MASARYK UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

Department of English Language and Literature

Translation of Names and Proper Names in Terry Pratchett’s works from Discworld

Stanislav Chvíla

Bachelor Thesis

Brno 2017

Supervisor: Mgr. Martin Němec, Ph.D.

Declaration

Hereby I declare that I worked on this Bachelor thesis on my own, using only the sources listed in the bibliography.

I agree with the deposition of my thesis in the library of the Faculty of Education at the Masaryk University where it will be available for further academic purposes.

Prohlášení

Tímto prohlašuji, že svou bakalářskou práci jsem vypracoval samostatně, s použitím pouze citovaných literárních pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. Souhlasím s tím, aby moje práce byla uložena na Masarykově Univerzitě v Brně v knihovně pedagogické fakulty k dalším studijním účelům

Brno, 26th March, 2017 Stanislav Chvíla

Anotace

V této bakalářské práci je představen alternativní překlad vlastních jmen a názvů z anglického jazyka do českého v dílech Terryho Pratchetta ze světa Zeměplochy za použití tradičních překladatelských postupů. Bakalářská práce je rozdělena na 2 hlavní části. V první, úvodní části, je představen autor Zeměplochy Terry Pratchett, Jan Kantůrek – autor jediného českého překladu, a také samotný svět Zeměplochy. Následuje obeznámení se základními teoriemi překladu. Druhá, praktická část, je tvořena návrhem alternativního překladu jména postavy, který je následován stručným popisem této postavy, vysvětlením a zdůvodněním mého překladu.

Klíčová slova: Terry Pratchett, překlad, překladatelské postupy, fantasy, vlastnosti, rysy, Knittlová, Newmark.

Abstract

The bachelor thesis presents an alternative translation of proper names and names from English into Czech in Discworld series by Terry Pratchett’ using traditional translation procedures. The bachelor thesis is devided into two main parts. In the introductory part, Terry Pratchett, the author of Discworld, and Jan Kantůrek, the author of the only Czech translation is introduced. Furthermore, basic information about Discworld is presented, and followed by familiarisation with the traditional translation procedures. The practical part is comprised of a suggestion of an alternative translation ensued by a brief description of the character and justification of my translation.

Key words: Terry Pratchett, translation, translation procedures, fantasy, features, attributes, Knittlová, Newmark.

Acknowledgment

I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Mgr. Martin Němec, Ph.D, for his time, patience and advice.

TABLE OF CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2 About Pratchett, Discworld and Kantůrek ...... 3 2.1 Sir Terrence David John Pratchett, OBE ...... 3 2.1.1 Pratchett’s Life and Career ...... 3 2.1.2 Awards...... 7 2.1.3 Movie, Stage and Radio Adaptations ...... 8 2.1.4 Discworld ...... 8 2.2 Jan Kantůrek...... 9 3 Translation procedures ...... 11 4 Translation ...... 12 5 Conclusion ...... 39

1 INTRODUCTION In this bachelor thesis, there is provided a translation of selected proper names and names from the fantasy book series “Discworld” by Terry Pratchett. The fictitious Discworld is teeming with made up animals and places, but first and foremost with characters whose names are created in a very original way – they are related to the character’s personal or physical features in most cases. Czech language is one in a very few into which the names were translated, most foreign translators gave up on translating the names because it is quite a demanding job.

I have always been fond of fantasy and sci-fi so as soon as I found out about Pratchett’s books popularity the choice of a new book series was easy. I started reading Terry Pratchett’s books at the age of 16, and since then, the more books I have read the more I liked the whole Discworld, characters, and Pratchett’s clever, funny ideas. I read the books in Czech language, and as I have read more books and discovered many new characters, the issue of translating of almost all the names come on my mind, and I began to be interested in the character’s names in English so that I could find out and compare the differences with Czech translation. Soon, I started reading the books I hadn’t read or forgot what they were about in English. Already at that time, while reading, I was trying to make up my own translation of the character’s names.

During my studies, I attended a translation seminar which increased my interest in translation matters, encouraged my efforts, and provided an opportunity to try translating the proper names of Discworld characters. Pratchett’s imaginativeness in creating the names leaves a lot of possibilities for working on my own translations in the thesis, even though there already are Kantůrek’s translated versions of the names.

I decided to create my own translations by the means of applying standard translation procedures to prove that there is still a lot of potential left for translating in Pratchett’s characters. Each character is briefly introduced as their nature and name are closely connected, therefore it is very important to be familiar with them for easier comprehension of the translation. Moreover, I present the reader the translation procedures which I used, an explanation, and also justification of my

1 translating process. Additionally, I search for possible etymological or cultural connections with the names, and if it is possible, I also state whether the translation was based on the looks or behaviour of the person or on the aspects mentioned above.

I very much admire Terry Pratchett’s work, and I think it provides a great challenge for me to create my own translation in the bachelor thesis alongside Kantůrek’s official versions. Though being a beginner in the field of translation, I hope I will be successful in such a challenge and additionally, I believe that working on my own translation will enrich my knowledge of English, and that I will use these newly acquired skills in teaching.

2

2 About Pratchett, Discworld and Kantůrek 2.1 Sir Terrence David John Pratchett, OBE (28 April 1948 – 12 March 2015)

Terry Pratchett was born in Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire. He was an English author of fantasy novels, the most known of which is “Discworld” series that also brought him fame. His books become soon very popular all over the world not a long time after publishing first novels. Nowadays, there has been sold more than 80 million books translated into 37 languages. In 90s, Terry Pratchett used to be the most sold British author, but “Harry Potter” novels by J. K. Rowling took over his prerogative. Nevertheless, “Discworld” books are still number one on the scale of the most frequently stolen books.1

2.1.1 Pratchett’s Life and Career Terrence Pratchett was an only child with idyllic upbringing in the Beaconsfield village. He couldn’t read until the age of 10, but from that point he read everything he could get his hands on. 2 He earned his place in High Wycombe Technical High School where he got his first chance to write: “When he was 13, he went to a science-fiction convention, came back and wrote a fantasy story at school for which his teacher gave him 20/20, and published it in the school magazine. His friends loved it, so he bribed his aunt with a bunch of flowers to type it up, he sent it off to a sci-fi magazine which in turn paid him £14, which bought him a second-hand typewriter and that was it. His path was set”.3

Janet Campbell-Dick was Terry Pratchett’s teacher at High Wycombe Technical High School who had big influence on his early direction. Pratchett himself couldn’t remember her name when he saw her in a picture among colleagues, which was hanging on a corridor wall of his high school during one of his many visits there, but he commented that she was the one who picked out his homework story and started him off. She encouraged Pratchett in writing short stories, some of which were published in the school magazine The Cygnet.

1 "Terry Pratchett". En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d. 25. Mar. 2017, 2 Weale, Sally. "Life On Planet Pratchett". 8 Nov. 2002. The Guardian Web. 2017. 3 Ibid 3

Unfortunately, Janet Campbell-Dick died at the age of 76, unaware of the profound influence she had had on Pratchett. Just two years before her death, he published The Colour of Magic, the first of his Discworld series. However, her husband has identified one particular story line of Pratchett’s, The Wee Free Men, published between 2003 and 2010, which feature a magical monster called ‘Greenie’, a witch named Miss Tick, and the nation of the “Nac Mac Feegles”, little “rough and rowdy” men who speak with Glaswegian accents.4 ”In her enthusiastic presentation of narrative poetry, May would lapse many times into West of Scotland dialect. Dialect is the language of sincerity, of emotion, of anger, of love,” said Mr Campbell-Dick, adding: “I am sure his Wee Free Men and his Nac Mac Feegles come from May, who loved the sound of words and the fun of unexpected juxtaposition”.5

The inspiration Pratchett embraced from Janet Campbell-Dick wasn’t the only one which has its origin at High Wycombe Technical High School. It is former headmaster Harry Ward who was an inspiration for Evil Harry Dread – A Dark Lord from the 27th novel of the series Last Hero. As Pratchett revealed to the school staff during a visit, they didn’t particularly see eye to eye. On the contrary, he had rather more affectionate memories of Stan Bettleridge, a former history teacher, which may explain why he used his name in full, also in The Last Hero, as a member of the Guild of Historians in Ankh-Morpork.

The name of another teacher, Mr Stibbons, who taught technology, appears as Ponder Stibbons, a wizard in the “Discworld” series with the unfeasibly grand title of Head of Inadvisably Applied Magic, “Praelector” and Reader in Invisible Writings, the Master of Traditions, the Camerlengo of Unseen University.6

High Wycombe Technical High School wasn’t the only place where Pratchett got his education, and which shaped his future writing. It was Beaconsfield Public Library that was his major source of education, 7where he

4 Sawer, Patrick. "The Teacher Who Inspired Terry Pratchett". 8 Jun. 2015. Telegraph. Web. 2017. 5 Ibid 6 Sawer, Patrick. "Sir Terry Pratchett's Schoolboy Inspiration Revealed".15 Mar. 2015. Telegraph.Co.Uk. Web. 2017. 7 "A Short Biography of Colin Smythe". Webcitation.Org, n.d., Web. 2017, http://www.webcitation.org/69nKImVLI. 4 managed to get a Saturday job so that he could read anything he liked from the shelves for adults. 8

Apart from his interests in writing and reading, Pratchett was also an enthusiast in astronomy since his young age. He started collecting “Brook Bond Tea” cards “Out Into Space”, and in year or two, this lead to his interest in astronomy. His parents gave him a telescope that allowed him to observe only the moons of Jupiter, and became an expert on the moon. A few years later, he bought himself a proper telescope and had an observatory built. Astronomy was an important part of his life because according to his words the science fiction came from astronomy.9 Therefore not by an accident the very first works in his childhood were science fiction stories.

