Guanzi Yu Qi Wenhua [Guanzi and the Culture of Qi], Eds

ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡Ɵࢱ 31-60ڼ߆

ჯĈޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁

*ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

ోᑕࣰ**

ၡࢋ

ώ͛ဘྏ޽΍आથ׹Ҍߋࡌጼ઼઼छඕၹ۞ႊតůӈଂѣ઼छ̝ ௡ᖐĂᖼڼຽଂྵᗫ೸۞߆هछ۞ໄ઼ځĂ֭ᄲט੤Ꭹ۞ֽޢᗖݭҌ Вᝋ˧ࡍ౅࣎ˠϠ߿۞າ઼छĄ҃Įგ̄į̳ڱࠎໂࠎૻ̂۞ะ̚Ъ ఍நăаᑕ࣎វᄃ઼छ۞ღૺၗ๕Ąߏ߇Ăٺ͹ૺĶЯķ Ăѣӄڼ߆۞ Ăତᜈኢ̈́Įგ̄į३۞͛ώᛳّăځώ͛А၆઼छඕၹ۞ᖼតซҖᄲ ڍ၆઼̚ѝഇ઼छ۞።Ϋࡁտјـ࿅ٺĂ࠹ણޢؠҜᄃ̰टౘࢗĄ̝ Ă၆Įგ̄į۞઼छநኢү˘ӔޘຐΫķ׶Ķ၆ྖķ۞֎ޥ৭дĶ֭ ώǕۤົᄃ࣎វბώд˟ٺĄТॡώ͛൴னĂ Įგ̄į઼छநኢಧૄځ ĶЯึķ ăĶЯೈķ۞Ķ൑ࠎٺ۰ĞӖğბ݋ώڼϔଐˠّ̝Ӏच׶௚ ᄃĮგ̄įซҖ၆ྖĄهĂ࠽ਕᖣώវኢĞ Ontologyğ̝ໄޢķĄ౵ڼ̝

ᙯᔣෟĈĮგ̄įă઼छăᝋ˧ăۤົώវ

ᛉĂֹώ͛ഴ͌৿εĄޙDOI:10.6166/TJPS.201806_(76).0002ĄຏᔁઠЩᆶߤˠ೩΍̝ * րઘି଱Ă E-mail: [email protected]Ąڼঔ̂ጯ߆ڌ ** ќቇ͟ഇĈ106 ѐ 10 ͡ 3 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ107 ѐ 3 ͡ 14 ͟ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 32 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

ಥă݈֏

႙ͽֽĂ֞ϔ઼ 10ă20 ѐ΃ĂͽĮΟΫᏰįࠎ८͕۞ႷΟጯఙڌҘጯ Ϋ˯੅ኢĞᜪܫಶڱજĂ၆઼̚˯ΟΫ೩΍ᚑᆖ߄ጼĂ઼̚˯ΟΫೀͼ൑ྻ ѐጯࢲͶតĂ̙ΪഅజĮΟΫᏰįٙԽᑝ۞ಜܕዯࣣĂ1987Ĉ59-66ğĄ1 ଘ జ።Ϋّ۞੅ኢĄــ˵Ăޓเܮ඲ࡈĂӈ ఺༊൒࠹༊ֶᏥ˞˯͵ࡔͽֽ̙ᕝ΍˿۞г˭҂Οྤफ़Ăͽྤҥ෠Ą ΟΫࡁտ۰Ă̂к้ШͽາϮጡॡ΃ͽࢫ̝г˭҂Οྤफ़ᄃ˯ΟثপҾ׌ ΃ć2 পҾߏआഈͽֽĂ̏ˬޓ΃۞็௚׏ᚱ࠹̢О෠Ă҃ҿᕝ̣ˬޓ̣ ׍˘ؠВТপᇈĄ3 ಶˠᙷጯ۞֎ځ൒ౌΞͽߏ።Ϋְ၁Ă֭ͷˬ΃۞͛ छĂҋߏ˘࣎ࢦࢋ۞ኝᗟĄˠᙷ͇Ϡҋ൒ົ઼זϔՅརႊซܐĂтңଂޘ ֏Ą҃Ķ઼छķ۞ԛјޞኢ۰ࠤкĂҋֽ̙̫ـϠ߿ĂΟ۞ົۤڼ࿅඾߆ Ϡ߿ໂ࿝Ă༊൒ໂࣃࡁտĄಶځˠᙷ͛זᄃតࢭĂᇆᜩטߏໂࠎॲώ۞౹ आĂࡗர઼छ۞ᗖԛ႙֞ޓາϮጡॡ΃Ặٺ༊఍ޓΟΫ҃֏Ăเ˯઼̚ གྷᑻࠎົۤڼĂᏉ߆ޘטࠎჩᅳטϣ̡ڱ؟ޙދથҌҘ׹Ăͽ̈́ޞј˞Ą Вᝋ˧ࠎ͹ࢋপᇈů̳ڱĂͽลᆸล৺̶ϲᄃЪޘטޙދߏ˯ڼᚤĂ4 ߆˘

ΊĄϤᜪዯࣣበᏭĂ͹ࢋჟৠߏ၆ 7 ۍௐ 1 ΊؕĂ˘В΍ۍĮΟΫᏰįҋϔ઼ 15 ѐ΍ 1 ΟΫ۞ĶંΫķăĶં३ķΐͽᏰ୻ĂтᜪͩѣЩ۞Ķ௢ᆸౄјᄲķĂ޽΍઼̚Ο˯઼̚ ΫĂӮᛳৠྖ็ᄲĂ˜ߏĶંΫķĂ҃˫ѣధкĶંܫܧ΃׏ᚱ۞ᏜĶΟΫķĂ׎၁ౌ Ăឰ఺჌ႷۍĄĮΟΫᏰį̝΍ܫ३ķĂ࠹̢ࠎধĄтĂ̂ࡈߏ˘୧̂ᖪĂಜ඲Ϻ̙Ξ Ϋ៍Ă឵ј˘ͯࢲሗĂԛТ˘࣎ጯఙྻજĄ̈́ޘጯၗڼΟ۞ ķĂ݋ᙉրѣ̙ٙТĂ̫̂кͽΦ੺ޓĶ̣ٺٙᏜĶˬ΃ķĂ޽आથ׹ĂШࠎ఼ᄲćҌ 2 ㏩ůಜů඲Ąޓůᗡ࿳ůޓώࡔįٙЕࠎ໤ĂӈเޓዏĮΫ੃Ć̣ ጯࢲĂ̈́ڍҋĮΟΫᏰį̫֞ĂপҾг˭҂Οྤफ़̂ณ΍˿Ăᇆᜩ˞઼̚ΟΫ۞ࡁտј 3 ఺͞ࢬ۞੅ኢΞણ҂Նϒ౼Ğ1992Ĉ3-26ğĄ ˢ੅ኢĂ̷҃ޘ֎۞ځᅚጡᄃԒఙ͛ܦѣᙯआથ׹ˬ΃ۤົ׍ВТপᇈĂૺЍۡഅଂ 4 ϡᚑ˘බ۞ྖඕԍĂᚑ˘බ̠ĈĶტ៍ˬ΃̼͛Ă׽ѣளТ̝఍ĂϏ⻇ຫৈ࠹ЯĂವ͔ ܕኳ᏷ྫ˯࠻ֽĂˬ΃۞̼͛ߏ࠹ۏؠĶଂۺ׎ώ݋˘ਔ࠹ٚĂϏဘѣត஘ķĄૺЍۡ ณ۞ֽ໚˧ڼԛјᄃ௚عĂᓂ൒̙ߏТ˘ϔ୉ĂҌ͌ߏТ˘ᙷ۞ϔ୉ķĄĶˬ΃۞߆۞ ࠎᇾ۞੅ኢĂ̙࿅ĂՆϒ౼ݒטϣ̡ڱ؟ޙދߏ࠹Ҭ۞ķĄ༊൒ĂૺЍ֭ۡϏۡତͽ˵ γᎊĂषೇܭགྷᑻ˯ѣ׎ВТّĂтϔ୉ҕቡĞົۤڼᓝ΍आથ׹Ğߋࡌ̝݈ğд߆ ׍ѣ˘࿱ૻ۞ͩ୉ّĞૺЍۡĂ1993Ĉٺ֍ğĂٕĶݱ֣ķĞՆ̝ͩ֍ğĂ҃௣ඕ̝៍ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 33ڼ߆

