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Civil Society in Uncivil Places: Soft State and Regime Change in Nepal
48 About this Issue Recent Series Publications: Policy Studies 48 Policy Studies Policy This monograph analyzes the role of civil Policy Studies 47 society in the massive political mobilization Supporting Peace in Aceh: Development and upheavals of 2006 in Nepal that swept Agencies and International Involvement away King Gyanendra’s direct rule and dra- Patrick Barron, World Bank Indonesia matically altered the structure and character Adam Burke, London University of the Nepali state and politics. Although the opposition had become successful due to a Policy Studies 46 strategic alliance between the seven parlia- Peace Accords in Northeast India: mentary parties and the Maoist rebels, civil Journey over Milestones Places in Uncivil Society Civil society was catapulted into prominence dur- Swarna Rajagopalan, Political Analyst, ing the historic protests as a result of nation- Chennai, India al and international activities in opposition to the king’s government. This process offers Policy Studies 45 new insights into the role of civil society in The Karen Revolution in Burma: Civil Society in the developing world. Diverse Voices, Uncertain Ends By focusing on the momentous events of Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung, University of the nineteen-day general strike from April Massachusetts, Lowell 6–24, 2006, that brought down the 400- Uncivil Places: year-old Nepali royal dynasty, the study high- Policy Studies 44 lights the implications of civil society action Economy of the Conflict Region within the larger political arena involving con- in Sri Lanka: From Embargo to Repression ventional actors such as political parties, trade Soft State and Regime Muttukrishna Sarvananthan, Point Pedro unions, armed rebels, and foreign actors. -
Chapter - Viii
CHAPTER - VIII CONCLUSION There are two major points about a r.evolution. Revolutions, as Stalin said, can not be exported in a suitacase. At the same time,no revolution can grow within a shell. There has to be external contacts while the revolution must be made by the people themselves. For Nepal India has been the most important catalyst. Her sheer size, their mutual geographical accessibility, their cultural similarities, their long historical contacts and economic interdependence have bound the two countries together. But there was one political difference. Whereas India was colonised by the British for nearly two centuries, Nepal was not a colony as such. India, in the British days, was dtvided into two parts. (I) British India under the sovereign authority of the British Government and (II) Native India under the paramountcy of the British Government and consisting of 562 states of different sizes and powers. The British regarded Nepal, loosely, as a part of their "Indian Empire". But Nepal actually was more than a princely state. It was a vassal state. Indian influence over Nepal covered a very wide area including economy, culture and politics. Nepal got one of the most reactionary feudal governments of the world under 218 the blessings of the British empire. on the other hand, the Indian renaissance had its delayed but sure impact on the Nepalese society. The year of Anglo-Gorkha war was also the year when Raja Rammohan Roy settled in Calcutta. The Nepalese were shocked by the defeat in the war. The revival was sought not through the enlightenment of the Bengal Renainsance but through the folk tradition of the Ramayana. -
A Study on Nepali Modernity in the First Half of Twentieth Century A
Pathak 1 Tribhuvan University Modernist Imagination in Nepal: A Study on Nepali Modernity in the First Half of Deepak Kumar Deepak Pathak 2017 Twentieth Century A thesis submitted to the Central Department of English for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Philosophy in English odernity in theCentury First in odernity Half – Twentieth of By Deepak Kumar Pathak Central Department of English Kirtipur, Kathmandu April 2017 Modernist Imagination in Nepal: Nepali A Study on M Pathak 2 Tribhuvan University Central Department of English Letter of Recommendation This is to certify that Mr. Deepak Kumar Pathak has completed this thesis entitled "Modernist Imagination in Nepal: A Study on Nepali Modernity in the First Half of 20th Century" under my supervision. He has prepared this thesis for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master of Philosophy in Arts (English) from Tribhuvan University. I recommend this for viva voce. ____________________ Dr. Abhi Narayan Subedi, Professor Central