Later, he chose the path of journalism and left the school at the age of 17 getting a job for Bucks Free Press. After some time, he also worked in several other local newspapers including Western Daily Press and Bath Chronicle. 10 During this journalist period, he was sent to make an interview with Peter Bander von Duren who was a director of a small publishing company Colin Smythe Ltd.11 When interviewing Peter Bander von Duren, Pratchett mentioned he had written a book called The Carpet People, and asked whether they would consider it for publication. Colin Smythe decided it was a book which had to be published. The book received few reviews, but positive, characterized as being of an extraordinary quality and a new dimension of imagination. Colin Smythe took Pratchett under his wings and published him two other science fiction novels: The Dark Side of the Sun and Strata.12

In 1980, Pratchett became a Press Officer Central Electricity Generating Board, and he had to represent several Nuclear power stations. Anyway, he didn’t cease to write and in 1987 he decided to leave CEGB because his occasional writing earned him more money than his contemporary position as a Press Officer. This step allowed him to increase the tempo, and in his most productive period he could

7 Weale, Sally. "Life On Planet Pratchett". 8 Nov. 2002. The Guardian Web. 2017. 9 Young, Jim "Science Fiction Weekly Interview". Web.Archive.Org, n.d., Web. 2017. 10 "Terry Pratchett". SPISOVATELE.Cz, n.d., Web. 2017. (Trans. by S. Ch). 11 "Terry Pratchett". En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d. 25. Mar. 2017. 12 "A Short Biography of Colin Smythe". Webcitation.Org, n.d., Web. 2017. 5 write two books per year.13 His life breakthrough begun in 1983 when the very first Discworld novel, The Colour of Magic, was published by Colin Smythe Ltd. “After finishing the fourth Discworld novel, Mort, his sales increased quickly, and many of his books occupied top places on the best-seller list. From that moment, the sale of his books rose, and he became the top-selling UK author until the fame of new Harry Potter novels took over his position on the top.14

In 2007, his life began to change due to health complications. He dated his initial lack of dexterity back to 2005 or 2004, but he attributed these symptoms to ageing. He couldn’t have been more surprised when having been diagnosed as having had a stroke. “The tests revealed his stroke had been the result of cerebral thrombosis – a blood clot that causes a blockage in the artery to the brain, killing off brain cells.” 15 Although his motor skills were affected, it didn’t have an impact on his ability to write. On 11 December 2007, Pratchett posted online that he had been newly diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease, which had been responsible for the "stroke". He had a rare form of posterior cortical atrophy(PCA), a disease in which areas at the back of the brain begin to shrink and shrivel.16

He was shocked when told that doctors could do little to help. As he discovered the research for its causes and treatments had been under-funded, he decided to donate US$1,000,000 to Alzheimer’s research trust. 17 Although he tried to support the research, and even tested a device which improved his condition but couldn’t alter the course of illness18, he was determined to leave this world with dignity by the means of assisted death. “I believe it should be possible for someone stricken with a serious and ultimately fatal illness to choose to die peacefully with medical help, rather than suffer”. When asked about the sanctity of life, Sir Terry

13 "Terry Pratchett". SPISOVATELE.Cz, n.d., 2017. (Translated by S. Ch). 14 "Terry Pratchett". En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d., 25 Mar. 2017. 15 Moria, Petty. "Terry Pratchett: 'I Had A Stroke - And I Didn't Even Notice'". Mail Online, 5 Nov. 2017. 16 "Terry Pratchett". En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d. 25. Mar. 2017. 17 "Terry Pratchett: I'm Slipping Away A Bit At A Time... And All I Can Do Is Watch It Happen". 7 Oct. 2011. Mail Online, Web. 2017. 18 Ibid 15 6 responded: "What about the dignity of life? Lack of dignity would be enough for some people to kill themselves."19

Terry Pratchett passed away on 12 of March in the age of 66 in his home near Salisbury. 20Despite his support for assisted death, his death demise was natural21. I will finish this chapter by famous quotation of a Pratchett’s character: “DON'T THINK OF IT AS DYING, said Death. JUST THINK OF IT AS LEAVING EARLY TO AVOID THE RUSH.”22

2.1.2 Awards Pratchett’s lifework wasn’t left unnoticed. He and his books got many awards the selection of which is provided below. One of the first awards comes from 1989 when his novel Pyramids won him British Science Fiction Award. In 2003, Night Watch received Prometheus Award for best libertarian novel. His literature wasn’t aimed only for adults. The book The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents won him Carnegie Medal from the British librarians as the year's best children's book published in the UK.

Pratchett was awarded in total ten honorary doctorates for example at University of Dublin, University of Bristol or at Buckinghamshire New university. In 1998, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for “services to literature”, 23but the most prominent achievement is receiving a knighthood also for “services to literature” in the UK New Year Honour List 2009.24

19 "Sir Terry Pratchett Suicide Film Prompts 'Bias' Claims - BBC News". 14 Jun. 2011. BBC News, Web. 2017. 20 Weber, Bruce. "Terry Pratchett, Novelist, Dies At 66". 12 Mar 2015. Nytimes.Com, Web. 2017. 21 Furness, Hannah. "Sir Terry Pratchett Dies, Aged 66: The Tributes As They Happened". 12 Mar. 2015. Telegraph.Co.Uk, Web.2017. 22 Pratchett, Terry and Neil Gaiman. Good Omens. 1st ed., London, Gollancz, 2007. 23 "Terry Pratchett". En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d. 25. Mar. 2017. 24 "The New Years Honours - United Kingdom" 31 Dec. 2008. Thegazette.Co.Uk, Web. 2017. 7

2.1.3 Movie, Stage and Radio Adaptations That his books become a sort of phenomena in literary world proves the fact that some of them were interpreted as a movie adaptation – “Wyrd Sisters” (2007) or “Maskarade” (2009), as a TV mini-series – “Soul Music” (1997), or as a BBC radio programmes – “Guards! Guards” narrated by Martin Jarvis, John Wood and Melvyn Hayes25. Moreover, 18 of the “Discworld” novels such as Unseen Academicals, Guards! Guards! or Night Watch were turned into stage adaptations by Stephen Briggs. 26

2.1.4 Discworld Discworld provides setting for most of the Pratchett’s books. It is a magical world in a shape of a disc which is carried on the backs of four elephants that are standing on a giant turtle called A’Tuin slowly swimming through the universe. The Discworld works on “narrativum” principles. “Narrativum” basically ensures that “everything runs properly as a story. For example, if a boy has two elder brothers, chances are that they will go on a quest. The first will be strong, and fail because of his stupidity, the second will be smart, and fail because of his frailty, and the youngest brother will then have no choice but to go out, succeed and bring fame and fortune to his poor family. This phenomenon is also known as Narrative Causality. Dragons breathe fire not because they have asbestos lungs, but because that is what dragons do”.27

Terry Pratchett parodies J. R. R. Tolkien, Robert E. Howard, H. P. Lovecraft, Charles Dickens, and William Shakespeare, or takes inspiration for his stories set in Discworld in these works. Furthermore, mythology, fairy tales or folklore are used for a satiric parallel with current political, cultural and scientific issues.

The “Discworld” novels contain common themes and motives that are recognisable through the whole series. There are parodied some of the fantasy clichés in many of the novels, as well as are various subgenres of fantasy, such as fairy tales (notably Witches Abroad), stories about witches, vampires (Carpe

25 "Terry Pratchett". En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d. Web. 25. Mar. 2017. 26 "Staging A Pratchett Play". n.d., Web. 2017. 27 "Discworld (World)". Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., 25 Mar. Web. 2017. 8

Jugulum) and so on. Religion (Small Gods), business and politics (Making Money), are recurring themes, which are analogies of real-world issues. Parodies of music genres such as opera (Maskerade) or rock music (Soul Music) are to be found as well, also parodies of Shakespeare, Beatrix, Potter and several movies reoccur frequently. Important historical events such as remarkable battles are sometimes used as the basis for both trivial and key events in Discworld stories (Jingo, Pyramids). Current trends in pop culture, science, or new technological inventions are parodied as well (Moving Pictures, Men at Arms). There are also humanist themes in many of the Discworld novels, and a focus on critical thinking skills in the Witches and Tiffany Aching series28

2.2 Jan Kantůrek “Jan Kantůrek is a Czech translator predominantly of fantasy, science fiction, comic books and westerns from English.”29 He is a native from Zlín living in Prague, and he is the only one who dared to translate Pratchett’s Discworld. During his grammar school studies, he inclined more to natural sciences, and he even didn’t graduate from English. Anyway, it was Tarzan who brought him to English. As an enthusiast for adventurous reading, he found a few untranslated paperback editions in second hand book stores, but it took him half a year to read just one.

In 1986, he co-re-established Jules Verne Club into a Sci-fi club and one of his friends asked him to translate some of the Conan’s chapters for their first meeting. Despite his initial reluctance, he translated some of the chapters, and to his surprise, the members of the club liked it so he continued.

