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Texto Completo.Pdf GIOVANNI CHAGAS EGG GERAÇÃO DE MODELOS DIGITAIS DE SUPERFÍCIE COMPOSTOS UTILIZANDO IMAGENS DO SENSOR PRISM/ALOS Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, para a obtenção do título de Magister Scientiae. VIÇOSA MINAS GERAIS – BRASIL 2012 A Meus pais Alfredo e Elza As minhas irmãs Ingredy e Sheila “não sabendo que era impossível, ele foi lá e fez” (Jean Cocteau) ii AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por tudo. A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES pelo auxílio financeiro destinado a essa pesquisa com a concessão de bolsa de estudo e ao Departamento de Engenharia Civil por fornecer os equipamentos e software ArcGIS 9.3 necessários ao desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao Departamento de Engenharia Florestal por disponibilizar a licença de uso do Software STATISTICA 7.0. Ao Instituto de Geociências Aplicadas – IGA pela oportunidade de utilização do Software PCI Geomatica 10.3. Ao professor Joel Gripp Júnior, pela compreensão, paciência e grande apoio fornecido para o desenvolvimento desta dissertação. Ao professor José Marinaldo Gleriani, pela amizade, apoio, sugestões empenhadas no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. A professora Nilcilene das Graças Medeiros pelo apoio, críticas e contribuições que auxiliaram significativamente a conclusão do trabalho. Aos colegas Eduardo Onilio, José Fernando, Túlio e Robert Silva, pelo grande e valioso auxilio, na etapa de levantamento de campo. A todos os meus colegas de Pós-Graduação, dentre eles Afonso, Marcos Ramos, Leonardo, Wiener, Jonas, Antônio Prata, Leila Freitas, Inês Nosoline, Wellington Donizete, Marcos Vinícius, Alice Etiene, André Borges pelos curtos e bons momentos de convívio proporcionados ao longo desta jornada. Aos meus pais Alfredo Resende Egg e Elza Márcia Chagas Egg, pelo apoio, compreensão, carinho, conselhos o que sem sombra de dúvida fizeram com que eu me tornasse a pessoa que sou hoje. As minhas irmãs Ingredy e Sheila, por toda força que me deste durante esse tempo, pois sem elas eu não teria conseguido vencer essa etapa. iii SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................ vii LISTA DE TABELAS ................................................................................................. x RESUMO ................................................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. xiv 1. INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................... 1 2. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................ 3 2.1. Objetivos gerais .............................................................................................. 3 2.2. Objetivos específicos ..................................................................................... 3 3. JUSTIFICATIVA .................................................................................................... 4 4. REVISÃO DE LITERATURA ............................................................................... 5 4.1. Avanços tecnológicos e a importância de produtos cartográficos atualizados5 4.2. Sensores capazes de obter pares estereoscópicos........................................... 6 4.2.1. Sistema SPOT – Sensores HRV, HRVIR e HRG .............................. 6 4.2.2. Plataforma Terra – sensor ASTER ..................................................... 7 4.2.3. Satélite IKONOS – Sensor IKONOS II ............................................. 9 4.2.4. Satélite QUICKBIRD – Sensor QUICKBIRD II ............................. 10 4.2.5. Satélite CBERS – Sensor CCD ........................................................ 10 4.2.6. Satélite ALOS ................................................................................... 11 4.2.6.1. O Sensor PRISM ........................................................................... 13 4.2.7. Satélite GeoEye – Sensor GeoEye-1 ................................................ 18 4.3. Distorções Geométricas em imagens orbitais .............................................. 18 4.3.1. Distorções relacionadas a Terra........................................................ 19 4.3.1.1. Distorções relacionadas à rotação ................................................. 19 4.3.1.2. Distorções relacionadas ao relevo................................................. 19 4.3.1.3. Distorções relacionadas a esfericidade da terra ............................ 21 4.3.2. Distorções relacionadas ao sistema de aquisição ............................. 22 4.4. Fotogrametria ............................................................................................... 24 4.5. Construção de pares epipolares .................................................................... 27 4.6. Modelagem Digital do Relevo ..................................................................... 28 4.6.1. Relação entre MDT, MNT, MDE e MDS ........................................ 28 iv 4.6.2. Construção de um Modelo Digital de Elevação e/ou Superfície ...... 30 4.6.3. Correlação de imagens no processo de geração Automática de Modelos Digitais de Elevação e/ou Superfície ................................................. 30 4.7. Técnicas alternativas de Geração de MDEs e MDSs ................................... 34 4.7.1. Geração de MDEs e/ou MDSs Híbridos .......................................... 35 4.8. Controle de qualidade de produtos cartográficos ......................................... 37 4.8.1. Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica ...................................................... 38 4.8.2. Análises de Tendência e Precisão em produtos cartográficos .......... 41 4.8.2.1. Teste de normalidade dos dados ................................................... 42 4.8.2.2. Análise de Tendência ou Exatidão ................................................ 43 4.8.2.3. Análise de Precisão ....................................................................... 45 4.8.3. Especificações Técnicas para Aquisição de Dados Espaciais Vetoriais 47 4.8.4. Fórmula de Koppe ............................................................................ 49 5. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS ................................................................................. 53 5.1. Área de estudo .............................................................................................. 53 5.2. Materiais utilizados ...................................................................................... 55 5.3. Métodos empregados ................................................................................... 55 5.3.1. Coleta de Dados ................................................................................ 57 5.3.1.1. Definição e identificação dos Pontos de Controle e Checagem em campo 57 5.3.1.2. Levantamento dos Pontos em campo............................................ 58 5.3.1.3. Processamento dos pontos levantados .......................................... 61 5.3.2. Geração do Modelo Digital de Superfície com imagens PRISM ..... 61 5.3.3. Geração das Ortoimagens ................................................................. 68 5.3.4. Avaliação dos Modelos Digitais de Superfície Gerados e Ortoimagens ...................................................................................................... 69 5.3.4.1. Avaliação do MDS empregando Decreto-Lei 89.817/84 ............. 69 5.3.4.2. Avaliação das Ortoimagens ALOS PRISM empregando o Decreto- Lei 89.817/1984 e análises visuais .................................................................. 72 5.3.4.3. Avaliação visual dos MDSs e análise com base na declividade ... 73 5.3.5. Geração e avaliação do MDS Composto .......................................... 75 6. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES ......................................................................... 80 6.1. Avaliação dos MDSs obtidos no Teste 01 ..................................................... 80 6.2. Avaliação dos MDSs obtidos no Teste 02 ..................................................... 83 v 6.3. Avaliação dos MDSs obtidos no Teste 03 ..................................................... 88 6.4. Avaliação dos MDSs obtidos no teste 04 ...................................................... 93 6.5. Geração das Ortoimagens ALOS PRISM empregando o Decreto-Lei 89.817/1984 ........................................................................................................... 96 6.6. Avaliação das Ortoimagens ALOS PRISM empregando o Decreto-Lei 89.817/1984 ........................................................................................................... 96 6.6.1. Análise Visual ......................................................................................... 99 6.7. Análise local dos MDSs ............................................................................... 101 6.7.1. Áreas contendo sombras ....................................................................... 112 6.7.2. Influência da declividade ...................................................................... 113 6.8. Geração e avaliação do MDS Composto ...................................................... 116 7. CONCLUSÕES E RECOMENDAÇÕES ........................................................... 126 8. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ...............................................................
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