׹ߋࡌጼ઼̝ഇĂ઼छд઼̚Ο΃ซڌ˞זಶߏ઼छՀΐјሢ˞Ą̙࿅˵ ੤ᎩķॡഇĄ5 ఺࣎ॡഇుזޙދˢ˘࣎၈າ۞ႊซഇĂጯఙ˯௫ჍĶϤ ̳ڱ႙ឰΟ΃઼̚۞Ķ઼छķᖼតј̙ТّኳĂ֭׍ѣໂࠎૻ̂۞ะ̚Ъ Вᝋ˧ࡍ౅࣎ˠϠ߿ĄԧࣇΞͽᄲĂߋࡌጼ઼˜ߏΩ࣎Ķາ઼छķ۞ԛј ߏЯᑕ఺࣎າԛ๕Ăᒖᖒ఺˘࣎າኝᗟĄ6 າܧॡഇĄኜ̄ѺछٙኢĂ൑ ϔՅར֏Ă၆ܐВᝋ˧၆࣎វϠ׻۞ᑅ˧ΐ̂Ă၆̳ڱछӈ૟ԛјĂЪ઼ ˠّഽ୕֏Ă̳πّ۞Ћ࠽෸൴ᅌᅈĄኜ̄Ѻछ̂ᓏ፾൴ĂЧϲາᄲĂᓁ ࠎૄώទᏭĂд઼छᄃۤົมဦᏖአڱ؟ޙދᄲĂጏछ̪ͽˬ΃ͽֽ̝۞ ྽ٺᝋ˧ćҌڱࣆШ઼छЪغछ݋੼ᓝ።Ϋซ̼۞ன၁ኢĂ͹ૺၔڱ׶ć छĂ݋િ޺࣎វ౵௣ᆊࣃĂјࠎ၆ѩ˘າԛ๕າ઼छ౵፬ধ۞̙Ъү۰ă Բҿ۰ćግछᔵ൒ਕ೩΍ܲᅪ˘˘ࢍӀ۞࣎វ̝நኢĞోᑕࣰĂ2010ğĂҭ ࡎ൒ޢၹᇆᜩ˧Ăͽ࡭ጼ઼̝ޙሤྕҬ۞၁ኹҖજĂݒᑅ࿅˞நኢି؟׎ ε็Ą఺׎̚Ăѣ˘ࠁజෛࠎ྽छ۞˘͚ĂΦ੺ኘٙᏜĶЯౚว̝̂ึĂ ϲາ઼ޙࢋķĂ҃ᓁსͽ྽छĶ྽ኢķ۞เҁछĂд̝ڱଳጏግ̝චĂᇪЩ አ˯Ăкםछநኢ˯ѣٙ౹֍Ă၆઼छᄃۤົ൑Ξтң۞υ൒኏ࡎᄃ௣ᅮ ѣኢࢗĂĮგ̄įߏ׎̚λ඾Ą

෮ă Ο΃઼̚Ķ઼छķ̝ԛј Ķ ̳π ķ۞ε ར̈́

ѝฟؕྻϡҘ͞ጯ۰۞நኢĂଣ੅઼̚Ο΃઼छ̝ԛјĂૺЍۡྵͧ ˯ࠎ׎˘ĄૺЍۡྻϡ๫ჯ೻ĞElman Serviceğ۞αล߱ᄲĂֽࡁտ઼̚ Ο઼छ̝ႊซĄٙᏜαล߱ߏྼဥĞbandğăొ རĞtrinbeğᄃ൘֣ĞchiefdomğĂ

131-133ćՆϒ౼Ă1992Ĉ74ğĄ ుטుՎ৔ᗼĂ੤ᎩטޙދјϲķăĶט৔ୢĂ੤Ꭹטޙދт᏿᎗Ğ1980Ĉ86ğ޽΍ĈĶ 5 ϏБ඗Ă൒௣̙ਕГᎸĄķѩΞࠎإ᏷ԛޙދՎଯҖĂҋߋࡌጼ઼̏൒Ą২ͽ˭Ăᔵ ጯ఼ࠧ֍̝΃ܑĄ 6 Ҙ႔Φ੺ኘĲኢ̱͛छࢋўĳ޽΍Ăኜ̄ѺछĞΦ੺ኘдጯఙΫ˯ࢵޘ̶ᙷࠎ̱छğ ķĄ˵۰ڼநĂٙᏜĶચࠎڼጯᄲĂౌߏࠎ˞։р۞۞ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 34 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

˞ߏ઼छĞstateğĄૺЍۡ၆໰઼̚රΔΟ΃ۤົႊซ඀ԔĂ̂ரԛјޢ౵ т˭ĈځĂѣܑᄲڱ࣎࠻˘

ဦ 1 ઼̚˯Ο઼छႊซဦ

̼͛ЩჍ! າซ̼ኢ! ઼̚૱ϡ̶ഇ!

