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Social Exclusion and Social Change: Access To, and Influence Of, Community-Based Collective Action Programs in Nepal

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Social Exclusion and Social Change: Access To, and Influence Of, Community-Based Collective Action Programs in Nepal SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND SOCIAL CHANGE: ACCESS TO, AND INFLUENCE OF, COMMUNITY-BASED COLLECTIVE ACTION PROGRAMS IN NEPAL by Meeta Sainju Pradhan A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor William G. Axinn, Chair Professor Thomas E. Fricke Assistant Professor Sarah Burgard Associate Research Scientist Dirgha J. Ghimire © Meeta Sainju Pradhan All rights reserved 2011 DEDICATION For Pratik, Prabir and Priya As you move ahead in life please keep in mind those who you do not see…..… look for them in the corner of your hearts and mind. and For all those who work towards a world of equality and justice. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Coming back to graduate school after over a decade of working in the field has been a journey of new learning – about my chosen area of work and about my own self. This journey has been possible due to the tremendous support of a wonderful group of people, all over the world. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge and express my sincere gratitude to them. Professor William Axinn has been a steady influence in my life, ultimately succeeding in convincing me to return to graduate studies and extending all the support possible. His patience, guidance and encouragement, as a friend and a mentor, have been very valuable. I appreciation his continuing research interest in Nepal and particularly his support in building capacity for state-of-the-art social science research in the country. Professor Arland Thornton and Professor Sarah Burgard have always patiently and carefully read my work, giving serious attention to all the finer details and providing me with valuable feedback as I formulated and refined my work. Professor Thomas Fricke has also continually encouraged me and supported my work. Many people in the Population Studies Program provided much support during the time of my graduate studies. Colter Mitchell patiently answered all my questions related to statistical analysis and Yasamin Kusunoki provided tremendous guidance with programming my data. Further programming assistance were provided by Cathy Sun and Dan Thompson. Jana Deatrick, Judy Baughn, Heather MacFarland and Linda Young- DeMarco provided much needed moral support throughout the years. I especially iii cherish the opportunity to have met and befriended Nathalie E. Williams. Her friendship, patience and encouragement have been a great source of support, and her deep commitment has been very motivational for me. Dr. Dirgha Ghimire has been a true guru, sharing his time, patiently helping me with my work, teaching me about the context of the study area, and encouraging me all the way. I admire his long commitment and leadership of the Institute for Social and Environmental Research – Nepal, and his support to the staff there which has enabled them to conduct excellent work over all these years. Along with him and Dr. Prem Bhandari, I hope that the many discussions we have had will help me to make more meaningful contributions in the days ahead. The people of Western Chitwan Valley deserve my heartfelt gratitude for allowing us to share their lives and experiences, unconditionally, which in turn has made tremendous contributions to a better understanding of the forces and factors that have influenced their lives. This knowledge will hopefully be used well to improve the lives of people there and elsewhere in the world. My mother-in-law, Kamala Pradhan, extended tremendous support as she adjusted her life in the last six years to my needs. My brother Manish Sainju, my sister- in-law Neela Shrestha, and my brother-in-law Prayog Pradhan, along with their entire families were a steady source of encouragement and strength. My deepest appreciation also goes to Janak, Biju and Jyopsima Rai whose home became a maiti away from Nepal especially in the later years. iv My parents, Madhuri and Mohan Sainju, have been the champions in my life, always believing in me more than I did myself. Their love, support, encouragement and confidence in me have had a huge role in shaping my educational and professional life. To my husband Pratik, my son Prabir and my daughter Priya, I dedicate this work. Without your love, your support, and your continual encouragement this work would not have been possible. Thank you all for the times when you continued to have more faith in me than I had in myself. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication............................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements………................................................................................................iii List of Figures………........................................................................................................vii List of Tables....................................................................................................................viii List of Appendices..............................................................................................................ix Abstract................................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1. Introduction...................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2. Who Participates? The „Penalty‟ of Caste on Participation in Local Level Collective Action Programs……………...……………………....10 CHAPTER 3. Participation in Community Groups: Changes in Membership among Individuals from Different Castes Groups.…………................................59 CHAPTER 4. Changes in Attitudes: The Influence of Community Group Experiences on Gender and Family Related Attitudes........................................117 CHAPTER 5. Conclusion................................................................................................177 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………..186 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Proliferation of Community Groups in Study Neighborhoods between 1953-2004, Western Chitwan……..……………………………….….102 3.2 Predicted Log Odds of Community Group Participation among Women and Men Between 1997 and 2008, Western Chitwan...……………...................103 3.3 Predicted Log Odds of Community Group Participation among Hill Janajati Women and Men between 1997 and 2008, Western Chitwan.....………………104 4.1 Changes in Distance to Non-Family Institutions in the Neighborhoods of the Chitwan Valley Family Study Area, 1953-1995 Western Chitwan………...…..162 4.2 Changes in Gender and Family Related Attitudes between 1996 and 2008, among Women and Men, Ages 15-44 in 1996, Western Chitwan..……………………163 4.3 Changes in Educational Attainment of Women and Men, Ages 15-44 in 1996, Western Chitwan………………………………………………………....164 4.4 Changes in Educational Attainment of Individuals Born between 1972 and 1981, Western Chitwan………..……………..……………………....165 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Descriptive Statistics of Measures…………………………………….…………….46 2.2 Odds Ratios of Effects of Caste/Ethnicity on Community Group Participation of Individuals, Ages 15-54 in 1996, Western Chitwan…………………..............49 3.1 Descriptive Statistics of Measures……………………….……………………….....96 3.2 Descriptive Statistics of Measures Disaggregated by Caste/Ethnicity, 1996-2008, Western Chitwan...……………………………………………….....97 3.3 Categorization of Caste and Ethnic Groups…………………………………….…...98 3.4 Caste/Ethnicity, Gender and Changes in Community Group Participation……..…..99 3.5 Caste/Ethnicity, Gender and Community Group Participation with Gender and Time Interactions…………………………...…………………………...…100 3.6 Caste/Ethnicity, Gender and Community Group Participation with Gender and Caste/Ethnicity Interactions……………………………………………….101 4.1 Descriptive Statistics of Measures…….………………………………………..….154 4.2 Community Groups and Changes in Attitudes..…………………………………...156 4.3 Odds Ratios from Ordered Logistic Regression of Models Analyzing the Influence of Community Group Participation on Changing Gender Related Attitudes in 2008, Western Chitwan 1996-2008 …………………...…160 viii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendices Appendix A……………………………………………………………………………..186 Appendix B……………………………………………………………………………..187 ix ABSTRACT This dissertation first examines of how ascribed statuses of caste influence individual participation in community-based organizations within a context that is marked by hierarchy and discrimination along these social identities. Second, it analyzes how this association changes over the 1996 to 2008 period in Western Chitwan Valley, Nepal. Finally, it examines the association between individuals‟ participation in community-based organizations and changes in their gender- and family-related attitudes within this rapidly changing, non-industrial context. I begin by utilizing the frameworks of social stratification and social exclusion to examine how formal and informal institutions and practices work to disconnect groups and individuals from social relations, and create barriers that prevent them from being able to fully participate in activities which would be normal and accessible for other groups. Secondly, I expand on the framework of family modes of social organization to better understand how the introduction of new institutions, opportunities and contextual experiences such as community group participation influences changes in individual gender- and family-related attitudes in a relatively more egalitarian direction. I use long- term panel data from individual and household
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