Morfología Climática Y Morfogénesis Del Volcán Llullaillaco

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Morfología Climática Y Morfogénesis Del Volcán Llullaillaco MORFOLOGIA CLIMATICA Y MORFOGENESIS DELRevista VOLCAN de Geograf LLULLAILLACOía Norte Grande,… 27: 69-92 (2000)69 Morfolog ía clim ática y morfog énesis del Volc án Llullaillaco (Chile/Argentina) HILMAR SCHR ÖDER Friedrich-Alexander-Universit ät Erlangen-N ürnberg (Alemania) DIETER SCHMIDT Technische Universit ät Dresden (Alemania) Traducci ón1: Alexander Brenning, Erlangen RESUMEN Se determinaron las caracter ísticas esenciales de la morfolog ía clim ática y del desarrollo del relieve del Volc án Llullaillaco a trav és de mediciones clim áticas, la dataci ón de sedimentos y de la roca volc ánica en el piso alto del ambiente periglacial y m ás expuesto a la radiaci ón del planeta, en el Volc án Llullaillaco (6.739 m). Se comprob ó que bajo las condiciones clim áticas de la Puna de Atacama, una edad de 41.000 a ños no es suficiente para iniciar siquiera el m ás d ébil desarrollo de una vertiente rectil ínea dentro de las volcanitas de Llullaillaco I. Las formas de mesorrelieve que claramente predominan, son los fondos anchos de la vertiente noroccidental. Los sedimentos del valle, las formas periglaciales y las corrientes de barro, tienen edades m áximas de 5.600 a ños. Una variaci ón en la humedad entre los 2.500 y 1.600 a ños A.P. fue claramente proba- da. A partir de esta fecha, se puede observar –adem ás de la evoluci ón continua del periglacial – una denudaci ón de vertiente que permite la acumulaci ón de los sedimentos en los valles. ABSTRACT With the help of climatic measurements at the altitude of the Volcano Llullaillaco and the age determination of the sediments and the volcanic rocks it was possible to clarify essential features of the climatic geomorphology and the development of the relief of the highest and the most exposed to radiation of the periglacial of the earth at Mt. Llullaillaco (6,739 m.). It became evident that under the climatic conditions of the Atacama an age of 41,000 years is not sufficient to initiate even the slightest sign of a development of a rectilinear slope within the Llullaillaco I volcanic rocks. The mesorelief forms which clearly dominate the relief are wide bottom hollows at the northwestern slope. The sediments of the valleys, the periglacial forms and the mud flows have a maximum age of 5,600 years. A variation in humidity between 2,500 and 1,600 years B.P. can be clearly proven. After that one can observe –apart from the ongoing genesis of the periglacial – a denudation of the slopes, which leads to an accumulation of the sediments in the valleys. 1. INTRODUCCION mente. Pese a no existir una extensa secuencia de datos clim áticos de la zona, la ubicaci ón del eje de El volcanismo joven del cord ón principal andino máxima aridez es afirmada por la gran mayor ía de tiene como consecuencia que durante el holoceno los autores (v éase Messerli et al. 1992, entre otros). han sido cubiertos o retocados muchos testimonios La gran altitud y la extrema aridez producen con- de las formaciones del relieve glacial y periglacial diciones muy dif íciles para el trabajo en terreno, (v éase el resumen de Garleff y Stingl 1991, Richter de manera que no se han desarrollado hasta ahora y Schr öder 1998). El art ículo presente muestra que, investigaciones sistem áticas del área. En su mayo- a pesar de ello, las condiciones petrogr áficas y ría, los trabajos se restringen a inspecciones de te- climamorfol ógicas permiten deducir acerca de la rreno cortas o a la extrapolaci ón de datos que in- génesis m ás joven del relieve. El eje andino de clu ían la zona s ólo de manera marginal (Garleff y máxima aridez cruza el cord ón principal andino Stingl 1985, Grosjean, Messerli y Schreier 1991, entre los 24 ° y 25 ° de latitud sur, aproximadamen- Richter y Schr öder 1998, Richter 1996). A conti- te, y recibe de acuerdo a Richter (1996) el 50% de nuaci ón, se presentan los primeros conocimientos precipitaciones invernales y estivales, respectiva- sobre la morfolog ía clim ática y morfog énesis del cerro m ás alto en el área del eje de m áxima aridez de la Puna de Atacama –el Volc án Llullaillaco 1 Se agradece la amable colaboraci ón del ge ógrafo Marcelo (6.739 m.) –, derivados del levantamiento carto- Garrido, Instituto de Geograf ía, Pontificia Universidad gr áfico sistem ático de las formas periglaciales Cat ólica de Chile. (Schr öder, 1996). 