Between the years 1975-1990, he worked as an editor in Artia publishing house and later, after the revolution, moved to work for publishing house Aventinum but he didn’t particularly like it there.30 When Vladimír Talaš approached Kantůrek with an offer to translate professionally, he accepted it. In his beginnings, Kantůrek translated westerns, horrors and Conan books. Later, he accepted the publisher’s offer to translate the first Discworld book. What Kantůrek

28 "Discworld". En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d., Web. 2017. 29 "Jan Kantůrek". Cs.Wikipedia.Org, n.d., Web. 25 Mar. 2017. 30 "Jan Kantůrek". Reflex. Feb 2000. Internet Archive Web. March 2017. (Trans. by S.Ch.) 9 didn’t know was the fact that all professional translators had rejected this job reasoning it was impossible to translate.31 However, in spite of the initial difficulties, Kantůrek’s translations are highly appreciated, and even Terry Pratchett himself stated that the only good translation of his book he is certain about is the Czech and Dutch one. 32

Kantůrek received many awards for his translations among which belongs for example “"Best Translator" by the Czech “Academy of science fiction, fantasy and horrors” in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1999. Discworld was awarded "Best Book Series" in the same years. In 2003 he received an award for his lifetime work in science fiction by the Academy.”33

Some people ask Kantůrek how it is possible that they found something in his translation which isn’t in original books. The fact is, Kantůrek was given quite a privilege by Pratchett who told him “I know it all can’t be translated since every language has its specifics. But if you think up anything in Czech which can freshen it up, and it doesn’t change the character’s features or alters the story, just put it there.”34

Another curiosity is Kantůrek’s incapability of spoken production in English. When Terry Pratchett would come to the Czech Republic and meet with Kantůrek, he knew that Kantůrek had to drink two or three shots so that he could start talking to him in English. During their first encounter in Hamburg, Kantůrek was introduced to Pratchett as the translator of his books (in that time he had translated only three or four of them). When he asked for an interpreter, Pratchett went pale. However, later, during a public reading of Discworld, Pratchett saw many people laugh at the same time when Czech and English version was being read. It was proof to him that the wit is being preserved.35

31 Červenková, Adéla. "Jan Kantůrek". Discworld.Cz, 2006, Web. 2017. (Trans. by S.Ch.) 32 Ibid 29 33 "Jan Kantůrek". En.Wikipedia.Org, 2014, Web. 25 Mar. 2017. 34 Zunová, Andrea "Překladatel Kantůrek: Terry Pratchett mi dal velký dar.” 24 May. 2015, Web. 2017. (Trans. by S.Ch.) 35 "Jan Kantůrek". Reflex. Feb 2000. Internet Archive Web. March 2017. (Trans. by S.Ch.) 10

3 Translation procedures There are several various theories on how to translate and how to achieve a quality translation. For translating the names created by Pratchett in such imaginative and unconventional way, I had to use a combination of these procedures many times. In the following chapter, there is a summary of selected procedures from Překlad a Překládání by D. Knittlová, and A Textbook of Translation by P. Newmark which are relevant to my translation.

“Transference is the process of transferring a source language (SL) word to a target language (TL) text as a translation procedure. Naturalisation is a procedure which succeeds transference, and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL. There is Modulation defined as a variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective, and very often of category of thought.” 36 “Transcription is a procedure used by translator for transferring a word between two alphabets. For literal translation word to word, there is calque procedure. Substitution deals with replacing a figure of speech by a different one (e.g. substantive is replaced by personal pronoun and vice versa). Transposition uses necessary changes in grammar as a result of a different language system. Equivalence uses different stylistic and structural means varying from the original for example in the field of expressivity, idioms or proverbs. Adaptation is a substitution of a situation described in original by a different adequate situation e.g. if the equivalent of a play on words doesn’t exist in TL or if the situation from the original culture doesn’t exist in the culture of TL.37

36 Newmark, P. (2008). A textbook of translation. 1st ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. (p. 81-82). 37 Knittlová, D., Grygová, B. and Zehnalová, J. (2010). Překlad a překlá dání. 1st ed. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, Filozofická fakulta. (p. 18), (Trans. By S.Ch.) 11

4 Translation

Cecil Wormsborough St. John Nobbs - Cecil Červočtvrť Svatý Jan Vašnostík

Mostly known just as “Nobby Nobbs”. He is one of the oldest members of the Night Watch who used to be a street urchin, but was hired by Samuel Vimes to serve him, and later he became a member of the Watch. Although he’s a human, his height is about the same as dwarf, and he must carry a certificate signet by Patrician proving that he’s a human being. He’s good at “borrowing” things, he is untidy and smells.

Four different procedures were used for this name. The transference for the first name “Cecil”. I decided to use the procedure of calque for “Warmsborough” as well as for “St. John”. The English compound “Warmsborough” can be divided into two lexical units – “warm” translated as “červ” and “borough” translated as “čtvrť”. I wanted to keep the compound therefore I joined the two translated units together, in genitive forming “Červočtvr”, which suggest the reader that the character gets about poorer districts of Ankh-Morpork.

For the most important part of the name, I used the modulation and equivalence procedure. The name relates to character’s features. Pratchett based this name on a negative slang expression “nob”, which is described as “A person of high position38”, and in Czech has the meaning “milostpán”. For my translation, I worked with its diminutive synonym “vašnosta”, as it has slightly defamatory meaning. The name “Vašnostík” is basically an ironical name for such a poor, low- social level character, but it still represents his efforts to behave more or less classy.

Lady Ramkin – Paní Beranidlová

Lady Ramkin is a respectable citizen of Ankh-Morpork because the Ramkin family is one of the oldest in the city. She belongs to the city nobility and bears the title “The Duches of Ankh”. She is hard-headed, somewhat chubby, and rather

38 Klein, Ernest. Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language: V. 2: L-Z. United Kingdom: Elsevier Science, 1967. Print. (p. 1050). 12 heavy – “The Ramkins hadn't bred for beauty, they'd bred for healthy solidity and big bones, and they'd got very good at it over the centuries”.39 It is inadvisable to threaten let alone hurt her beloved swamp dragons or people she cares about.

When translating this name, I tried to take in consideration all the character’s features. The Origin of “ram” can be related to old Norse “ramr” meaning “strong”.40 Strong she is both mentally and physically, which the English name “Ramkin” indicates, but I decided to base my translation on the calque and naturalisation procedure working with the word “ram” in the meaning as “battering ram” in Czech “beranidlo”. Adding female name suffix “-ová” creates the name “Beranidlová”, which represents her strong persistent personality, and the fact her actions lead to succeeding in her goals.

Gaspode – Tuláčisko

Gaspode is a small free dog wondering through Ankh-Morpork’s streets. He suffers from many diseases, smells terribly and has a scruffy look, all this because he dislikes baths. Despite his terrible visage, he is incredibly smart and has an ability of thinking and speaking as if he was a human being.

In this case, I decided to use the procedure of equivalence and modulation based on Czech noun “tulák” described as “a person without permanent place of residence, often without occupation; flotsam, bum “.41 This description covers “Gaspode” very well in all his aspects.

Detritus – Suťovič

Detritus is a very strong but also very stupid troll even for trolls’ standards. Former splatter (“Like a bouncer, but trolls use more force42”) by the Drum became

39 Pratchett, Terry. Guards! Guards! London, Corgi Adult, 1 Nov. 1990. 40 Klein, Ernest. Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language: V. 2: L-Z. United Kingdom: Elsevier Science, 1967. Print. (p. 1298). 41 “Tulák”. Slovník spisovného jazyka českého. Ústav pro jazyk český, n.d., Web. 2017. (Trans. by S.Ch.). 42 Pratchett, Terry. Guards! Guards! London, Corgi Adult, 1 Nov. 1990. 13 a sergeant in the Night Watch. “Detritus may very well be the single most successful character in the entire Discworld canon, moving from a semi-sentient, brutalized bouncer chained to a wall to a highly-regarded (at least by Vimes) senior sergeant in the Watch43

For translating this name, I applied modulation procedure based on translation of “detritus” as “suť” into Czech and I added suffix “-ovič”. The translation as well as the original name implies the character’s ability to destroy everything to smithereens.

Mrs. Evadne Cake – Pí. Evadne Dortíková

Mrs. Cake is a medium but although being very religious, many priests fear her because she has the power of conversation with the dead. She has also an ability of precognition, which makes it difficult for people of Ankh-Morpork to converse with her as she keeps answering their questions before they even manage to ask them.

I didn’t change her first name in translation, therefore the procedure of transfer was used. Her surname was realized by calque and naturalisation. I added the suffix “-ová” to the literal translation of “cake” into Czech as “dort”- used as diminutive. From all available information about Mrs. Cake, there is no clear connection with her personality or physical features and the name.

Lord Snapcase – Lord Rupbedna

Lord Snapcase is a former Patrician of Ankh-Morpork. Although there is just little information about his reign, he is said to have been quite mad. He was also sadistic and very keen on torture.

This name is compound of two units: “snap” and “case”. For translating “snap”, I applied the procedure of modulation and equivalence. “Snap “can by translated to Czech among other meanings as “prásknout”, nevertheless, I used its synonym

43 “Detritus”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki.” n.d. Web. 2017. 14

“rupnout”. Together with “case” translated by the calque procedure as “bedna”, it forms the name “Rupbedna” which leads a Czech reader to the phrase “rupnout v bedně” that carries the meaning of somebody being insane, which Lord Snapcase certainly was.

Carrot Ironfoundersson – Mrkvička Slévačson

Carrot is a young human (but taller than an average human being) who was adopted and brought up by dwarves. Dwarves work in mines days and nights, and so Carrot did. This hard work caused that his body has a unique shape “It is a kind of a tapering shape boy gets through clean living, healthy eating, and good mountain air in huge lungfuls. When he flexes his shoulder muscles, other muscles have to move out of the way first”.44 His body is sort of wedge-shaped, and that’s what earned him nickname Carrot. In the translation of his nickname, I wanted to maintain the reference to his body shape as well as the English original does, therefore the translation of Carrot to Czech as “Mrkvička” is realized by the procedure of modulation. His dwarfish surname “Ironfoundersson” is translated by the calque and modulation procedure – “Iron founder” means in Czech “slévač”. By transferring the suffix “-son”, I kept the author’s way of creating many dwarfish names.

Miss Alice Band – Paní Alice Bandová Miss Band is a representative of the Assassin Guild teachers. “In fact, she is House Mistress of Tump House, and therefore stands “in loco parentis” to her pupils, over and above being teacher to them. She teaches Traps, Locks and Climbing at the Guild, and is also a "stealth archaeologist”45. Captain Vimes describes her as “One of the Assassin’s Guild stricter teachers” 46

I translated her first name by the transference procedure. Being a Mistress of a house puts her on a higher social status, and it corresponds with the origin of

44 Pratchett, Terry. Guards! Guards! London, Corgi Adult, 1 Nov. 1990. 45 “Alice Band”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki.” n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. 46 Pratchett, Terry. Night Watch. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. Print. 15 the name Alice “from Old High German “Adalhaid”, literally “nobility, of noble kind”.47

Her surname is realized by the process of naturalization by adding Czech suffix “-ová”. Moreover, I used also the modulation procedure for “Band”, that can be translated to Czech as “skupina”, the colloquial synonym of which is “banda”. I intended the name “Bandová” to show her daily routine of working with a “bunch” of students.