ᖞϮጡॡ΃ ྼဥ ̚Ϯጡॡ΃ ࣧؕۤົ Јᅱ̼͛ ొར ᐷ̼̋͛ ࢤ֣ ߋࡌğ ζᔴۤົז΃Ğˬ ઼छ ົۤޙދ ୎׹ă২ă႔

फ़ֽ໚ĈૺЍۡĞ1983Ĉ59ğྤ

छĄ઼҃छ̝পᇈĂૺЍ઼ۡٺߋࡌğĂӮᛳזд఺྆Ăˬ΃ͽֽĞ Ğ1993Ĉ58ğֶ Service ۞ࠧؠࠎĈ

ధкдࢤ֣㝯̏ѣ۞পᇈĂд఺࣎ล߱ᚶᜈхдĂ̙ТಏҜ۞̶৺ ݋ă׶ၹј۞གྷᑻ̶̍ĄΞߏ Service ΨĶ઼छķڱ۞ّטᙯܼăࢨ ڱѣᙯ۞পঅ፟ୠүϡٙဥඕ੓ֽ۞Ąιֶ˧ڠ۞ڱĂߏ˘჌ᄃЪ۞ ၆࣎˯ޠڱĂֶ҃ͽଂځё׶୧Іᄲ͞۞˧ڠ௡јćιԯιֹϡޠ ׎۞˧ڠͤܡֽڱΐͽ̒ঘ఺჌͞ેۋဥ̝ม۞ڱˠ̝มᄃۤົ۞ ΁͞ё۞ֹϡĄᄃ઼छ఺˘৺ۤົ௡ᖐ࠹ඕЪ۞఼૱ѣ୻຾̶ࠧ۞ ёĄ͞۞غล৺ăͽξಞࠎ̶੨ր௚ă׶གྷᑻᄃۤົ̶̼۞Հၔົۤ

ࡶֶѩࠧؠĂߙֱপᇈߏ̙͉΍னд઼̚ˬ΃۞Ăтξಞࠎ̶੨ր௚ă ˧ඈඈĂ઼̚आથ׹ଂ՟ѣ͹ጱăࠤҌ͉׍ᇆᜩغགྷᑻᄃۤົ۞̶̼Հၔ ğ˵˘ۡ૜̷࠹ᙯטछ୉ğᄃགྷᑻĞ̡ϣڱ؟ξಞ۞̶੨ր௚Ă҃ۤົĞ ፟ୠّ˧ڠڱć7 ൒҃Հኑᗔ۞̶̍ăลᆸă௡ᖐඈඈĂͽ̈́Ъ̶̼ܧ֭

д౵͚޺થຽҖࠎĂপҾથݡགྷᑻ۞Įგ̄į३ܮĞ1990Ĉ1-11ğ̝֍Ăӈپ͵ཧֶ 7 ؠξಞགྷᑻώ֗ĂՀ೙ኢҘ͞ۺ҂થຽҖࠎĂ֭՟ѣ͉̂۞ޥĂ̪൒ͽ઼छੑ߆ֽ̚ ҖࠎĄڼᅃӄ௚۞˭טҋϤξಞ˞Ąೱ֏̝ĂથݡགྷᑻΪߏ઼छᝋ˧ଠ۞ޢώኢ̝ྤ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 35ڼ߆

Ă఺ֱপᇈᑕߏѣ࠹༊۞ೡّࢗ۞Ąޠڱ˞௚ЪĂ֭ͷૻአ۞ ѐֽ̂ౙͽ઼छ˧ณܕౙጯ۰ͽՂጯ๔Ğ1997Ĉ14-15ğࠎ΃ܑĂд̂ Ώؠ઼̚˯ΟΫѐ΃۞ጯఙ̍඀˯Էႊ˞ࢋ֎Ă΁ࣇણ҂˞ Service ۞ጯ ᄲĂͽ̈́ૺЍۡ۞̶ᙷĂݒ೩΍׍ѣҋ֍۞ˬล߱ᄲĈ

Վ̶̼׶̙πඈ۞͕̚ჸརݭၗĂܐវπඈ۞ྺਆჸརݭၗĂӣѣ̂ ഭăؒګͽ̈́ౌ઼֠छݭၗĄ໤ѩĂௐ˘ล߱ࠎ B.C 7100-5000 ѐ ˾ഇă̂զޢᄣՂ૯ඈ̼͛ćௐ˟ล߱ࠎ B.C 3500-3000 ѐ۞Јᅱ ԛј׶ቁϲഇĂځഇă։ஈѝഇඈඈćௐˬล߱Ă˵ಶߏ઼छ͛ޢ ҂ٺB.C 3000-2000 ѐ۞आͳഈ̝݈۞઼͞૦੓ॡഇĄ̂វ࠹༊ ˜ Οጯ௫ၚ˯ٙᏜᐷ̋ॡ΃Ă׶ΟΫ็ᄲ̚۞ᗡ࿳ăಜă඲ăࡈॡഇĄ

Ղጯ๔ඈˠ޽΍Ă઼̚˯Οд఺ႊซ࿅඀̚Ăͭᝋछ୉Էႊࢦࢋ֎ҒĂ Էႊࢋ˵ۋĞ޷Ĉҕቡϒ༊ّ۞ᄮΞğᄃጼۥυߏથݡགྷᑻĄѩγĂ௉̙ ֠ౌٺᄃѕķĞ1997Ĉ44-46ğߏ၆۞ĄҌۥ֎ĂΟᚱٙᏜĶ઼ְ̝̂Ăд Вᝋ˧ķّ̳ט࢕ְ҂ณ۞᎝ݱ࿅඀ĂυืѣĶૻٺछ۞ԛјĂᙯᔣߏૄ઼ ĞՂጯ๔Ă1997Ĉ86ğĈ

ჸར۞ซ˘Վ൴णĂಶߏݱ֠۞ซ˘Վ൴णĂಶߏݱ֠ӈౌ͕֠̚ ࢕ְ֨᎔˯۞҂ᇋĂ֤ᆃд᎝ٺᄲ᎝ݱ۞ϫ۞͹ࢋ΍ڍ΍னĄт۞ ᄃ௡ᖐგந̝ૻѣטะ̚׶Җ߆ଠ̝˧ۏݱ࿅඀ٙ̚ពϯ۞ˠ˧ă ព۞Ą҃఺჌ͧ࿅ΝՀૻ۞௡ᖐ፟ၹ׶૲ѣߙ჌ૻځĂ˵ߏᅲࠎ˧ Вᝋ˧Ăࡶᄃลᆸ׶ล৺۞̶̼࠹ඕЪĂ݋ѩॡ۞ݱ֠ݭ̳۞ّט ჌ౌ઼֠छݭၗĄ˘ٺၗಶᛳ

छ۞ԛјĂՂጯ๔઼ځ᎝̙֖֭ͽ·̶ᄲޙݱ֠۞˞ژҭߏĂЍߏ̶ ĈĶݱ֠ΪѣТล৺ลᆸ۞̶ڱĞ1997Ĉ10ğඈซ˘Վ˫͔ϡ˞ͳዩ̚۞࠻ ࠹ඕЪĂ̖ߏ઼छၹј۞·̶୧ІĂ̖Ξෛࠎ˯ࢗгડౌߏ઼छԛј۞̼ ۞ޢᇾᄫķĞ1994Ĉ254-255ğĄѩᄲГѨૻአ˞ล৺ลᆸĂ༊൒ĂΒ߁׎ࡦ ᝋ˧ķд઼छԛј˯۞ࢦࢋгҜĄّ̳טĶૻ ЈΑਕܳϠ˞ˬ΃઼छ۞ԛјĄιܫି؟ᅚጡܦૺЍۡѣЩ۞͹ૺߏ

