Finite Moods of a Verb

1. Indicative – The verb states a fact or asks a direct question.

2. Imperative – The verbs states a command.

3. Subjunctive – The verb states a possibility.

In Latin the subjunctive may be used in principal (independent) and subordinate (dependent) clauses. It can express the ideas of command, purpose, result, indirect question, and the like, and the English translation must contain these ideas. Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs) (Pages 319 – 320)

Present Tense Rule Translation

(1st (2nd (Reg. (4th conj. conj.) conj.) 3rd conj.) & 3rd. io verbs)

Pres. Rt. Pres. St. Pres. Rt. Pres. St. (may) voc mone reg capi audi + e + PE + a + PE + a + PE + a + PE

(call) (warn) (rule) (take) (hear)

vocem moneam regam capiam audiam I may ______voces moneas regas capias audias you may ______vocet moneat regat capiat audiat he may ______vocemus moneamus regamus capiamus audiamus we may ______vocetis moneatis regatis capiatis audiatis you may ______vocent moneant regant capiant audiant they may ______Subjunctive Mood (Irregular Verbs) (Pages 319 – 320)

Present Tense (Must be memorized) Translation

Sum Possum volo eo fero fio (may) (be) (be able) (wish) (go) (bring) (become) sim possim velim eam feram fiam I may ______sis possis velis eas feras fias you may ______sit possit velit eat ferat fiat he may ______simus possimus velimus eamus feramus fiamus we may ______sitis possitis velitis eatis feratis fiatis you may ______sint possint velint eant ferant fiant they may ______Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs) (Pages 319 – 320)

Imperfect Tense Rule Translation

All Verbs - Full Present Active Infinitive + PE (might) vocare monere regere capere audire + PE + PE + PE + PE + PE

(call) (warn) (rule) (take) (hear) vocarem monerem regerem caperem audirem I might ______vocares moneres regeres caperes audires you might ______vocaret moneret regeret caperet audiret he might ______vocaremus moneremus regeremus caperemus audiremus we might ______vocaretis moneretis regeretis caperetis audiretis you might ______vocarent monerent regerent caperent audirent they might ______Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs) (Pages 339 – 340)

Perfect Tense Rule Translation

All Verbs - Perfect Stem + eri + PE (may have) vocav monu rex cep audiv eri + PE eri + PE eri + PE eri + PE eri + PE

(call) (warn) (rule) (take) (hear) vocaverim monuerim rexerim ceperim audiverim I may have ______vocaveris monueris rexeris ceperis audiveris you may have ______vocaverit monuerit rexerit ceperit audiverit he may have ______vocaverimus monuerimus rexerimus ceperimus audiverimus we may have ______vocaveritis monueritis rexeritis ceperitis audiveritis you may have ______vocaverint monuerint rexerint ceperint audiverint they may have ______Review of the Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs) (Pages 345 – 346)

Pluperfect Tense Rule Translation

All Verbs - Perfect Stem + isse + PE (might have) vocav monu rex cep audiv isse + PE isse + PE isse + PE isse + PE isse + PE

(call) (warn) (rule) (take) (hear) vocavissem monuissem rexissem cepissem audivissem I might have ______vocavisses monuisses rexisses cepisses audivisses you might have ______vocavisset monuisset rexisset cepisset audivisset he might have ______vocavissemus monuissemus rexissemus cepissemus audivissemus we might have ______vocavissetis monuissetis rexissetis cepissetis audivissetis you might have ______vocavissent monuissent rexissent cepissent audivissent they might have ______Review of the Sequence of Tense Rules for the Subjunctive Mood (Page 341)

SEQUENCE IF THE MAIN VERB IS: THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE USES:

Primary present 1.the present subjunctive future (to express same time as the main verb) future perfect 2.the perfect subjunctive (to express time before that of the main verb)

Secondary imperfect 1.the imperfect subjunctive perfect (to express same time as the main verb) pluperfect 2. the pluperfect subjunctive (to express time before that of the main verb) Review of Indirect Questions (Page 341)

1. In English and in Latin there are two kinds of questions:

Direct What are you doing? Quid facis? Indirect I am asking what you are doing. Rogo quid facias.

A direct question becomes indirect when it is used as the direct object of verbs meaning ask, know, perceive, show, etc. It is always introduced by an interrogative word. In English the verb of an indirect question is in the indicative mood; in Latin it is in the subjunctive mood, although the English translation is like the indicative.

2. Indirect questions must not be confused with indirect statements.

INDIRECT STATEMENT INDIRECT QUESTION

Scio eum venisse. Scio cur venerit.

I know that he came. I know why he came. Review of Result Clauses (page 334)

1. In English the verb in a clause of result is expressed by the indicative mood because a result is something that actually happened. A fact is stated. In Latin the verb is in the subjunctive mood, and the clause, whether affirmative or negative, is introduced by ut. In a negative clause the negative adverb non is placed before the verb. In the English translation the auxiliary verbs may, might, should, would are never used.

2. In Latin as in English, some word in the main clause serves as a warning indicator that a result clause is coming. Ita and sic, both of which mean so, are usually used with verbs. Tam, also meaning so, is used with adjectives and adverbs. Tantus, so great, talis, such, and tot, so many, are adjectives.

Romani tam fortiter pugnaverunt ut hostes superarent.

The Romans fought so bravely that they overcame the enemy.

Numerus hostium erat tantus ut Romani eos non superarent.

The number of the enemy was so great that the Romans did not overcome them. Review of Clauses Expressing Purpose (Page 321)

1. In English when we say: He comes to school to study, the infinitive expresses the purpose of his coming. Instead of an infinitive in a simple sentence, we may use a clause in a complex sentence: He comes to school in order that he may study.

2. In Latin prose we do not use an infinitive to express purpose. We must use a subordinate clause introduced by ut if the clause is positive; by ne, if negative. After verbs meaning choose, send, or leave, purpose may be expressed by a relative clause. The antecedent of the relative pronoun (qui quae quod)is usually the object of the main verb.

Pugnant ut vincant. They fight to conquer (in order that they may conquer).

Pugnant ne vincantur. They fight in order not to be conquered (in order that they may not be conquered; lest they may be conquered).

Nuntios qui haec dicant mittimus. We are sending messengers to say these things (who may (shall) say these things).