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NATO's Commitment to the Balkans

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NATO's Commitment to the Balkans NATO Office of Information and Press 1110 Brussels - Belgium Web site: www.nato.int E-mail: [email protected] THE KEY TO THE PRAGUE SUMMIT AN AGENDA FOR CHANGE NATO’s Commitment to the Balkans . NATO’s Commitment to the Balkans Key Information Key Information Key Definitions • Implementation Force (IFOR) – NATO-led force deployed to Bosnia and Herze- govina at the end of 1995 in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1031, with a one-year mandate to help ensure compliance with the military provisions of the Dayton Peace Accords of 14 December 1995. • Stabilisation Force (SFOR) – successor to IFOR, deployed since December 1996. • Kosovo Force (KFOR) – deployed in accordance with UN Security Council Res- olution 1244 of 10 June 1999 calling for an effective international civil and security presence in Kosovo. Resolution 1244 establishes Kosovo as an entity under interim international administration, requests the UN Secretary-General to appoint a Special Representative to oversee the implementation of the international civil presence, and authorises member states and relevant international organisations to establish the international security presence. KFOR works alongside the UN Mission to Kosovo (UNMIK) and other international and non-governmental agen- cies to lay the basis for security, stability and reconstruction. Key Facts • The security provided by IFOR and SFOR since 1995 has resulted in the return of large numbers of refugees and displaced persons uprooted by the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. IFOR and SFOR have in addition provided support for implementation of civilian aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement and have contributed substantially to progress made since in fields such as defence reform; the restructuring and reduction of armed forces; weapons collection; arrest and detainment of persons indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY); assistance for minority returns; humanitarian assistance to people affected by flooding and mudslides; control of airspace, public security, de-mining; and supervision of the electoral process. • Security provided by KFOR has enabled some 1.3 million people from inside Kosovo and abroad to return to their homes and villages. Work undertaken by KFOR and in cooperation with other organisations has contributed substantially to reconstruction and de-mining; security and public order; security of ethnic minori- ties; protection of patrimonial sites; border security; interdiction of cross-border smuggling; implementation of a weapons, ammunition and explosives amnesty; weapons destruction; the establishment of civil institutions; the maintenance of law and order; the reconstruction of the judicial and penal system; and supervision of the electoral process. 107 NATO’s Commitment to the Balkans Key Information • Operation Essential Harvest was launched following the request of President Trajkovski in August 2001 for NATO assistance in demilitarising the National Liberation Army and disarming ethnic Albanian groups operating in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia(*). This operation resulted in the collection of some 3 875 weapons and 397 600 other items, including mines and explosives. • Operation Amber Fox was launched in September 2001, in response to a further request by President Trajkovski for a follow-on force to provide protection for inter- national monitors from the European Union and the OSCE overseeing the imple- mentation of the peace plan. The mandate of the mission, which involves some 1 000 troops provided by NATO member countries, has been extended to 26 October 2002. Key Dates • July 1992 – NATO ships begin monitoring operations in the Adriatic in support of UN Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR) 713 and 757 imposing an arms embargo and sanctions in the former Yugoslavia. • October 1992 – Aircraft belonging to NATO’s Airborne Warning and Control Sys- tem (AWACS) begin monitoring operations in support of UNSCR 781 imposing a no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina. • November 1992 – NATO and the WEU begin enforcement operations of the sanc- tions and embargo imposed under UNSCR 787. • April 1993 – NATO aircraft begin Operation Deny Flight in support of UNSCR 816, establishing a no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina. • February 1994 – In response to a request by the UN Secretary-General, the North Atlantic Council authorises air strikes to end the strangulation of Sarajevo. Four warplanes violating the no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina are shot down by NATO aircraft in the first military engagement to be undertaken by the Alliance. Further air strikes against forces in infringement of UN Security Council Resolu- tions take place subsequently to protect UN forces. • May 1995 – 370 UN peacekeepers are taken hostage by Bosnian Serb forces and used as human shields at potential targets in a bid to prevent further air strikes. • July 1995 – The UN designated Safe Areas of Srebrenica and Zepa are overrun by Bosnian Serb Forces. • August 1995 – Following continued attacks by Bosnian Serb forces on Sarajevo, NATO commences air strikes against Serb military targets, supported by the UN Rapid Reaction Force. • September 1995 – Air strikes are discontinued. • October 1995 – Renewed attacks on UN forces and NATO aircraft result in further air strikes. 