Fred Colon – Béďa Vepřík Fred Colon has been a member of Night Watch for a long time serving in the sergeant rank almost from the beginnings of his duty. He’s not very bright, he’s terrible at paperwork, and generally considered to be a lazy coward. His physical appearance plays a major role in translating his name as well as it did in Carrot’s case. He is very obese and is described subsequently: “If he didn’t take up a military career, then he looked cut out for something like, perhaps, a sausage butcher; some job, where a big red face and a tendency to sweat even in frosty weather were practically part of the specification”.48 For translating his first name, I used two procedures – the naturalization and modulation. Fred is short fort Frederick that is translated to Czech as “Bedřich”, which I realized by the process of naturalization. Familiar version of “Bedřich” is “Béďa”, therefore it was done by the modulation. I translated the surname by the equivalence procedure. The translation is derived from its basic form “vepř” by diminution to soften its negative meaning defined as “a swear word for a dirty, shameless, voracious, fat person; pig”,49 which represents his physical but also mental features.

47 “Alice”. Harper, Douglas. Online etymology dictionary. 2001. Web. 2017. 48 Pratchett, Terry. Guards! Guards! London, Corgi Adult, 1 Nov. 1990. 49 “Vepř”. Slovník spisovného jazyka českého. Ústav pro jazyk český, n.d., Web. 2017. (Trans. by S.Ch.) 16

Carcer Dun – Mockel Dun Carcer is a psychopath – devious and vicious on every side not able to distinguish between good and evil, driven only by his selfish motives. Moreover, he’s absolutely cruel and violent, you never know whether he is telling the truth or lies, and the fact he has always a hidden spare knife makes him even more dangerous. His evilness also supports following description: “And it was believable right up until you looked hard into those cheeky, smiling eyes, and saw, deep down, the demons looking back”50 The name Carcer comes from Latin: “Mid.16th century (earlier (late Middle English) as incarceration): from medieval Latin incarcerat- ‘imprisoned’, from the verb incarcerare, from in- ‘into’ + Latin carcer ‘prison”.51 It also means “prison” in Spanish. The word has the same origin as English “incarceration”. When creating Czech translation of this first name, I imitated Pratchett’s approach using the equivalence translation procedure. Carcer was caught and put in prison a few times by Vimes, and he was metaphorically imprisoned in time where he was sent by an unusual combination of circumstances. For this reasons, I used a slang expression for a prisoner – “mukl” and its possible origin from “něm. arg. Mockel chlapík, drobný řemeslník nebo Mugler, tedy Mogler zloděj”.52 As far as the surname is concerned, I used the transference since the nature of the name based on Carcer’s characteristic features is captured in the first name.

John Keel – Jan Kýl John Keel was a sergeant in the City Watch before Glorious Revolution happened. He was a very skilled watchman who didn’t hesitate to share his skills of surviving in dangerous streets of Ankh-Morpork with a young, unexperienced watchman Samuel Vimes. However, in Night Watch, the adult Samuel Vimes finds himself back in time, and by coincidence, he happened to live the life of John Keel. “John” is translated to Czech as “Jan”, thus the naturalization process was used. The surname was realized by the calque procedure. “Keel” was translated into

50 Pratchett, Terry. Night Watch. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. Print. 51 “Incarcerate”. Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press, n.d., Web. 2017. 52 Hugo, Jan. Slovník Nespisovné češtiny: Argot, Slangy a Obecná Mluva Od Nejstarších Dob Po Současnost: Historie a Původ Slov. 3rd ed. Praha: Maxdorf, 2009. Print. (p. 258) 17

Czech as “Kýl”. English origin of “keel” comes from “ME. Kelle “ship, barge”53, and is described in Middle English Dictionary as “a strong, clumsy boat, barge”.54 Czech “kýl” is defined as “reinforcing axis part at the bottom of a vessel”55. On the bases of this meanings, my translation shows character’s qualities, namely his ability to be a good and strong supportive leader for the whole City Watch.

Samuel Vimes – Samuel Vitality Samuel Vimes is a major character in the books about the Night Watch. A complex character whose progress from a drunken police officer to the Commander of the Night Watch plays an important part in the Anhk-Morpork’s modern history and in the city life. In the beginning, he leads unsatisfied solitary life drowning in alcohol without any purpose of his life. Everything changes when he’s promoted to Commander. It gives him the opportunity to show his potential as the leader. What is more, he almost quits drinking. He starts living for the Watch and fulfils his duty conscientiously. The wittedness and elegancy, which accompany him in dealing with difficult, and even life threatening situations, are remarkable. When translating the first name, I used the transference procedure. The surname was realized by the equivalence and modulation mainly based on Vimes’ personality qualities. The English name is made up from the informal word “vim”, which is described as “lively or energetic spirit”56, and has the meaning “elán” in the Czech language. However, I decided to work with word “vitalita” instead of “elán”, which is defined just as “nadšení, vzlet”57 in contrast with “vitalita” described as “životní síla, životní schopnost; životnost, životaschopnost”,58 matching the description of “vim”. In the final step of translating, I used the modulation procedure and changed the last letter “a” for “y”.

53 Klein, Ernest. Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language: V. I: A-K. Amsterdam: Elsevier publishing Company, 1966. Print. 54 “Keel”. Harper, Douglas. Online etymology dictionary. 2001. Web. 2017. 55 “Kýl”. Slovník spisovného jazyka českého. Ústav pro jazyk český, n.d., Web. 2017. 56 “Vim”. n.d., Dictionary.com, Web. 2017. 57 Elán”. Slovník spisovného jazyka českého. Ústav pro jazyk český, n.d., Web. 2017. 58 Vitalita”. Slovník spisovného jazyka českého. Ústav pro jazyk český, n.d., Web. 2017. 18

Jocasta Wiggs – Jocasta Vlásenková Jocasta is an over-confident student of the Assassin Guild taught by Alice Band. She was assigned to locate Samuel Vimes, but she failed as he was always a step ahead of her. Assassins like to be well-dressed therefore she’s not very happy about falling in a cess-pit while pursuing Vimes.

Jocasta is a name from the Greek mythology, therefore no alteration into Czech was needed, and the transference procedure was used. The surname was translated by the process of modulation and naturalization. Literal translation of “wig” is “paruka” the synonym of which is “vlásenka, tupé”.59 Adding the Czech female suffix “-ová” is the process of naturalization. In the case of this name, I couldn’t find any connection with the character and her name.

Cut-my-own-throat Dibbler – Myšák Sním-svůj-klobouk

“CMOT” is an Ankh-Morpork tight-fisted salesman providing the citizens with sausages which are made from something remotely resembling pig meat. The taste is awful, but he mostly manages to persuade people who once bought his distasteful sausage to buy it again, usually saying something like “One dollar a jar, and I’m cutting my own throat”60 when barging about the price of his products.

His first name “Dibbler” is translated by the equivalence procedure because Dibbler is “A marsupial mouse found in SW Australia”.61 My Czech translation “Myšák” derived from “myš” is a reference to “Dibbler” being a mouse species. This translation suggests character’s shabby and poor look of a typical representative of Ankh-Morpork’s street life person.

I used the equivalence procedure for his nickname “Cut-my-own-throat”. “Sním- svůj-klobouk”, translated to English word-to-word: “I will eat my hat”, can be used metaphorically in a situation when you would do rather that than, for example,

59 Pala, Karel and Všianský, Jan. Slovník českých Synonym. 2nd ed., Praha, Nakl. Lidove noviny, Jan. 1994, (p. 213). 60 Pratchett, Terry. Guards! Guards! London, Corgi Adult, 1 Nov. 1990. 61 “Dibbler”. Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, n.d., Web. 2017. 19 selling something for far lower price than you imagined, as it happens very often in Dibbler’s case. This shows his reluctance for selling cheap.

Cut-my-own-throat Dibbler – Myšák Sedřu-se-z-kůže This is another version of my translation for this character, where I applied the adaptation procedure for the nickname. This name has a slightly different meaning which points out his pretended humbleness when selling his goods under the recommended price. Both these translations represent Dibbler’s character.

Reg Shoe – Rainald Škrpál Reg is a member of the City Watch, but more importantly, he’s a zombie. It is worth having him in the Watch for his ability to pay attention to details, which makes him an excellent detective, and therefore a useful member of the Watch. As he is a zombie, his physical appearance isn’t particularly appealing, moreover, bits of his body sometimes just fall of. I used the naturalization procedure for his first name. “Reg” stands for “Reginald” whose Czech counterpart is “Rainald”. The modulation process is used for his surname. “A shoe” means in Czech “bota”, the colloquial synonym of which is “škrpál”. The translation relates to character’s appearance since “škrpál” is an expression for an old ugly-looking boot that is probably falling apart.

Dorfl – Kolíb Another non-human member of the Ankh-Morpork’s watch. Dorfl is a golem who has a slight physical disadvantage – one of his leg is shorter than the other one, therefore his walk is somewhat waddling. I used the equivalence and modulation procedure. The verb “waddle” is translated to Czech as “kolíbat se” from which I created a noun with the meaning of the one move that a person makes from side to side while moving, which is a reference to Dorfl’s gait.

20

Cuddy – Ťulpáček Sadly, the first victim of the modern Watch’s ranks. Cuddy was a dwarf partnered with Detritus whom he taught to count during their regular walks in the streets. He was killed because “He was still new at being a Watchman, while the Miscreant was an experienced killer.”62 Cuddy is a noun from the Scottish dialect meaning “a donkey, stupid person”63, which I translated by the modulation procedure. “Ťulpas” is a bit rude equivalent for “donkey”, but by making it diminutive, I reduced its negative meaning. The translation implies the character’s naivety combined with his lack of experience.