Department of English Tribhuvan University Kathmandu, Nepal Pathak 3 Tribhuvan University Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Letter of Approval This thesis titled "Modernist Imagination in Nepal: A Study on Nepali Modernity in the First Half of Twentieth Century" submitted to the Central Department of English, Tribhuvan University, Mr. Deepak Kumar Pathak has been approved by undersigned members of the research committee. Members of Research Committee: Internal Examiner ____________________ Dr. Abhi Narayan Subedi, Professor External Examiner ____________________ Dr. Ananda Sharma, Professor Head of Department Central Department of English, TU ____________________ Dr. Ammaraj Joshi, Professor Pathak 4 Acknowledgements I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my Guru and supervisor Professor Dr. -
Language Politics and State Policy in Nepal: a Newar Perspective
Language Politics and State Policy in Nepal: A Newar Perspective A Dissertation Submitted to the University of Tsukuba In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Public Policy Suwarn VAJRACHARYA 2014 To my mother, who taught me the value in a mother tongue and my father, who shared the virtue of empathy. ii Map-1: Original Nepal (Constituted of 12 districts) and Present Nepal iii Map-2: Nepal Mandala (Original Nepal demarcated by Mandalas) iv Map-3: Gorkha Nepal Expansion (1795-1816) v Map-4: Present Nepal by Ecological Zones (Mountain, Hill and Tarai zones) vi Map-5: Nepal by Language Families vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents viii List of Maps and Tables xiv Acknowledgements xv Acronyms and Abbreviations xix INTRODUCTION Research Objectives 1 Research Background 2 Research Questions 5 Research Methodology 5 Significance of the Study 6 Organization of Study 7 PART I NATIONALISM AND LANGUAGE POLITICS: VICTIMS OF HISTORY 10 CHAPTER ONE NEPAL: A REFLECTION OF UNITY IN DIVERSITY 1.1. Topography: A Unique Variety 11 1.2. Cultural Pluralism 13 1.3. Religiousness of People and the State 16 1.4. Linguistic Reality, ‘Official’ and ‘National’ Languages 17 CHAPTER TWO THE NEWAR: AN ACCOUNT OF AUTHORS & VICTIMS OF THEIR HISTORY 2.1. The Newar as Authors of their history 24 2.1.1. Definition of Nepal and Newar 25 2.1.2. Nepal Mandala and Nepal 27 Territory of Nepal Mandala 28 viii 2.1.3. The Newar as a Nation: Conglomeration of Diverse People 29 2.1.4. -
Cultural Capital and Entrepreneurship in Nepal: the Readymade Garment Industry As a Case Study
Cultural Capital and Entrepreneurship in Nepal: The Readymade Garment Industry as a Case Study Mallika Shakya Development Studies Institute (DESTIN) February 2008 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by the University of London UMI Number: U613401 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U613401 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 O^lJbraryofPeMic. find Economic Science Abstract This thesis is an ethnographic account of the modem readymade garment industry in Nepal which is at the forefront of Nepal’s modernisation and entry into the global trade system. This industry was established in Nepal in 1974 when the United States imposed country-specific quotas on more advanced countries and flourished with Nepal’s embrace of economic liberalisation in the 1990s. Post 2000 however, it faced two severe crises: the looming 2004 expiration of the US quota regime which would end the preferential treatment of Nepalese garments in international trade; and the local Maoist insurgency imposed serious labour and supply chain hurdles to its operations. -
The Biography of a Magar Communist Anne De Sales
The Biography of a Magar Communist Anne de Sales To cite this version: Anne de Sales. The Biography of a Magar Communist. David Gellner. Varieties of Activist Ex- periences in South Asia, Sage, pp.18-45, 2010, Governance, Conflict, and Civic Action Series. hal- 00794601 HAL Id: hal-00794601 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00794601 Submitted on 10 Mar 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chapter 2 The Biography of a Magar Communist Anne de Sales Let us begin with the end of the story: Barman Budha Magar was elected a Member of Parliament in 1991, one year after the People’s Movement (jan andolan) that put an end to thirty years of the Partyless Panchayat ‘democracy’ in Nepal. He had stood for the Samyukta Jana Morcha or United People’s Front (UPF), the political wing of the revolutionary faction of the Communist Party of Nepal, or CPN (Unity Centre).1 To the surprise of the nation, the UPF won 9 seats and the status of third-largest party with more than 3 per cent of the national vote. However, following the directives of his party,2 Barman, despite being an MP, soon went underground until he retired from political life at the time of the People’s War in 1996. -
