens. Neurospora’s special features as a tractable laboratory organism include it’s overall ease of culture, *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] extensive collection of genetic tools including several Horizon Scientifc Press. http://www.horizonpress.com 8 Loros thousand available genetic mutations each with phenotype emphasis on encouraging more investigators to utilize these analysis, a complete gene knockout collection, and it’s potentially powerful tools in conjunction with wild population visually beautiful products of meiosis arranged as linear variability to understand non-Mendelian traits. The next octads that has allowed in depth studies on recombination, three chapters have David Catcheside and colleagues gene conversion and frst and second meiotic division covering the genetics of recombination and Durgadas genetics. Kasbekar examining unique means of genome defense both The volume’s authors are a nice mix of the Neurospora followed by a comprehensive and informative chapter on old guard and both relatively new or recently independent DNA mutagenesis and repair and the ongoing uncovering members of the Neurospora community. This book will be of novel genes involved in the process. A minor quibble I useful for novice and experienced researchers alike, a go-to had here was with the book’s organization. I probably would manual for graduate students and post-docs new to the feld have grouped Radford’s chapter on gene amplifcation with and the organism and any scientist interested in the fungi. Kasbekar’s on gene duplications and genome defense and It will serve as an entrée into less laboratory-amenable but placed these after mutagen response and repair and then more biologically and medically important fungi. placed the quantitative genetics chapter towards the end of The book’s 15 chapters opens with a nice introductory the book, before the fnal chapter covering genomics. chapter by Anthony Griffths, venerated by all genetics The bulk of the book follows with chapters 9 through students who have relied on his Introduction to Genetic 14 all addressing the organism’s interface with the Analysis textbook. The frst section addresses how the environment and the accompanying signaling responses. fungus lives and grows. The frst chapter here covers the Chapters by Corrochano and Larrondo and their co- complex and overlapping areas of incompatibility in cell- workers are especially close to my heart, reporting the cell recognition and the proteins that control it; how work current state of research on photobiology and circadian in Neurospora has allowed identifcation of vegetative rhythms respectively. Borkovich and her group report on the incompatibility genes in other fungi and the relationship to heterotrimeric G proteins so important in asexual and sexual morphological aberrations and programmed cell death; and development, stress responses and nutrient sensing. Other fnally, the genomic alterations involved in the interesting chapters detail our understanding of calcium signaling, the process of “escape” whereby a sector of an incompatible cAMP-dependent and MAP kinase pathways and the well and morphologically aberrant colony becomes wildtype-like, understood molecular underpinnings of carotenoid pigment allowing growth away from the colony. The next chapter production in response to light. discusses the different mechanisms involved in vegetative
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