۰Ъ˘ᓑᘭĂ˜Шֽˬ΃̝˘రϠ߿͞ёĂૺЍۡĂ໅ᆵඈጯ۰ˬטϣ̡ڱछޙދ҃ ӮкѣኢࢗĞૺЍۡĂ1993ć໅ᆵĂ1999aĈ183-208ğĄ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 36 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

ޝछ̳Вᝋ˧ćՂጯ๔ඈˠ۞ݱ֠ౄјᄲĂ઼ځ࠹༊̂۞ͽჟৠ˧ณֽᄲ ኳᘀ̂̍඀۞ၹ᎝Ăүࠎ઼छ̳Вᝋ˧ะ̼̚ۏĂͽγдזˠᓑຐ΄ٽट 1957 ٺኢࢗĄѩ˘ϲಞĂజᇇ઼઼ཱྀ࡚።Ϋጯछᗬপ͈ĞKarl Wittfogelğ۞ :ໂᝋ˧ณ۞ͧྵࡁտįĞOriental Despotismٺ͹ཌྷů၆ט૞͞ڌĮ۞ۍѐ΍ .֏̝т˭ĞWittfogel KٯA Comparative Study of Total Powerğ̚൴ܑĂ̂ ඾Ăषё֐ඈᛌĂ1989Ĉ10ğĈ

۞ົۤ͞ڌҘۤ͞ົߏ׌࣎ԆБ̙Т۞ۤົԛၗĂڌ఺ώ඾үᄮࠎ న׶გநυืޙ૜̙Ξ̶Ą̂ఢሀ۞ͪӀ̍඀۞ͪڼԛј׶൴णᄃ ఺˘௡ᖐ۞ˠᓁߏμӻ۞໤טϲ˘࿆࣎̈́Б઼۞௡ᖐĄĶЯѩĂଠޙ ϤѩԛјĄ઼҃̚ϒߏ఺˘পᇈܮטᝋ˧ķĂӖ͹૞ڼ౯ԛё౵੼௚ ะ̚ͅߍĄ۞

჌ෛ֎Ă˘۞ځ͛͞ڌ͹ཌྷķࡶઇࠎҘ͞ˠᒢྋט૞͞ڌ༊൒ĂٙᏜĶ ࡊጯ۞̰உĄၐጯ៍މĂ֭׍ѣĶለ߷͕̚ኢķ้ШĂݒϏυ׍ܜஅᅈ߹ ஽Ğ2005Ĉ14ğᄮࠎĈ

͹ཌྷķĄԧࣇ఺ᇹᄲĂ֭ט૞͞ڌࠧ˯̙֭хд׍ѣপঅώኳ۞Ķ͵ ͹טߏӎᄮለ߷ͽγᇃ̂гડிк઼छ።Ϋ൴ण۞ߙ˘ล߱۞૞̙ ͹ཌྷķ఺࣎ט૞͞ڌཌྷ߆ᝋĂѣ࿅఺͞ࢬٕ֤͞ࢬྵࡎ΍۞পᇈĄĶ טķ۞૞͞ڌķٙপѣĂĶ͞ڌĶܧ͹ཌྷטЩෟ৿ͻࡊጯ۞̰टĄ૞ ͹ཌྷ˵՟ѣপள۞ώኳĄ

ኳᘀ̂̍඀Ğݱ֠ğ۞ၹۏ༊ᄃՂጯ๔ඈ࠹ᙷтՆϒ౼Ă˵ߏͽγд ᎝ֽኢ઼ࢗ̚˯Ο઼छԛј۞ჹЯĂҭߏ΁ࣇ̙֭׍Ϩˠᆊࣃઐ֍Ą8

Նϒ౼ࠎᄂ៉ጯ۰၆˯Ο઼઼̚छԛјன෪ϡ˧ࠤ๔۰Ă҃΁дѩᛉᗟ˯ѣֱአ׶้ 8 ໂࠎ૜̷࠹ᙯĄҭҬͼ˵ϏۋШĄࢵАĂ΁ૻ˧͹ૺ઼छ۞யϠߏݱ֠ౄјĂ֭ᄃጼ дआഈ۞Հѝഇ۞ᇆᜩĄ֍ͩ඾ĮΟ΃ۤົᄃ઼छįĈĶᦺ˿ݱᒒ˜˘րЕ۞ି؟ଵϋ ᎝ᦺ၁Ă̙ҭᅮࢋ࠹༊јሢ۞Җ߆௡ᖐۍăྻ˿ă˿פኑᗔ̍඀ĂΒ߁నࢍăീณă ޽೭̂Բଂְ᎝ݱ۞ˠࣶĂ˵ᅮࢋ᎕х౺ዶᖏࢴͽዳ߿ְ̙Ϡய۞౻˧ĄΞ֍ݱᒒֽ Ăͽ̈́Җ߆௡ᖐ̝ኑᗔ̼ů఺ֱౌߏ઼छ፟ၹ଀ͽྻט၁ᇾᙊྤ໚̝ะ̚ăˠ˧̝ଠ Ąညͳݱ૯ăπᖏޘү۞υࢋ୧ІĂٙͽԧࣇᄮࠎݱᒒߏᑭរ઼छ̝ԛјᄃ൴ण۞͎ ॡഇ͇˭༱֣۞ݭၗĞ1992Ĉ145ğķćĶᓁ҃֏̝Ăፋវྤ໚ะޓᄂඈΟݱ̂ໄͅߍ̣ ۰Ą఺ᄃາϮጡॡ΃ѝഇڼд͌ᇴˠ͘̚Ăிˠ౹ౄ۞ੑಱ̂ొ̶ϡֻֽዳ͌ᇴ௚̚ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 37ڼ߆

Вᝋ˧̈́ลᆸ̶̼Ăͽ̈́ᐌֽّ̝̳҃טछૻ઼ٺҭ̙გߏңᄲĂ၆ ൑ॲώमҾĄপҾՂጯ๔ඈ֭ڱπඈĂૺЍۡăՂጯ๔ඈ̈́Նϒ౼࠻̙۞ Ăᄃͩ୉ϔி၆ϲ۞Ğ1997Ĉ354-356ğĄ۞ّט޽ ჍĂ఺ ჌Ķ̳Вᝋ˧ķ˜ߏૻ ጼ۞ᅮࢋ૲ֽĶາ઼छķ۞υࢋᄃԛ๬ĄفপҾĂ༊ซˢ˞ጼ઼ॡഇĂ ޘטՆϒ౼д׎Įበ͗ᆅϔį̝֍ĂЯࠎυืБ઼࠰һĂٙͽᚑ૜͗ᚱֶ ྾Ğᅑğ۞Ķ౎ˠķజЪჍٺاฏĞౌğ۞Ķ઼ˠķٕٺاயϠ˞Ăֽࣧ ᚑ૜۞જࣶវրĄ9ޘטࠎĶϔķĂበˢ˞Ķበ͗ᆅϔķĂГລ੨ͽг͞Җ߆ ј˞Ķ̼ࣧ̄ķ۞࣎ˠĂԆБؤჯᘭĂݒ̙Һ۞ޘטѣछ୉̡̈́ϣ̪ܮӈ Вᝋ˧Ⴃ౅ăજࣶĄ10 পҾдྍ३ௐ 9 ౢĲጼใ̚۞በ͗ᆅϔĳĂّ̳טజૻ ᄃኬԝϹ໫Ă̈ྺགྷۋᆅϔĶ৔யķǕጼڌķ࡭ֹ̋عೡࢗ˞ጼ઼Ķາ߆