Cruces – Crucemus Dr Cruces is a former head of the Assassin’s Guild. As the head, he was a very well-educated and powerful man. However, he got under control of a mighty weapon, “gonne”, was driven mad, and started to commit crimes. He was pursued by Vimes and Carrot who killed him eventually. I chose to use the modulation procedure. The English name has its origin in “cross, derived fr. L. crucem”.64 I added suffix “-um” to the Latin “crucem” in order to alter the meaning a bit, but its reference to “cross” is still comprehensible. The cross is a symbol for Christ’s crucifixion, therefore it is connected to death through which Cruses made his very successful living.

Rosemary Palm – Róza Dlaňská Mrs. Palm is a very successful business woman. She is ambitious, pretty, clever, and she knows how things work in Ankh-Morkpork since she grew up there. Her business place is in “Entertainment District” rather known as “The Whore Pits”. Her first name is translated by the naturalization and modulation procedure. “Rosemary” is in Czech “Rozmarýna” and its familiar version is “Róza”. I used the

62 “Cuddy”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. 63 “Cuddy”. Def. 2. Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, n.d., Web. 2017 64 Klein, Ernest. Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language: V. I: A-K. Amsterdam: Elsevier publishing Company, 1966. Print 21 modulation and transposition procedure for her surname – literal translation of “palm” is “dlaň” to which I added suffix “-ská” to form a Czech female surname. Her name is probably a reference to her occupation.

Findthee Swing – Najdutě Swing Swing was an extremely dangerous person because he was trained by the Assassins, and then he joined the Watch, but after some time he became the head of Unmentionables – an organisation representing Gestapo in its ways and methods: “you didn't dare get noticed by them, you didn't dare complain, and you most certainly didn't argue”.65 Findthee is described as following: “Swing would probably have ended face down in alley somewhere if it wasn’t for the fact that Winder had found in him a useful tool. No one could sniff out conspiracies like Swing… Vimes had always wondered how the man had kept control, but it was maybe because the thugs recognized, in some animal way, a mind which had arrived thuggery by the long route and was capable of devising in the name of reason the kind of atrocities that unreason could only dream of”. 66 Both first name and surname is affected by the nature of the character. This compound is comprised of the verb “to find” – in Czech “najít”, and of the accusative and dative form of the singular pronoun “thee” – in Czech “tebe, tobě”. I used the calque procedure and joined the literal translation to the compound “Najdutě”, which translated into English means “I’ll find ya”. It describes his ability to sniff out conspiracies better than anyone else. I used the transference procedure for the surname for the reason it refers to the Agricultural “Swing” Riots in Hungerford and Kintbury 1830. Findthee Swing implemented a new Weapon Law which lead to increased unrest in the city but Swing didn’t mind, rather on the contrary… he could arrest and torture more people. During the events in 1830, a Captain Swing became a symbol of riots and uprising, but also of fear: “Mystery surrounds the nominal leader of the riots, Captain Swing, whose name is appended to several of the threatening letters sent to

65 “Swing”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. 66 Pratchett, Terry. Night Watch. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. Print. 22 farmers, magistrates, parsons and others. The "Swing letters" were first mentioned by The Times on the 21 October 1830. Captain Swing has never been identified, and many people believe that he never existed, having been created by the workers”. 67 Historian also say: “This was a made-up name designed to spread fear among landowners”68. The thing Findthee Swing spread best among citizens of Ankh- Morpork was fear without any doubts. Another cultural reference, which is important to mention in order to complete the complexity of Swing’s character as a representative of typical Nazi method, is Swing’s invention of craniometry: “He measured people. He used callipers and a steel ruler. And he quietly wrote down the measurements, and did some sums, such as dividing the length of nose by the circumference of the head and multiplying it by the width of the space between the eyes. And on such figures he could, infallibly, tell that you were devious, untrustworthy and congenial criminal”. 69 It was used by Nazi to determine the pure “Aryan” race, which was a process of social segregation similar to one that Findthee practiced by determining character’s guilt, which basically meant a disaster for their life.

Leonard of Quirm – Leonardo z Všeuměl Leonard is a great mind. He is a very skilled man capable of engineering, inventing new things, and painting. He lives under the surveillance of Lord Vetinari in Partician’s palace. “In addition to designing powerful weapons while believing that nobody would be so bad as to use them, Leonard also tends to scribble designs of these weapons on books that he is reading, inadvertently revealing to these bad people that such a thing has been designed and may, in fact, have already been manufactured”. 70This is the reason of his living under the Vetinari’s control – he is afraid of possible consequences that Leonardo’s inventions could have on the city, hence on Vetinari’s reign. Leonard of Quirm is obviously a character representing Leonardo da Vinci – a renaissance artist and inventor among other things. I used the naturalisation procedure for his first name in order to keep the cultural reference to Leonardo da

67 “1830 Agricultural “swing” Riots”. Hungerford Virtual Museum, 30 Jan. 2017, Web. 2017. 68 “Captain Swing”. Nationalarchvies, n.d., Web. 2017. 69 Pratchett, Terry. Night Watch. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. Print. 70 "Leonard Of Quirm". Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., Web. 2017. 23

Vinci. The name Quirm points out that Leonard comes from the Discworld city Quirm. I decided to use procedure of equivalence. My translation “Všeuměl” can be paraphrased to English as somebody who can do everything, which in this case refers to Leonard’s ability of inventing new things in all different scientific fields and artistic spheres.

Foul Ole Ron – Starej Ronald Smradlavec. Foul Ole Ron is a beggar belonging to a group of beggars which even other beggars look down on. He smells incredibly. He smells so much that his smell evolved his own personality, and sometimes leads his independent life attending cultural events such as opera performances or visiting art galleries. In my translation of the first part of his nick name, I used the equivalence procedure to describe character’s distinctive features. The English verb “foul” meaning in Czech “zašpinit”, suggests an image of a shabby person who doesn’t worry about his or her visage. On the bases of description of Ron in the books, I translated the name to point out his distinctive reek. The other part “ole” is translated by the modulation. “Ole” is “humorous and informal US adjective for old”71, translated into Czech as “starý”. I used its Czech familiar version “starej” to keep the informality. The proper name “Ron” is translated by the transference procedure. In my translation, I use its full form “Ronald”.

Mustrum Ridcully – Mustrum Zesměch Ridcully is a wizard who executes the position of Archchancellor at Unseen University. He behaves in a condescending way to his wizard colleagues – he doesn’t listen to their opinions and refuses new ideas, and last but not least, he also doesn’t listen to other’s problems if the explanation takes more than a minute. Despite these flaws he is a very capable man: “He has played a prominent role in preventing many of the larger disasters (usually of a trans-dimensional or magical nature) that threatened the Disc since he became Archchancellor. Although brash

71 “Ole”. Def 1. Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, n.d., Web. 2017 24 and loud and seemingly unable to listen, he is nevertheless capable of extreme erudition and insight, and occasionally displays formidable magical prowess”. 72 I didn’t find any lead to the origin of his first name Mustrum, therefore I used transference procedure. His surname Ridcully, on the other hand, originates in the verb “to ridicule”, which corresponds with his condescending behaviour and constant ridiculing of others. I took these character features in consideration in my translation. I used the modulation procedure – creating the name “Zesměch” by nominalization of the verb “zesměšnit”, which is the English counterpart for “to ridicule”.

Rincewind – Větrověj Rincewind is the first major Discworld character starring since The Colour of Magic. He is a magician, but not particularly a successful one. He has never passed the entrance exams to the Unseen University scoring 2% for correct spelling of his name. “The reason for this incompetence lies within an incident where he opened the Octavo, and one of the great eight spells of the creator jumped out and settled down in his brain. This spell frightened off any other spells which Rincewind tried to learn”.73 Even though he has stored the great spell in his head, it is useless to him owing to the fact he doesn’t know how to use it. This name has no reference to the characteristic attributes of the wizard nor to his physical appearance. “According to Pratchett, he took Rincewind's name from "Churm Rincewind, an imaginary person referred to in early 'Beachcomber' columns from the Daily Express.”74 However, the name is a compound of two words. The first word “Rince” is an informal verb with the meaning “to move quickly (an object)”,75 and the second word “Wind”, which is a noun meaning “vítr” in Czech. For my translation, I used the equivalence and transposition procedure, and I also tried to keep the name a compound. The nominative “vítr” changes its form in Czech genitive into “větru/větro”. I used the meaning of rince “to move quickly” for the Czech

72 “Mustrum Ridcully”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. 73 “Rincewind”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. 74 “Rincewind”. Behind The Name, 30 Mar. 2014. Web. 2017. 75 "Rince". Def 1. Urban Dictionary, n.d., Web. 2017. 25 expression of wind’s movement “vanout”, the imperative of which is “věj”, and combined with “větro”, it creates a compound “Větrověj”.

Ponder Stibbons – Stibbons Hlavička He is another representative of the wizards from the Unseen University being a typical academician with a huge interest in theoretical branches of applied magic, executing the function of The Head of Inadvisably Applied Magic and Project Co-ordinator – the function in which he leads all the research projects at the Unseen University. His colleagues ignore him for most of the time, but “When he gets the full attention of the fellow wizards, he usually completely fails in explaining the topic. Maybe he is unable to verbalise his complex thoughts. On the other hand, this may be because it is rather hard to explain quantum physics to someone with the attention span of a 4-year-old”.76 However, after some time, he become a thinker to whom other wizards turn “as one” whenever something they don’t understand shows up. He is a character with a cultural reference, this time to Sir Isaac Newton. It proves his quote from Lords and Ladies: “Rocks! Why am I messing around with lumps of stone? When did they ever tell anyone anything? You know, sir, sometimes I think there's a great ocean of truth out there and I'm just sitting on the beach playing with...with stones”, 77 which points to Newton’s quote: “I don’t know what I may seem to the world, but as to myself, I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay undiscovered all before me”.78 In my translation of “Ponder Stibbons”, I applied the transference procedure for his surname “Stibbons”, and used it as his first name. For translating the word “ponder” defined as “Think about (something) carefully, especially before making a decision or reaching a conclusion”79, I used the equivalence and modulation procedure. One of the equivalents for Czech “hlava” is “mysl, myšlení, rozum,

76 “Ponder Stibborns”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. 77 Pratchett, Terry. Lords And Ladies. 1st ed., Corgi, 1993 78 " Footprints of the Lion". Lib.Cam.Ac.Uk, n.d., Web. 2017. 79 “Ponder”. Def 1. Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, n.d., Web. 2017. 26 intelekt”.80 The diminutive “hlavička” suggests how bright and intelligent “Ponder Stibbons” is.