70 H. SCHR ÖDER, D. SCHMIDT 2. EL AREA DE ESTUDIO más densa a partir de estos datos. Ah í surge el problema principal, ya que todos los datos que no El Volc án Llullaillaco es la elevaci ón m ás im- fueron ingresados directamente, son calculados a ponente en el cord ón principal andino de la Puna partir de medias de otros datos, de manera que la de Atacama del norte de Chile. En el lado chile- interpretaci ón de las formas de relieve m ás pe- no, su cumbre se alza unos 3.800 m. sobre el Sa- que ñas est á restringida. Esto se debe a que las lar de Punta Negra (figura 1), su base local de funciones matem áticas, generalmente, no repre- erosi ón. Este se encuentra a una distancia hori- sentan la forma de la superficie terrestre de ma- zontal de s ólo 36 km. de la cumbre. En los 24 km. nera suficientemente exacta. Por eso, es necesa- de distancia del salar a los piedemontes del rio especificar las incontinuidades del relieve de Llullaillaco, hay un desnivel de 1.000 m. Los antemano en el modelo. Schut (1976) ya se ñal ó piedemontes presentan en su parte m ás estrecha, el gran n úmero de enfoques matem áticos. Todos entre la Quebrada de Las Zorritas y los aflora- los m étodos tienen en com ún que para la mientos de lava, una diferencia de altitud de unos interpolaci ón de un nuevo dato altitudinal, hay que 1.000 m. en una distancia horizontal de 9 km. (fi- encontrar los puntos m ás cercanos. gura 4). Desde ah í, el cono volc ánico propiamen- Para construir el modelo de elevaci ón del Llu- te tal se eleva unos 1.800 m. en una distancia ho- llaillaco se digitalizaron en la escala de 1:50000, rizontal de 3 km., y alcanza los 6.739 m. de alti- las curvas de nivel, puntos en el terreno (formas tud. cóncavas y convexas), la red de drenaje (o sea, la En el lado argentino la estructura morfogr áfica red de los talwegs, ya que casi s ólo hay valles es diferente. All í, la base local de erosi ón, el Sa- secos), pistas y el l ímite entre Chile y Argentina. lar de Llullaillaco, se encuentra a 3.750 m. de al- La tabla 1 muestra las coordenadas de esquina titud y a una distancia de 20 km. (figura 1). Des- del modelo de elevaci ón digital. de ah í, los piedemontes suben m ás de 1.200 m. Se digitalizaron curvas de nivel con 50 m de en unos 17 km. de distancia hasta la lava del equidistancia. El n úmero de puntos es de 20.550. Llullaillaco. Igual que en el lado chileno, el cono El área es de 840 km 2 y tiene como largo y ancho volc ánico se eleva m ás de 1.800 m. en una dis- 28 y 30 km., respectivamente. La extensi ón verti- tancia horizontal de unos 3 km. El área de levan- cal comprende alturas entre los 3.800 y 6.750 m. tamiento cartogr áfico comprende las altitudes en- Se us ó el software AUTOCAD 10, y se convirti ó tre los 4.000 y 6.739 m. en el cono volc ánico y el archivo de vectores de AUTOCAD del formato su entorno. DXF al formato de archivos de vectores de IDRISI. Para generar un archivo r áster, se us ó IDRISI 1.0 para Windows y 1.400 x 1.500 p íxeles. 3. EL MODELO DIGITAL DE ELEVACION Con el m ódulo INTERCON de IDRISI se aplic ó Y RELIEVE el m étodo de triangulaci ón para la interpolaci ón del MDE. Cuando hay partes planas en el terre- El desarrollo de los Sistemas de Informaci ón no, se producen los llamados artefactos, que pu- Geogr áfica (SIG) en los últimos a ños, ha amplia- dieron ser eliminados mediante una doble filtra- do el área de aplicaci ón de los modelos digitales ci ón de mediano. de elevaci ón (MDE) y los modelos digitales de Para la aplicaci ón geomorfol ógica en el levan- relieve derivados de estos. Para la interpretaci ón tamiento cartogr áfico, son de importancia espe- geomorfol ógica es de importancia particular la cialmente los mapas de pendiente derivados de representaci ón en extensi ón de par ámetros del los modelos digitales de terreno (figura 2). relieve como la pendiente, exposici ón, posici ón, disposici ón a la erosi ón y otros (v éase Wieser 1992 Tabla 1 y Linder 1993, entre otros). Para construir un modelo digital de elevaci ón Los v értices del modelo digital de elevaci ón se precisa un conjunto, lo m ás grande posible, de “Llullaillaco ”. (Coordenadas del sistema Gauss-Kr üger.) cotas, representadas como triples de coordenadas (x, y, z), las cuales no necesariamente est án dis- Y X tribuidas de manera regular sobre el área en estu- dio. La calidad de la representaci ón del relieve Noroeste 530.000 7.282.000 depender á de la densidad y representatividad de Nordeste 560.000 7.282.000 puntos extremos (como cumbres, crestas, conca- Sudoeste 530.000 7.254.000 Sudeste 560.000 7.254.000 vidades).
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