Ξਕߏ˘჌ڇفۋТĄܳј఺჌Լត۞ࣧЯᔵ൒̙୻຾Ăጼ̙ޝ೼࿆ဓͻ۞Ӯඈ༊൒ ؟υࢋ۞߱͘Ğ1992Ĉ208ğķćĶጐგ̼͛۞ܑனݭёѣҾĂࡓ̼̋͛׶։ஈ̼͛౅ᜨ ᅳጱۤົ۞ன෪݋ߏ˘࡭۞Ą఺჌͹ጱ˧༊൒׶થ׹઼छ፟ጡ࠹༊̙ТĂ݈۰ĺͽି ЧᆸࢬĂົۤڼ߿જஎˢ߆ି؟۰ĺৠ྽నିĻĄથ׹઼छᔵ൒௉߆Ъ˘ĂޢˠְৠĻĂ ׍۞ّॾĂआ΃઼छдଂͽˠְৠ྽నି۞ᖼត࿅̍ڼ௚ڼ௲ᗓ̙˞߆ି؟˯ҭώኳ ࠎ͹ጱᖼି؟඀̚Ăऻُ࢑ፉ˞ᙯᔣّ۞።ΫЇચĄ઼̚Ο΃઼छ̝ԛјĂۤົଂͽ ᎝ࠎޙࢦࢋ۞ᙯᔣĞ1992Ĉ155ğĄķՆͩߊͽݱᒒ̝૱ܧˢͽ࢕ă߆ࠎ͹ጱĂߏ˘࣎ Я৵ĂѩγĂ΁౵̂˧͹ૺି؟ϲ׎઼छјϲ۞࠹ᙯ͹ૺĂݒ˵̙ଵੵޙ͹ࢋਔརĂ Ąڱଳϡ˞ѩ࠻ޘķд઼छԛј࿅඀̚۞ᇆᜩĂώ͛࠹༊඀ۋߏĶጼ۞ ЖჳඈĂޠڱăޘטăг͞Җ߆ă˿гޘטጼ઼۞һԝژր௚̶̼ޢࠎ८͕Ă҃ۋͽጼ 9 ၆በ͗ᆅ۞௡ᖐᄃજࣶĂߏՆϒ౼дĮበ͗ᆅϔį˙३̚۞நኢ֍гĄ ኢֽࢗ၆໰۞࠻Ąֶ׎҂ፂĂ̚۞˯ޘטԧࣇΞͽᓝ໅ᆵĞ1999aĈ177-202ğд̡ϣ 10 ĄдགྷᑻࢬĂ˿г˯ߏؠഇ̶੨۞ćдۤົޘט΃ቁ၁хд඾ྺՅ̳ۤё۞̡ϣˬ઼ ĂВТϠ߿ă̢ޢү۞̳ВϠ߿Ă֭ͷะវϠயĂҭߏՅۤᔴᛳ઼छםࢬĂֳѣ࠹̢ ݋֍໅ᆵĞ1999aĈޘטӄ۞ϠயజࣤဳĂˠϔ࢑ፉតࢦ˞ćĶ઼ˠķᄃĶ౎ˠķ۞ ߏˠϔౌј˞Ķ̈ҋਆྺķ˞ĂԆБΞͽజ઼छٺĂϣгռѣ̼˞Ăޢ373-403ğĄ̝ տࠎңޘטᝋ˧ࡍ౅֭ԆБજࣶĞ໅ᆵĂ1999bĈ155-190ğĄ༊൒ĂѣᙯА২઼̚˿г ķĄט੅ኢ۞Ąдጼ઼ॡഇĂ໅ᆵĮጼ઼Ϋįኢᕝ˜Ķ̈ҋਆྺצͽֽߏᇃܐĂдϔט ᄃҘ͞۞ĶٙѣᝋĞ఼ܸٙޘט࿅໅ॎࡓĞ2009Ĉ126-163ğݒᄮࠎĂ઼̚Ο΃˿г̙ Ăߏ̙ԆБ࠹ट۞Ą໅ͩĞ໅ᆵĂ1999bĈ373-413ğ͹ૺጼ઼֞২႔هğķໄטᄲռѣ ᝋ˯۞ԆБҫѣĂҭߏቁѣ͗ᚱ൳ۏᙱᄲߏޝޘט˘ķĄѩט൴ण΍ֽ۞ࠎĶᒑҜЩϣ Ᏸ˯هᝋ۞ໄۏ੃ĞĶЩϣķğĂ֭д˘ؠ୧І˭ĂΞͽᚶٚ෴኱ᖼឰ̶౷Ą໅ͩдҘ͞ ķĂٙ็྿۞טͽࡁտ۰ҋҖ̝ᄬ֏ઇࠎೡࢗĂ໅ᆵ۞Ķ̈ҋਆྺڍՀ௟Ă̙࿅т۞ژ ߏ࠹म̙ژ༊ॡĶበ͗ᆅϔķΞͽጾѣ˿г۞ݭၗᄃᝋӀཌྷચ̝ன෪ඈĂᄃ໅̶̝ͩ к۞Ă߇ώ̪͛ͽ໅ᆵ̝ᄲࠎֶĄ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 38 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

ᑻజ৔ᗼĂಱથᄃд˯Ҝ۰ᗕࢦჸᑦඈඈĄࡶ൒Ă̏གྷ̙ΪߏĶ̙̳πķ ҃̏ĞՆϒ౼Ă1990Ĉ373-413ğĄ Įგ̄įд఺઼࣎छԛ๬࿅඀ĂপҾߏߋࡌጼ઼Ķາ઼छķĞӈՆϒ౼ ޺඾̦ᆃϲಞ˫೩΍̦ᆃ͹ૺ׸ĉٱķğ۞ԛј࿅඀̚ĂտౣعٙᏜĶາ߆

ણăĮგ̄į۞ј३ᄃछࠁ

გ̝̄͘३Ă൒ࡶፂͽϋٺјܧѣᙯĮგ̄į˙३Ă።ֽᅲкᘃႷ֭ ̝ࠎંĂ҃ೲୢ̙ϡĂ݋Ϻ̙༊ĄԇཧዋĞ͕ͪğ̠ĈĶგ̄ܧ˘ˠ̝ඊĂ ॡ̝३ĂంۢኡٙࠎĄͽ׎֏ͨⴻҘ߉ӓͳрᆓଯ̝Ă༊ߏߋࡌϐ˘ܧϺ ــѐĞᑛ୕Ă1956Ĉ111ğĄķᄏҌ͌ጼ઼̝݈ĂٙᏜ݄Щߙ̄۞׏ᚱĂ ˠ͘඾Ă၁˜ߙ˘ጯࠁВТ۞౹үĄՂጯ๔ĞࡧछᓐĂ1995Ĉ6ğኢ̝˘ܧ Ĉځࠤ