Cheery Littlebottom – Prcka Třešínková Cheery is the first female dwarf to work for the Watch. She joined the Watch after an accident in the Alchemist guild where she inadvertently blew up the entire leadership of the guild. Anyway, she experiences good times in the Watch managing to have been promoted Sergeant. She may be the first representative of a dwarf’s feminist as she is the first dwarf who has ever worn high-heeled shoes. Moreover, she introduced pronouns “he” and “she” to the dwarf culture but dwarves seem not to like her very much as they often call her “Sh’rt’azs” … The word “Cheery” doesn’t mean anything, but when it is pronounced in the way Cherry Littlebottom does herself – “Cheri”, which is homonym to a “cherry”, it allowed me to use the expression for creating her surname “Třešínková” by the modulation and transposition procedure. Czech counterpart to “cherry” is “třešeň”, the diminutive of which is “třešínka”. Adding suffix “-ová” creates Czech female surname. The first name in my translation is realized by the modulation procedure from her surname in English. One of the Czech meanings of “bottom” is “zadek” the synonym of which is “prcina”.81 I translated this name by making it diminutive, which Pratchett did by adding “little” to the “bottom”. My translation “Prcka” is intended to suggest that the character is small but also a little bit brash.

Senior Wrangler – Starší Hašteřivec Senior Wrangler is the title of a magician at the Unseen University. As far as we know, there is only one person entitled “Senior Wrangler” who is also called just by this title. We don’t know what he, according to his name, usually does“. However, we know he eats several large meals a day, and he likes avoiding the students as well as the rest of the faculty does. The title may be a reference to disputation of theses and judging of oral exams. The title may as well refer to his wrangling of some creatures that could be more dangerous than horses. Since no

80 “Hlava” Def. 3. Slovník Českých Synonym. n.d., Lingea S.R.O. Nechybujte.Cz, Web. 2017, 81 “Prcina” Def. 1. Slovník Českých Synonym. n.d., Lingea S.R.O. Nechybujte.Cz, Web. 2017. 27 one on the faculty does much to justify their title, we just don't know.82 Moreover, he reminds a horse owing to his long-shaped face. I used the calque process for translating this “name”. “Wrangler” can be translated to Czech among other things as “hašteřivec”, which is a reference to his debates over theses and judging of the oral exams.

Senior Wrangler – Starší Kovboj This is another possibility for the translation of the “name” also by the calque. The meaning of “wrankler” is also “kovboj” in Czech, and since he is “Senior Wrangeler”, it points out the fact that he handles creatures even more dangerous than horses.

Tiffany Aching – Tifanka Bolících Tiffany is a young girl but not just an ordinary one – she’s a witch apprentice from a region called “The Chalk”. She is rather serious and very mature for her age – in the beginning of her story line, she’s only nine. She possesses the power of second, third and sometimes fourth thoughts, which is an ability of careful watching things and thorough thinking. The first name “Tiffany” is translated by the naturalisation and modulation procedure. It is not common to have double “f” in Czech names, therefore I left only one “f” in the name. I also added ending “-ka” to the name, which creates a diminutive that suggests that the girl is not a mature person but only a child. The name of Tiffany’s house – “Aching” is translated by the modulation and naturalisation procedure. The literal translation of “to ache” into Czech is “bolet”, I used its genitive form for creating the surname.

Miss Perspicacia Tick – Mis Perspicacia Tyčná Miss Tick is a witch living in the lowlands. She makes her living by doing medicine and misfortune-telling. From time to time, she is a teacher. Miss Tick does not look like an ordinary witch on purpose, because letting people know, especially

82 “Senior Wrangler”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. 28 the uneducated ones, that you are a witch, can be sometimes dangerous. She searches in the regions that don’t accept witches for girls who have the potential to become one. A person with the predispositions to be a witch, but without the opportunity to develop the abilities can be unhappy, even dangerous.”83 She is the one who found Tiffany and recognised a young witch in her. She told her some basic information about witchcraft, and recommended her to go studying a school for witches. I decided to use the transference procedure for her first name “Perspicacia”. The name comes from Spanish language meaning in English “insight, acumen”, which certainly are her main virtues, but I believe that the wit of this name is in something different. Her first name is predominantly omitted, therefore there is only the address “miss” and her surname “tick” left. It is a play on words - these two words, when read or spoken together, sound like “mystic”, characterized also as “involving or characterized by esoteric, otherworldly, or symbolic practices or content, as certain religious ceremonies and art; spiritually significant; ethereal”84, which clearly conveys witch’s characteristics. I used the equivalence procedure to keep the play on words and also not to distance much from its meaning, therefore I derived the name from Czech word “mystický” which I divided into two units. The first unit “Mis” serves as a character’s first name on the contrary to English “miss” which is an address of a lady. The surname “Tyčná” is derived from “tický” by altering it to a made up female surname. When the two units “Mis” and “Tyčná” are spoken as a whole name, they sound as “mystičná”, which is intended to suggest the Czech reader character’s eerie and mystical impression. I also swapped the “I” and “Y” (“mys” to “mis” and “tičná” to”tyčná”) so that the play on words wouldn’t be that obvious to the reader at first sight.

83 “Perspicacia Tick”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. 84 “Mystic”. Def. 1 n.d., Dictionary.com, Web. 2017

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Fairyland – Divotvorná říše

The Fairyland is a very peculiar place ruled by the Queen of Elves. It is the world of Elves and if the Queen allows, it is also the world of other magical creatures. It is a land where nothing grows, there is no sunshine, and it is full of chill and snow in the presence of the Queen. Everything seems blurred, shapeless and unreal. It is almost impossible for ordinary people to enter the realm, but witches and pictsies can spot special locations serving as the entrance. Nac Mac Feegle were once in Queens services, but they escaped from her cruel reign and hostile world, therefore they are now helping anybody who fights the Queen. Nevertheless, it is incredibly dangerous to stay in the Fairyland even with the help of pictsies because the Queen controls the events in her realm through visitor’s dreams.”85

The English name “Fairyland” has Czech counterpart “pohádková říše”, however, I decided to use the equivalence procedure for my translation. “Pohádka” is defined as “a narration about made up characters and events, in which work magical, supernatural powers”86, which is not exactly accurate or complete description fitting the Pratchett’s “Fairyland”.

On the other hand, my suggestion of the Czech expression “divotvorný” described as “making marvels; miraculous, magic, magical”87, presents the Pratchett’s “Fairyland” in a more accurate way since it is very lively, full of dangerous magical dreams controlled by the Queen, creatures defending the realm, and unexpected changes of events.

I kept the expression “říše” from the phrase “pohádková říše” to maintain the reference to the fact that this world is a realm that belongs to the Queen.

85 "Fairyland". Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., Web. 2017, https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Fairyland. 86 “Pohádka”. Def. 1. Slovník spisovného jazyka českého. Ústav pro jazyk český, n.d., Web. 2017. (Trans. by S.Ch.) 87 Ibid 30

Nac Mac Feegle – Neg Meg Flignové Nac Mac Feegle are a nation of red-haired picties (similar creatures to pixies) speaking a strong Scottish dialect. Their strange look is emphasised by a lot of blue tattoos. They come from Fairyland from which they escaped because of the cruel-ruling Queen. They live in big warrior clans secretly hiding in burial mounds, and are ruled by “Kelda”, their expression for a Queen. Stealing, drinking and fighting are their daily bread, therefore they are generally considered to be very annoying creatures. Their cooperation during battles is remarkable as well as their original ways of defeating enemies. They seem to be prepared to fight at any time. The first and second proper name of the nation was translated by the transcription procedure. The third name “Feegle” was translated by the process of equivalence. In English, the name has no reference to any characteristics of picties, it is only an American surname.88 The translation is derived from the dialectal Czech word “fligna”, the synonym of colloquial expression “finta” with the meaning of “klamavý pohyb, klamavá akce, lest”.89 The naturalisation procedure is applied to the ending “-na” in the word “fligna” to create a Czech name for a house by changing it into the plural suffix “-ové”. My translation suggests the clever nature of Nac Mac Feegle, their ability to use tricks and smart ideas to achieve victories in their battles, and success in cooperative stealing.

Rob Anybody – Lou Pežník Rob Anybody is the strongest and bravest of all the pictsies even though he’s afraid of lawyers and words in general. He is an owner of a rare sword which glows blue whenever there is a lawyer in its close presence. It is an obvious cross reference to Tolkien’s “Lord of the Rings”, namely to the sword “Sting” in Frodo’s possession which also glows blue in presence of orcs. For translating this name, I applied the equivalence procedure. It is another play on words created by Pratchett using ambiguity of the word “rob”, which can mean either an abbreviation of name “Robin” or imperative of a verb “to rob”, pointing out pictsie’s behaviour, that is, the character’s ability to rob anybody. In my translation, I try to keep the principle of the name based on stealing, and on

88 "Feegle Surname Meaning, Origins & Distribution". Forebears.Io, n.d., Web. 2017. 89 “Finta”. Def. 1. Slovník spisovného jazyka českého. Ústav pro jazyk český, n.d., Web. 2017 31 creating the meaning by joining two words “rob” and “anybody”. I try to achieve it by dividing the Czech expression for “robber” – “loupežník” into two units. “Lou” is an English first name but it doesn’t have any meaning in Czech language, therefore it is meant as a made up proper name as well as the other part of the word “Pežník” serving as a surname.