108 NATO’s Commitment to the Balkans Key Information • 14 December 1995 – President Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia, President Alya Izetbegovic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and President Franjo Tudjman of Croatia sign the General Framework Agreement for Peace (GFAP - agreed in Dayton, Ohio on 14 December) in Paris. • 16 December 1995 – Beginning of the deployment of the NATO-led Implementa- tion Force (IFOR) in accordance with UNSCR 1031, transferring authority for mil- itary operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina from UNPROFOR to NATO and man- dating IFOR to implement the military aspects of the peace agreement. • 20 December 1996 – NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina is replaced by SFOR (Stabilisation Force). • 28 May 1998 – NATO foreign ministers agree that the Alliance should seek to contribute to a peaceful resolution of the Kosovo crisis and promote stability and security in neighbouring countries. • 13 October 1998 – Following a deterioration of the situation in Kosovo, the North Atlantic Council authorises activation orders for air strikes in support of diplomatic efforts to persuade the Milosevic regime to withdraw its forces, cooperate in bring- ing an end to the violence and facilitate the return of refugees. The OSCE estab- lishes a Kosovo Verification Mission (KVM) and NATO establishes an aerial sur- veillance mission in support of UNSCR 1199 imposing conditions for a cease-fire and leading to limitations on Serbian and Kosovar-Albanian forces and operations. • 30 January 1999 – Following further violence and acts of provocation, in support of efforts by the 6 nation Contact Group to bring both sides to a negotiated settle- ment under international mediation, the North Atlantic Council authorise the use of air strikes if required and sends warnings to both sides of the conflict. • February 1999 – Negotiations in Rambouillet followed by further negotiations in Paris from 15-18 March fail to secure agreement from the representatives of the Milosevic regime to end the conflict. • 20 March 1999 – The OSCE Verification Mission is obstructed by Serbian forces and forced to withdraw. U.S. diplomatic efforts fail to persuade President Milosevic to stop attacks on the Kosovar Albanians. • 23 March-10 June 1999 – 78-day NATO air campaign against Serb forces engaged in ethnic cleansing in Kosovo (Operation Allied Force) culminates in the withdrawal of Serb forces and a Military Technical agreement between NATO and Yugoslav commanders. • 12 June 1999 – First elements of KFOR enter Kosovo in accordance with UNSCR 1244 establishing an international civil and security presence. • 20 June 1999 – Withdrawal of Serb forces from Kosovo. • 22 August 2001 – In response to a request by President Trajkovski of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia(*) for assistance in demilitarising the National Liberation Army (NLA) and disarming ethnic Albanian groups operating on the ter- ritory of his country, NATO launches Operation Essential Harvest to collect and destroy all weapons voluntarily handed in by NLA personnel. 109 NATO’s Commitment to the Balkans Key Information • 27 September 2001 - NATO launches Operation Amber Fox in response to the request by President Trajkovski for a follow-on force to provide additional protec- tion for international monitors from the European Union and the OSCE overseeing the implementation of the peace plan. Key Documents • The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (GFAP), 14 December 1995. www.nato.int/sfor/basic/gfap.htm • United Nations Security Council Resolutions and other documents relating to Bosnia and Herzegovina and to Kosovo. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/home.shtml Key Issues • The North Atlantic Council has directed NATO’s Military Authorities periodically to restructure and reduce the size of the Stabilisation Force. By the beginning of 2001, it had been reduced from its original 31 000 troops to approximately 19 000, drawn from 17 NATO member countries and 15 non-NATO countries, including a Russian contingent. At their Spring 2002 meeting, Alliance defence ministers announced decisions reached after consultation with non-NATO contributing partners, on the furthering restructuring of
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