Įგ̄įБ३ቔౢᓄкĂᔵΒӣѣგͩ᏷ᄲĂ׎̙ј˷˘ॡ˘͘Ă ளĂ൒˲֏̈́გЅ۰Ă׎಴؇̝݋˘Ąڡຐ׽кޥѝѣؠኢĄЧቔ वཱྀĂ҃ጯᄲ̰टѣࡶ̒ώܝ఺ಶ׶ጼ઼ॡጏ̶ࠎˣ˘ᇹĂӮր͋ ኳ۞̙ТĄ؜ăਰ̝ม۞मҾĂӈ׎ពּĄ২ͽ݈ΟᚱĂჍĶߙ̄ķ ˘۰Ă૱ߏ˘࣎ጯࠁ።΃็߹۞үݡĂĮგ̄įҋּ̙γĄ఺࣎ጯࠁ Ҙ႔Ă̪ѣࢦ̂ᇆᜩĄזؼᜈۡ

ѣٙᏜĶ֏̳ķ̝ᄲĂٙܮՂ̝ͩγĂ୻ጏౢጯྕдĮ͛Ϋ఼ཌྷį̚Ă (͛ᙜ҃ռፂࠎ̎ѣ˵Ąķ(Ĳ֏̳˯ĳٺᏜĶΟˠ̝֏Ăٙͽࠎ̳˵ĂϏဘ࠿ ܕˠᘲॲ፨ѣĶጼ઼݈൑ռछ඾үķĞ1997Ĉ13-62ğ̝ᄲĂ˜૞ಶĮგ̄į ३҃य़ኢٙ̈́Ă҃ҴလᐁĞ1985Ĉ19-20ğ̝ტЪّኢᕝΞࠎ΃ܑĈ11˘

ߙͩĂ྾३ͽٺᄏΟˠ඾३Ă̙ҋཌؖЩĂଘरर࠹็Ăۢ׎ጯ΍ ᗟ̝Ă׎ٕॡ΃࿅˳ĂٕጯϏЩछĂ݋็۰ε׎ؖЩջĄӈ׎Ⴭࠎ ৈĂܢरѣٙޢĂٕشԙ̄ؕ඾ѻܝ׎ˠ͘඾Ăٕٺߙͩ۰Ăٕ΍ҋ ；Ăӈࠎߙ氏之學。古人以學術為公，初非以此爭名ڱҭਕ̙εछ

ѩຍĄځҴလᐁĞ1974Ĉ599-602ğΩдĮαऱ೩ࢋᏰ෠į̚Հ੫၆Įგ̄į҃ಏ፾Ᏸ 11 ѣᙯѩ͞ࢬ̝੅ኢĂΩણోᑕࣰĞ1996Ĉ1-12ğĄ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 39ڼ߆

雇於撰著之人，不加別白也。

дА২ኜ̝̄඾ү̚Ăᘲॲ፨Ğ1997Ĉ424-425ğࠤࠎଯૣĮგ̄įĂ ׎֏྽Ĉ

҂႔ԠĂგ̄ˣȈ̱ቔĂ̫˸۰̖ȈቔĂдА২ኜ̄ĂྉࠎλᮏĂ ăڱڱ३Ξ̈́Ą͕ఙăϨ͕Ăྚᛖ྽វĂҁఄ̝३ĂϏਕᅈ࿅ćܧᅈ ϔăԛ๕ăϒ͵ăێᙱ๕ĂϏ೷кឰćڱؠܧநĂᔹڱĂಶኢڱځ Ъăׁᙴăأ֏ćᅅࢦኜቔ˫ࠎநੑ̝ᄬćౚว݋ѣ̝ڼĂк߆઼ڼ ćгந݋ѣгࣶćԙ̄ᖚ̶טăڱăһڱ˛αॡặҖćϡһ݋ѣ ֏ᖃć̖г֏ᗁć׎΁ኜቔĂϺ࠰தѣ؝ྔĄЧछጯᄲĂܲх౵ူĂ ൴ࠤჟĂྕጼ઼২႔ጯఙ̝ᚗᖟ˵Ąᚗᖟд݈̙҃ۢϡĂ̙ͽ̂ྚ ΞଓݙĊ

ѩᄲ֖֍Įგ̄į̝ᖳಱ፾পĂಶߋࡌጼ઼ॡ઼छ൴ण҃ኢĂ׎͹ૺ ࠤΞࢦෛ੅ኢ̝Ą ຐ̈́߹ࠁА̟ͽரኢĄޥĂ၆Įგ̄į˘३۞ޘࢵАԧࣇଂϫᐂጯ֎ ˘т˯͔ᘲॲ፨ٙ֏ĂĮგ̄į̰टࠤࠎᅺᗔĂ12 ൒݋Ξͽј׎ր௚֭ࠎྕ Ąצछ̝ᄲ๜ĉֶϫ݈ጯࠧࡁտĂҿĮგ̄įࠎเҁ˘ࠁ඾үĂ༊Ξତ ٙᏜĶเҁķĂ˜ߏͽ྽छ̝྽ኢࠎ౵੼ݭёநኢᗔ೤Чछ҃јĄ߇ԧ ࣇ̫͇ͽΦ੺ኘĲኢ̱छࢋўĳࠧ̚ؠĶ྽Ğᇇğछķ̝̰टֽࠧؠเҁĂ ߏໂࠎޫ༊۞ĄЯΦ੺ኘώ֗അᐌเϠጯ࿅เҁ̝ጯĂ҃ͽ̫͟၆เҁጯ ࠻ĂΦ੺ኘĲኢ̱छࢋўĳٙ޽Ⴭ۞Ķ྽ĞᇇğछķĂֽڍᄲ۞ጯఙࡁտј ຐ̂ѣमளĄ13 Φ੺ኘٙ֏̝ޥݒᄃࣧؕ྽छĞপҾߏĮҁ̄įğٙणன۞