No’-As-Big-As-Medium-Sized-Jock-But-Bigger-Than-Wee-Jock-Jock Né-Tak-Velké-Jak-Středně-Velké-Maník-Ale-Větší-Než-Pidimaník-Maník. This incredibly long name belongs to a pictsie who is the brother of Rob Anybody. “His name comes from the fact that there is a large amount of feegles called Jock in the Chalk Hill Clan, and thus they need distinguishing from one another.”90 For translating this name, I had to combine several translating procedures – the calque, modulation, and naturalisation. The name is comprised of some colloquial expressions from the Scottish dialect of English, therefore I used colloquial endings e.g. “velké” instead of proper form “velký”, and the Czech slang speech e.g. “maník”. “No’” means in Scottish “not”91, thus I used colloquial language for the assimilation “Né-Tak-Velké-Jak”, and therefore the procedure of naturalisation and modulation was applied. The calque procedure was used for all the adverbs and conjunctions. “Jock” is “variant of the masc. proper name Jack, the by-form of John (…) a common appellative of lads and servants”.92 This expression, which doesn’t have synonym in Czech language, was translated by the equivalence procedure. I decided to use a slang general address for any man – “maník” The last remaining word for translating is the adjective “wee”, the Czech counterpart of which is “nepatrný”, its synonym is “malinký”. It was translated by the process of equivalence. I worked with prefix “-pidi” defined as “a prefix for

90 "No-As-Big-As-Medium-Jock-But-Bigger-Than-Wee-Jock-Jock". Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., Web. 2017. 91 “No”. Def 2. Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, n.d., Web. 2017. 92 “Jock”. Harper, Douglas. Online etymology dictionary. 2001. Web. 2017. 32 marking something really small”93 joined to “maník”, which is a description of a very small person.

Daft Wullie – Hloupoň Vulémek Daft Wullie is a member of the Chalk Hill Clan of pictsies, and as his name suggests that he doesn’t belong to the smartest part of his population, but he belongs to the best thieves on Chalk, although “every mission he been in charge of has been a failure. Often making suggestions like "Can we swim there?" after another has said it is too far to walk, he hasn't many good ideas, but is always trying to contribute, and 'show willin.'”94 I applied the modulation and transposition procedure for translating the nick name “Daft, which is colloquial expression for not particularly a clever person, therefore it suits Wullie perfectly. The Czech counterpart for “daft” is either “hloupý” or “pitomý”. I worked with the adjective “hloupý” from which I created a masculine substantive “hlupoň” referring to the character’s features. His first name was translated by the naturalization and modulation procedure. “Wullie” is a misspelled diminutive version of the name “William”. The Czech translation of “William” is “Vilém”, the diminutive of which is “Vilémek”. Changing the letter “i” to “u”, that was a mistake made on purpose in order to imitate the same mistake made in the English version of the name.

William the Gonnagle – Petron Cinkcibuch William is another member of the Chalk Hill Clan who executed the function of the clan’s “Gonnagle”. A Gonnagle is a picties’ expression for a bard who can tell stories and sing songs. The difference between a bard and gonnagle is in reciting poetry – goonagles recite horrendous and terrible poetry. They can also play music which causes pain in ears to everyone else except from the pictsies. “William the Gonnagle” is a pun on a Scottish Poet “William McGonnagal” who “won notoriety as an extremely bad poet who exhibited no recognition of, or concern for, his peers' opinions of his work.”95 The whole name is translated by the

93 "Význam Slova Pidi". Lidovyslovnik.Cz, n.d., Web. 2017. 94 “Daft Wullie”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki.” n.d. Web. 2017. 95 "William Mcgonagall". En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d., Web. 2017. 33 adaptation procedure. “Petr Cincibuch” was a poet from Czechoslovakia belonging to a group of authors called “Pětatřicátníci” who begun to create poetry there in 1970s. Their poetry was accepted by the contemporary totalitarian regime, and it even supported communist ideology.96 These totalitarian authors weren’t respected by banned poets living in exile, and their literature isn’t considered of a high quality in general. That’s the reason for my using one member of the “Pětatřicátníci” group as an adaptation for “William McGonnagal” whose literature isn’t highly valued as well. The first name “Petron” is created by the modulation procedure from the name “Petr”. The same procedure is applied for the surname “Cincibuch” to which I added the letter “K” in order not to use author’s original name as it is done with the English name.

Granny Weatherwax – Babča Rožmberská Granny was probably the most powerful witch of all witches at Discworld. She doesn’t use magic very much, on the other hand, her strongest ability is knowing things that other people don’t know. She represents a typical witch because of her sharp tongue, knowledge of herbs, and generally mean and stubborn character. I translated her first name by the modulation procedure. The Czech equivalent for diminutive “granny” is “babička”. I used its colloquial version “babča” For the surname, the adaptation and transposition procedures were used. In an e-mail, accessible on the internet, Terry Pratchett states that “Weatherwax come from one of the authors of an old law book I found”.97 Therefore I searched for an author of an old Czech law book so as to follow Pratchett’s way of thinking up the name. I found “Rožmberská kniha”, which is an oldest law book written in Czech. The compiling of the book was initiated by “Petr I. z Rožmberka” whose name I used as an adaptation on “Weatherwax”. Since Granny is a female, I altered the epithet part “z Rožmberka” of the author’s name into feminine form in genitive.

96 PEJCHALOVÁ, Lenka. Vliv Skupiny 42 na český literárni underground. Brno, 2013. Diplomová práce (Mgr.). Masarykova Universita, Filosofická fakulta, Ústav české literatury a knihovnictví. 97https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=nl#!msg/alt.books.pratchett/dD_s3uhsT5o/HPd5XFGUr0 34

Edward d’Eath – Eduard m’Rtvý Edward is the oldest son of Lord d’Eath. “Edward had been sent to the Assassins' Guild because they had the best school for those whose social rank was rather higher than their intelligence. “98 He spent a lot of time in Assassin’s library reading history books, which lead to an unfortunate end – he went mad. He got stuck in past seeing the faces from the history. Moreover, he stole a weapon called “gonne”, and committed a few murders under its control. His life was ended by Dr. Cruces. I translated his first name by the naturalisation procedure. The Czech counterpart to “Edward” is “Eduard”. The surname was translated by the calque and transposition. The surname without the apostrophe creates a noun “death”, which is translated into Czech as “smrt’. For my translation, I used its adjective form “mrtvý” adding the apostrophe to the name in the way Pratchett did. The name suggests Eduard’s unfortunate destiny, that is, the loss of his mind and obsession with “gonne” leading to certain death.

Jeremy Clockson – Jeremiáš Časomíra The personification of “Time” and “Wen the Eternally Surprised” had a son, Jeremy, who was left at the doorstep of Clockmaker’s Guild. For his unusual skill in crafting, especially machines, and for his perfect timekeeping, he was approached by a transmogrificated Auditor of Reality, and asked to build a clock which would stop time. Luckily, the History Monks intervened, and repaired the damage caused by stopping of time.99 The first name was translated by the naturalisation procedure – the Czech version of “Jeremy” is “Jeremiáš”. The surname indicating character’s close connection with time, was realized by the equivalence procedure. I based the name on the meaning of “clock”, in Czech “hodiny”, the equivalent of which is “časomíra”.100 The name is very likely to be pun on the name of famous British moderator Jeremy Clarkson, who is also interested in machines, but more in the ones on four

98 Pratchett, Terry. Men At Arms. 1st ed., London, Corgi Books, 2006. Print. 99 “Jeremy Clockson”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki.” n.d. Web. 2017. 100 Pala, Karel, and Jan Vš ianský. Slovník Č eský ch Synonym. 1st ed., Praha, Lidové Noviny, 1996. Print. (p.77). 35 wheels powered by petrol, than in clocks. Despite this reference, I decided to use the connection with time which I consider to be more relevant to the character and his name.

Auditors of Reality – Revizoři skutečnosti “The Auditors of Reality are the eternal watchers of time and space. Appearing as empty grey cloaks, they have no sense of humanity and all that it entails, whether it be humour or even a sense of singularity, which they particularly despise. Auditors think that to live is to die, and to be a specific person is to live, so an Auditor finds itself imploding if it so much as talks about itself in the first person. Auditors always speak of the "we". Auditors always work in groups of at least three, so that each one can be watched by at least two others. Supposedly all Auditors are of the same opinions about everything, but they still need to watch each other because, frankly, the temptation to live is too great.”101 I translated this name by the equivalence and calque procedure. An auditor is a person conducting audit which is described as “An official inspection of an organization's accounts, typically by an independent body.” Their inspection covers only one aspect, though. The word “Auditor” was loaned to Czech language, and it has its equivalent “revizor” defined as “someone authorised to do a revision of something”102, which covers broader range of possible activities fitting the Auditors’ of Reality customs. The word “reality” was realized by the calque procedure. The Czech counterpart of “reality” is “skutečnost”.

101 "Auditors Of Reality". Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., Web.2017, https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Auditors_of_Reality. 102 “Revizor”. Def. 1. Slovník spisovného jazyka českého. Ústav pro jazyk český, n.d., Web. 2017. (Trans. by S.Ch.) 36

Bad Ass – Drsňákov Bad Ass is a small village which is well known for both its interesting name, and for the fact that it is a place where Granny Weatherwax (best witch on Discworld) lives in a cottage at the edge of the village. Moreover, it is a birthplace of the world’s first and only female wizard. It is said the village was named after a particularly stubborn donkey.103 I used the modulation procedure for this name. When the parts of the name “bad” and “ass” are joined together, they create an informal compound “badass” defined: “of formidable strength or skill”104. The Czech translation of this expression is “drsňák” to which I added “-ov” ending to form a Czech name for a village. Even though the village is named after a donkey, my translation “Drsňákov” is intended suggest that some “badass” people come from this place or live there.