Approaching the Cross Road
1 1 1 1 1 1 CHAPTER -V 1 1 PRELUDE TO THE NEPALESE REVOLUTION 1 Approaching the Cross Road 1 1 1 The 1944 Annual Report on Nepal takes satisfaction from 1 the fact that there was no sign of an anti-Rana movement by 1 the end of 1944. 1 In 1944 the Government of Nepal 1 celebrated, in Kathmandu, "with illumination of public 1 1 building and holidays for, licensed gambling as a gesture of 1 popular rejoicing" the allied success in Africa and the 1 defeat of Italians. 2 1 1 1 The atmosphere was so relaxed that the Nepal Annual 1 Report of 1944 also reported "the sensational breach of 1 precedent in the incognito visit of the King of Nepal to 1 India". For the first time since 1846, on November 20, 1 1944, the king crossed the frontier of his country. The King 1 1 visited Puri, Lucknow, Agra, Delhi and Calcutta by 1 arrangement between the British Government of India and the 1 Maharaja of Nepal. 1 1 In 1945 the Nepal Annual Report said that nothing was 1 1 1. Nepal Annual Report 1944, India Office Library, 1 London, NEG 9436. 1 2. Shah Rishikesh, Modern Nepal, Vol. II P.l47. 1 1 1 109 1 heard of t.he anti-Rana movement. When World War II was over, on J'u-ly 31 and on August 20, 1945, Maharana Juddha Shumsher wrote two letters to Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, congratulating him on the allied victory. Churchill, apparently, received the letters after losing office through the general election of 1945. -
'Objectionable Contents': the Policing of the Nepali Print Media During The
58 EBHR-41 ‘Objectionable Contents’: The policing of the Nepali print media during the 1950s Lokranjan Parajuli After the movement of 1950-51, the Nepali print media sector experienced significant growth. With the publication of the Jagaran weekly and Aawaj daily, both from the private sector, in 1951, the Nepali press also emerged from the state’s direct purview. This article assesses the status of press freedom during this decade of media growth, i.e., between 1950 and 1960. By studying actions taken by the state agencies (mostly the Kathmandu Magistrate’s Office) against various newspapers, it seeks to answer the following questions: First, under what legal regime did newspapers function during this decade? Second, to what extent did newspapers enjoy the freedom of press enshrined in the Interim Constitution? Finally, what were considered to be ‘objectionable contents’ during this decade? By answering these questions, I show that the freedom enjoyed by the press was gradually curtailed through legal amendments, resulting in an increase in the number of actions taken against various newspapers. I also argue that the state agencies were particularly sensitive in regard to three institutions or agencies: the Shah monarch and his family; prime ministers and their governments; and foreign embassies and individuals. The likelihood of state action against newspapers increased when negative content was published in relation to any of these figures or institutions (cf. Hutt 2006). In the first section of this article, the constitutional-legal arrangements that governed the press and publication sector during the period 1950-1960 are examined. This is undertaken in order to show the gradual shrinking of the freedom gained in 1951. -
Flood of 1954
Flood of 1954: The beginning of a developmental state Sharad Ghimire Graduate Student of Global Environmental Policy, School of International Service, American University, Washington, DC, USA Editors Hari Dhungana-Coordinator Fraser Sugden Copy-editing Gyanu Maskey Layout and Design Manjari Graphics ©Southasia Institute of Advanced Studies E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sias-southasia.org NEW Nepal Journal of Published by Social Science and Nepal Policy Research Network ANGLE Public Policy Available at www.nepalpolicynet.com December 2014, Vol. 3(1), pp. 5-48 FLOOD OF 1954: THE BEGINNING OF A DEVELOPMENTAL STATE Sharad Ghimire* ABSTRACT Development projects evolve with reference to particular framings of the need and imperatives of a developing country. Once development projects get legitimated in this way, the aid agencies deepen their presence to move in a direction of their choice. This is evident from an examination of the 1954 flood in Nepal which devastated a significant part of the hills and Tarai in the eastern, central and western areas. This paper looks into the disaster caused by that flood; into how the government of Nepal, the civil society and donors responded to it; and into the way the crisis stirred conflict and contestation among political parties within and outside the government. This paper is based primarily on the review of newspaper coverage around the flood, the political processes and the inauguration of development project in Nepal in the 1950s. It shows the extraordinary power of how the crisis caused by flood stirs up political contestation and helps legitimise actions of one or the other actor, including the donors. -