ࡶĞ1984Ĉ18ğ̠ĈĶĮგ̄į३˜ጼ઼ă২ă႔ॡ΃ڰ޺тᘲॲ፨̝֍۰ࠤкĂтో 12 छڱࣰጯΫĂགྷᑻጯᄲΫ̝ྤफ़Ą྽छ۰֏ăጏछ۰֏ăٺ͛ф̝ᓁ๗Ă׎̚кѣᙯ ҏᄱܢᚰĂ҃͛ф˘ٺ۰֏ăЩछ۰֏ăౚวछ۰֏ăྺछ۰֏ăᅅࢦछ۰֏Ăᗔ஽ ΍Ăт̙ΐͽፋநĂ݋ѩ̂Բྤफ़᝘׎ઇࠎ̼Ϯ҃ः՟ĂঅࠎΞଓĄķ˫тᜪዯࣣڡ ᘃႷĮგ̄į३ౣߏ˘ొĶቋ˭ᕍ३ķĂٙͽੵ˞߆ޝĞࡧछᓐĂ1995Ĉ426ğ̠ĈĶԧ छЩ֏Ăڱ༰ĳඈڱĳăĲڱ˛གྷᑻᄲЧቔ҃γĂѣĲԙ̄ᖚĳăĲ̈ჍĳඈጏछЩ֏ĂĲڼ ĳඈһछ֏ĂĲгࣶĳăĲͪгĳ̶טĳăĲڱĳăĲαॡĳăĲ̣Җĳඈౚวछ֏ĂĲһءĲρ Ϩ˞఺˘ᕇĂځቡ߇Ą۞ھᇃޝඈྺछ׶ᗁछ֏Ă఺ಶߏЯࠎቋ˭̝ጯ۞͞ࢬώֽӈ ԧࣇಶΞͽ߾΍఺ొ३۞ৌϒॡ΃׶ৌϒᆊࣃĄķ ѣᙯเҁጯᄲ۞ࠧؠĂણోᑕࣰĞ1996Ĉ36-39ğĄ 13 ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 40 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

Ķ྽Ğᇇ)छķ˜ᏉЪЧछ̝ᄲĄ Į႔३Ćᘹ͛ԠįĂԯĮგ̄įЕдĶ྽छķͷᄃĶһౚᏖछķ̢඾Ğ˵ छă྽ڱಶߏТЕд྽छ̈́һछğĂҭͽ྽छࠎઐࢦĄְ၁˯Ăһछ۰˵Ăᄃ छ˵ໂࠎ࠹ᙯĄٙͽдĲᘹ͛Ԡĳ྽छ̝̚˵Е˞Į͉̳įăĮ㓉݄̄įăĮग छķćڱįඈĂ఺ֱ˵ౌజෛࠎһ३ĄѩγᆒШĮ˛ரįԯĮგ̄įЕдĶ̄ ڱछĂ఺ᆃ࠻ֽĂٕ۰྽छĂٕ۰ڱĮฦ३ĆགྷᚱԠį˵ԯĮგ̄įЕд छĂٕ۰һछĄᓁ̝Ăಶۢᙊᙷݭ˯Ă఺ౌߏเҁ۞ቑᘞĄ༊൒ԧࣇՀ̙ ரѣጏछ۞ొ̶ĂЯเҁѣ˘͚̂ࠁߏপҾૻአ೤Ъጏछ̥ཌྷᖃሄĄنਕ ᄋ఼͛അ޽΍ĂٙᏜเҁĂߏĶͽ෍൑ࠎώĂЯೈࠎϡĂ֏ࣘЖЩĂநᕩ ཌྷķĞᄋᐵĂ2015Ĉ73ğĄѩᄲᄃΦ੺ኘᙷĂݒՀࡎពጏछ̥ཌྷ۞ઐࢦّĄ̥ ѩγĂྫྷĮგ̄į඾үّኳ̝ᗔ೤ّ࠹Ҭ۞ĂтĮஏݑͳ३įĞ̫кჍ Įஏݑ̄įğ̈́ĮӕͩߋࡌįĂ݋జĲᘹ͛ԠĳЕдĶᗔछķĄ൒҃वĶᗔķ ҃ Ξͽјछ๜ĉ఺ߏ঱׽Ĳᘹ͛Ԡĳࠎˠٙྛঽ۞Ğᜪ၁Ă1970Ĉ3-12ğĄ14 Ĳᘹ͛ԠĳᗔछٙЕٙѣ३ϫĂ఼ሹֽ࠻ᄃเҁ۞ۢᙊপّߏ࠹௑۞Ąֶ ӈ޽΍Ķგݍޥٙͽเҁࣧώಶ׍ᗔ೤ّኳĄĮგ̄įΟჍᗔ᏾ᙱྋĂтӕ ̄˘३౵ࠎᙱྋĂ҃Ϻ౵᏾ᗔķĞ1968Ĉ141-142ğĄ15 वĶᗔķ̙֖ͽјछĂ׹ͩঘඊ̠Ğᑛ୕Ă1956Ĉ2ğĈ16

ͽ˯ѣᙯϫᐂጯĂͽĮ႔३Ćᘹ͛Ԡįࠎ͹ࢋֶፂ̝੅ኢĄ 14 छ֏ࠎ౵кĄڱछĄ఼̫៍Б३Ăҋͽ྽ڱѩ఍˫ᄲĈĶѩ३႔ԠЕ྽छĂฦԠЕݍޥӕ 15 ൒Ϻкһछăᓂፖछ̝֏Ă˫ᗔጏछ̈́ౚวछ̝ᄬĄѩγ˫ѣྺछ֏ĄᅅࢦኜቔኢϠ ࢍጯநĂ̂தࢦྺԺથĂᄏϺྺछ۰߹˵Ğ1968Ĉ141-142ğķĄ׎ᄲᄃ݈ࢗᘲॲ፨ăో ӮᙷТĄڱࡶăᜪዯࣣඈˠ࠻ڰ ˠࡶૺ׽˵Ă݋ѣ੫၆Įგ̄į̝ٙᏜܕĄڱ׹ͩঘඊ̝ኢĂߏ็௚ጯયछ۞ᆷຍඊ 16 Ă΁ͽĶкᆸѨķĂĶк̶͚ķĂݒ˫Ķк̮˘វķֽڱᄲ۞ژ׍ր௚ទᏭّĂѣͧྵ̶ Վ۞ᓁវᄮᙊĂӈιߏϤᆅ઼಴ૣგܐგ̄ጯࠁ଀΍˘࣎ٺĄૺ׽˵̠ĈĶԧࣇ၆ځᄲ ຐ߹ࠁķޥЅ۞˿඾ጯ۰ٙ௡јĂགྷкᆸѨ൴णϤк̶͚ඕЪ҃ԛј۞А২ࢦࢋ ăጏă྽ߖ೤ڱຐࠎ८͕Ăͽޥ၁ኹ׶઼ڼĞ2006Ĉ399ğćĶᓁ̝Ă఺ߏ˘࣎ͽგЅ۞ ຐវޥགྷᑻጯᄲࠎ͹វĂϤౚวăһăྺኜछࡶ̒ኢᕇቡ࿹҃ј۞к̮˘វ۞ڼ߆۞ Б३Ч௡ĂΞਕϒрͅߍ఺˘ጯࠁ̰ొЧ࣎ٺຍ۞ߏĂͽ˯Чछүݡ̶೸ڦրĄࣃ଀ ޥϡ۞֭ڱຐ൴ण۞̙ဥล߱Ą҃ӈֹд౵୎۞Įგ̄ྋį̚Ă̪൒િ޺ᖃޥ͚ࠁ̈ ຍ΁ϺૻአĶᖃڦგ̄ጯࠁ׍ѣؕ௣т˘۞ૄώপᇈķĞ2006Ĉ400ğĄኛځຐώҜĂ఺ᄲ Ъϡķ˜Įგ̄įࢵԍ˘ర̝఍Ąڱ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 41ڼ߆