Treacle Mine Road – Sirupodolní It is one of the most frequent and famous streets in Ankh-Morpork. The street is dividing the city centre from the interesting, but dangerous district called “Shades”. The street is named after a major industry once ruling this part of the city. My translation is based on the calque, transposition and naturalisation procedure. “Treacle” is translated into Czech as “sirup” and “mine” as “důl”. I joined these two units, and used them in genitive case so that it could create a name corresponding in the way some streets in the Czech lands are called. The translation also keeps the reference to the fact that ones, treacle was actually mined there.

Shades – Stínov It is a district of Ankh-Morpork. Shades are the oldest part of the city, and they are generally considered to be more dangerous than other districts. Moreover, it is advised not to visit this place especially after dark. On the other hand, this part of the city provides entertainment in establishments such as Miss Palm’s famous

103 "Bad Ass". Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., Web. 2017, https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Bad_Ass. 104 "Badass" Def. 2. Merriam Webster Online, Merriam Webster, n.d. 2017. 37 house or Harga’s House of Ribs situated in docks which provide popular dinners.105 If something bad happens to you well, you have been warned. I used the calque, modulation and naturalisation procedure for this name. “Shades” has the Czech counterpart in the word “stíny” which I used for the base of the translation, but in singular form. By adding suffix “-ov” I created a name which indicates that the place is dark, dangerous but also that it can be full of adventures.

105 "Shades". Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., Web. 2017. 38

5 Conclusion This bachelor thesis deals with alternative translation of selected names and proper names from the fantasy book series “Discworld” by Terry Pratchett. I chose the names which I considered to be interesting and intriguing in the point of view of translating. The aim of the thesis was to create alternative versions of the names alongside the ones translated by Jan Kantůrek, and thereby to prove the claim that Pratchett thought up the names with immense imaginativeness, and that the potential for translation hasn’t been depleted yet. The beginning of my thesis is devoted to Sir Terrence Pratchett. I tried to embody significant moments of his life, important people who shaped his character and directed his career. I also searched for different sources of inspiration for his writing. Pratchett’s success is portrayed in the subchapters dealing with received awards, and also with various adaptations of Discworld. The next subchapters introduce the “Discworld” - a magical world which is the setting of Discworld series. Then, Jan Kantůrek is presented with focus on his relationship with Terry Pratchett. Finally, the most important part for the rest of my bachelor thesis, the translation procedures, are listed and explained. In the main part of the thesis, which is the translation itself, I provide a name in English and my version of the translation. Then follows the description of the character which is as complex as possible so that the connection with the character and his or her name could be clear. Pratchett based a lot of the names on character’s behaviour, looks, temper but also some of them are based on cultural references (e.g. events from history), or on an etymological origin. I searched for these connections and respected them in my translations. In the last part of translating a name, I provided the translation procedures I used and explained the steps leading to the final version of the name. The beginnings of translating were rather difficult, therefore I started with the names the translation of which appeared to be easy. It took me several days to establish a system according to which I created my translation and the following explanations. The hardest part of the whole process was to came up with a word or words describing the character best, and which would sound as natural as possible. After having done so, I tried to shape the name in the way similar to the Pratchett’s which was unique every single time. I knew all the translated characters from the

39 books, and owing to the information Pratchett provided about them I could choose which aspect of the character’s qualities I would use for creating the name. Moreover, I began to enjoy working with translation procedures. Using the transference, calque, and naturalisation procedure was easy on balance. The modulation, transposition, and especially the equivalence procedure were more demanding, but most challenging was the adaptation procedure through which I translated most of the cultural references. I had to use combinations of these procedures so as to achieve the best translation. Despite occasional struggling with some of the names, I enjoyed creating the translations, working with such diverse characters, and all the work around it. It was even possible to come up with more than one version of the translation, however, I provide, in my opinion, the most successful one. I found working on the translation very enriching for knowledge of English, and I hope I will have another opportunity to create some other translation in my future.

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6 References 6.1 Literature Hugo, Jan. Slovník Nespisovné češtiny: Argot, Slangy a Obecná Mluva Od Nejstarších Dob Po Současnost: Historie a Původ Slov. 3rd ed. Praha: Maxdorf, 2009. Print. Klein, Ernest. Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language: V. I: A-K. Amsterdam: Elsevier publishing Company, 1966. Print. Klein, Ernest. Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language: V. 2: L-Z. United Kingdom: Elsevier Science, 1967. Print.

Knittlová, D., Grygová, B. and Zehnalová, J. (2010). Př eklad a př eklá dá ní. 1st ed. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, Filozofická fakulta. Newmark, P. A textbook of translation. 1st ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008. Print. Pala, Karel and Všianský, Jan. Slovník českých Synonym. 2nd ed., Praha, Nakl. Lidove noviny, Jan, 1994. Print. Pejchalová, Lenka. Vliv Skupiny 42 na český literárni underground. Brno, 2013. Diplomová práce (Mgr.). Masarykova Universita, Filosofická fakulta, Ústav české literatury a knihovnictví. (Online) Pratchett, Terry and Neil Gaiman. Good Omens. 1st ed., London, Gollancz, 2007. Print. Pratchett, Terry. Guards! Guards! London, Corgi Adult, 1 Nov. 1990. Print. Pratchett, Terry. Lords And Ladies. 1st ed., Corgi, 1993. Print. Pratchett, Terry. Men At Arms. 1st ed., London, Corgi Books, 2006. Print. Pratchett, Terry. Night Watch. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. Print.

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6.2 Web Sources “A Short Biography of Colin Smythe”. Webcitation.Org, n.d., Web. 2017. < http://www.webcitation.org/69nKImVLI > “Alice Band”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki.” n.d. Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Alice_Band >

“Auditors Of Reality”. Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., Web.2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Auditors_of_Reality >

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“Captain Swing”. Nationalarchvies, n.d., Web. 2017. < http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/politics/g5/ >

“Cuddy”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Cuddy >

Červenková, Adéla. “Jan Kantůrek”. Discworld.Cz, 2006, Web. 2017. < http://www.discworld.cz/zemeplocha/jan_kanturek/ >

“Daft Wullie”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki.” n.d. Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Daft_Wullie >

“Detritus”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki.” n.d. Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Detritus >

“Discworld”. En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d., Web. 25 Mar. 2017. < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discworld#cite_note-1 >

“Discworld (World)”. Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Discworld_(world) >

Dictionary.com, Web. 2017. < http://www.dictionary.com/browse/vim >

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Furness, Hannah. “Sir Terry Pratchett Dies, Aged 66: The Tributes As They Happened”. 12 Mar. 2015. Telegraph.Co.Uk, Web.2017. < http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11467688/Sir-Terry- Pratchett-dies-aged-66.html>

Harper, Douglas. Online etymology dictionary. 2001. Web. 2017. < http://www.etymonline.com >

“Jan Kantůrek”. Cs.Wikipedia.Org, n.d., Web. 25 Mar. 2017. < https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kant%C5%AFrek >

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“Jeremy Clockson”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki.” n.d. Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Jeremy_Clockson >

Lidovyslovnik.Cz, n.d., Web. 2017. < http://lidovyslovnik.cz > “Leonard Of Quirm”. Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Leonard_of_Quirm >

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Moria, Petty. “Terry Pratchett: 'I Had A Stroke - And I Didn't Even Notice”. Mail Online, 5 Nov. Web. 2017. < http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-490576/Terry-Pratchett-I- stroke--I-didnt-notice.html>

“Mustrum Ridcully”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Ridcully >

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Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press, n.d., Web. 2017. < https://en.oxforddictionaries.com >

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“Perspicacia Tick”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Perspicacia_Tick >

“Ponder”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Ponder_Stibbons >

“Rincewind”. Behind The Name, 30 Mar. 2014. Web. 2017. < http://www.behindthename.com/name/rincewind/submitted >

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Sawer, Patrick. “Sir Terry Pratchett's Schoolboy Inspiration Revealed”.15 Mar. 2015. Telegraph.Co.Uk, 2017. < http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/11472408/Sir-Terry-Pratchetts- schoolboy-inspiration-revealed.html#disqus_thread > Sawer, Patrick. “The Teacher Who Inspired Terry Pratchett”. 8 Jun. 2015. Telegraph Web. 2017. < http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/11651236/The- teacher-who-inspired-Terry-Pratchett.html >

“Senior Wrangler”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Senior_Wrangler >

“Shades”. Wiki.Lspace.Org, n.d., Web. 2017 < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/The_Shades > “Sir Terry Pratchett Suicide Film Prompts 'Bias' Claims - BBC News”. 14 Jun. 2011. BBC News, Web. 2017. < http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-13767216 >

Slovník Českých Synonym. n.d., Lingea S.R.O. Nechybujte.Cz, Web. 2017. < http://www.nechybujte.cz >

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“Swing”. Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki. n.d., Web. 2017. < https://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/Findthee_Swing >

“Terry Pratchett”. En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d. 25. Mar. Web. 2017. < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Pratchett#cite_note-whoswho-1 >

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“Terry Pratchett: I'm Slipping Away A Bit At A Time... And All I Can Do Is Watch It Happen”. 7 Oct. 2011. Mail Online,., Web. 2017. < http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1070673/Terry-Pratchett-Im- slipping-away-bit-time--I-watch-happen.html >

“Terry Pratchett”. SPISOVATELE.Cz, n.d, Web. 2017. < http://www.spisovatele.cz/terry-pratchett > “The New Years Honours - United Kingdom” 31 Dec. 2008. Thegazette.Co.Uk, Web. 2017. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58929/supplement/1>

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Weale, Sally. "Life On Planet Pratchett". 8 Nov. 2002. The Guardian Web. 2017. Weber, Bruce. "Terry Pratchett, Novelist, Dies At 66". 12 Mar 2015. Nytimes.Com, Web. 2017. < https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/books/terry-pratchett-popular- fantasy-novelist-dies-at-66.html?ref=obituaries&_r=1> “William Mcgonagall”. En.Wikipedia.Org, n.d., Web. 2017. < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McGonagall >

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