Social Exclusion and Social Change: Access To, and Influence Of, Community-Based Collective Action Programs in Nepal
SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND SOCIAL CHANGE: ACCESS TO, AND INFLUENCE OF, COMMUNITY-BASED COLLECTIVE ACTION PROGRAMS IN NEPAL by Meeta Sainju Pradhan A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor William G. Axinn, Chair Professor Thomas E. Fricke Assistant Professor Sarah Burgard Associate Research Scientist Dirgha J. Ghimire © Meeta Sainju Pradhan All rights reserved 2011 DEDICATION For Pratik, Prabir and Priya As you move ahead in life please keep in mind those who you do not see…..… look for them in the corner of your hearts and mind. and For all those who work towards a world of equality and justice. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Coming back to graduate school after over a decade of working in the field has been a journey of new learning – about my chosen area of work and about my own self. This journey has been possible due to the tremendous support of a wonderful group of people, all over the world. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge and express my sincere gratitude to them. Professor William Axinn has been a steady influence in my life, ultimately succeeding in convincing me to return to graduate studies and extending all the support possible. His patience, guidance and encouragement, as a friend and a mentor, have been very valuable. I appreciation his continuing research interest in Nepal and particularly his support in building capacity for state-of-the-art social science research in the country. Professor Arland Thornton and Professor Sarah Burgard have always patiently and carefully read my work, giving serious attention to all the finer details and providing me with valuable feedback as I formulated and refined my work. -
An Intellectual in the Corridors of Power 207
An Intellectual in the Corridors of Power 207 AN INTELLECTUAL IN THE CORRIDORS OF POWER n Jaya Raj Acharya Introduction A reviewer of my book Yadu Nath Khanal: Jivani ra Vichar (Yadu Nath Khanal: Life and Thoughts) wrote: “Prithvi Narayan Shah unified Nepal, Bhanubhakta Acharya standardised Nepali language and Yadu Nath Khanal intellectualised Nepal’s foreign policy”. Indeed Professor Yadu Nath Khanal made outstanding contributions in explaining Nepal’s foreign policy to the international community in modern terminology. His thoughts on Nepal, Nepali literature and Nepal’s foreign policy are compiled in a book Nepal’s Non-Isolationist Foreign Policy (Kathmandu: Satyal Prakashan, 2000) that has 100 articles divided into five sections. Professor Khanal was a scholar, literary critic and successful practitioner as well as a thinker of Nepal’s foreign policy. But above all, he was an intellectual par excellence. I will begin this biographical sketch of Professor Khanal with his birth and academic career and conclude it with an extract from Professor Kamal P. Malla (1936-2018), himself a great scholar, who described Professor Khanal as “an intellectual in the corridors of power”. Life and Career Born in 1913 in a middle-class family in a village called Manung in Tanahu district, Yadu Nath Khanal was the youngest of the three sons of Naranath Khanal and Tara Devi Khanal (né Acharya). He got his primary education in Sanskrit from his father at home. At age 12, he went to Kathmandu for further education at Sanskrit High School at Ranipokhari. When he went back home during the winter vacation of 1926, his parents got 13-year-old Yadu Nath married to nine-year-old Kamala (1922-1990) as per the orthodox tradition of the upper caste Hindu society in the villages of Nepal.1 Even then, young 1 Professor Khanal is survived by his three children: VijayaGyawali married to Kumar Gyawali, who was also a career diplomat (Foreign Secretary and Ambassador), Shubha Baskota married to Dr. -
U Ljogrim11c DATA Siiel-7 Tff.AA4R);KASIRA'h(9 '*It 2 O.TITLE APO 5U3trtle (40) Local Institutions and Peoplet's Partii1patioqn in Rurit Puhlic Worka in Nepal
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