ዶ̄Ă൒΁ቔٺ఍࿅ڱგ̄˘३ĂᗔᄲٙᕍĂ̟ဘຑ׎௚ந྽நЩ ׎ٺυۏ༰ኜቔĂ˫ઐᅺ̙࠹ᚊĂᔵ൒Ă៍ڱĂт̰ຽڱҋᄃ྽ኢ Ăგ̄ჸ׎ຍ۰˵ĂܚჸĂ͛̄ஏݑĂवჸிᙜĂᔵј˘छĂ൑ٙќ ۰஘ĄקოҀ᏾ҒĂ৷ϜยᓏĂ၁ѣΞ

ຐޥᗔ೤ኜछ̝γĂߏѣ͕ٙ̚ٺ׹̝ͩຍĂϒд޽΍Įგ̄į௣տ ĄԧࣇᄮࠎĂĮგ̄įઇࠎเҁ˙ࠁ඾үĂ׎ЖЩһछ̰टࠤкĂ఺ߏ༊۞ ֏Ă҃ҁఄϦᔹЪࠎ˘็Ă̫̝҃ጯ۰֭ــ൒ĄЯĮΫ੃į̚เҁЖЩ ߏ˘វ˫ڱछጯந࠹఼Ă҃һछᄃЖ˟ڱछķЩ̝Ăᄏ྽ڱͽĶ྽૱૱˵ छķপᇈγĂౌߏઐࢦڱЂ۞Ķۋఙһጼڱ׌ࢬĄѩγĂĮგ̄įੵ˞ЖЩ ᖃཌྷି̼Ąޙދӣᛷጏछ۞ ˜ຐ˯Ꮒ̳ᝋٙ֍ࠤָĂᏂ̳ᝋૄώ೩΍αᕇĈ(1) ٙኢᜦ߆ޥڼд߆ (Ăͷࢦᖃିć(4ڼຍć(3) ̙ᆿˠ̝ڱ؟ć(2) Տᜨࢦෛछ୉ڼ߆ޙދតၗ̝ ಴Ӗ̙҃ᆿึϔ̝ўĄ ტ˯ٙኢĂֶϫᐂጯ۞៍၅ĂĮგ̄į˜ߏเҁछ˘ࠁĂ׍ᗔ೤ّĂҭ ࠎઐࢦĞᏂޘטćѩγĂเҁЖЩһᏖ̝γĂ˜ͽጏछᖃሄ؟ߏ̙εጯѣٙ ̳ᝋĂ1982Ĉ205ă277ğĄ

དྷăĮგ̄į۞າ઼छநኢ

޽΍ĂࣧؕۤົঐీĂ҃ޢछ઼זՆϒ౼Ğ1992Ĉ129ğдଣ੅ଂՅར ਎Ăˠϔ၆়ঽՁ͘൑ඉĂ༊൒̙ࣃރ੹ዴצࣧؕۤົϠய˧ҲརĂགྷ૱ዎ ĄҭߏĂࣧؕۤົ௣տߏͧྵӮπ۞͵ࠧĄՆͩᓝ̝͋̄֏͠Ĉـ଀ԧࣇᕏ

Ӎჷѣ઼ѣछ۰Ă̙ଈဿ҃ଈ̙ӮĂ̙ଈళ҃ଈ̙щĄᄏӮ൑లĂ ׶൑ဿĂщ൑้ĄĞĮኢᄬĆ؞ͩௐȈ̱įğ

˜छ઼זĂͽҘ͞ˠᙷጯछ۞઼छநኢĂϤొརזԧࣇд݈͛˵੅ኢ ߏ˘჌ႊซĄߊ̠ႊซĂ׎̚ಶሕᖟ˘჌ҿᕝĂϺӈ઼छ۞ԛјߏϒࢬҋ ൑ΞᔖҺĄĮਰ̄į၆઼छԛј۞நϤт˭Ĉ17

छԛј۞࠹ҬநϤΩΞણĮგ̄ĆӖҊ˭įĈĶΟ۰ϏѣӖҊ˯˭̝ҾĂϏѣ͈૎п઼ 17 ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 42 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

݋ใĂใ݋቎ջĄ߇൑̶۰ĂۋĂۋˠ̝Ϡ̙ਕ൑ཏĂཏ҃൑̶݋ ˠ̝̂च˵ćѣ̶۰Ă͇˭̝ώӀ˵ć҃ˠӖ۰Ăٙგ̶̝ᇽࢋ˵Ą ĞĲಱ઼ĳğ

ˠ۰̶ҿĄٺڼˠ۰ᄃڼВᝋ˧۞ԛјĂลᆸล৺۞̶ϲĂّ̳טૻ ೱ֏̝Ă઼छ̝јϲĂߏˠّ̝υ൒ֹјĂ઼छ˜ࠎ͇˭̝̂ӀĄҭүࠎ Ϡ߿౵ࢋ੠Ր̝ϫᇾĄڼጯĂĶӮπķ˜ࠎˠᙷะវ߆ڼΟҁጯય۞߆ܝ˘ ᏰĂߏѺͳ̝ٙТ˵Ăڼ߇Įਰ̄į˫ᄲĶ΍ࡶˢࡶĂ͇˭ం̙πӮĂం̙ ώ͛८͕Įგ̄įĂԧࣇϺ଀֍׎ྶĈזĄķĞĲಱ઼ĳğа˵̶̝̂ڱᖃ҃

྽͠ĂӮг̶˧Ăֹϔۢॡ˵Ăϔ˜ۢॡ̝͟ਸॣĂ̝̙֖͟͡Ă ੹ರ̝Ҍ˷֗˵ćߏ߇؆၃ਸ੓Ăͭ̄ΈԙĂ̙Ԟ׎ΑĄࠎ̙҃ࢽĂ ϔ̙ᇘ౻ࡴĄ߇̙Ӯ̝ࠎೋ˵ĈгӀ̙ΞაĂϔ˧̙ΞⶪĄĞĲࢷ੺ĳğ үĂ௣໐̝ӀĂ൑྽࠹࿅˵Ąߏͽϔٽ߇Аͳֹྺ̀થ̍αϔϹਕ ĳğ઼ڼү˘҃଀ӮĄĞĲ

ĶӮځଂĶ̙Ӯ̝ࠎೋķ̈́Ķߏͽϔү˘҃଀Ӯķ۞ֽ࠻Ăѩ࠰дܑ ॡ̝ࢦࢋّĄ઼ڼٺπķ πӮ݋ᆀĂ఺ߏ࣎׌̙ۏҋ൒઼छ௣υࢉϠ΍னĂҭ̝ۏг༱͇ٺૄ ᙱĄྕтՆϒ౼Ğ1992Ĉ129ğ޽΍Ĉ

ࣧؕۤົ۞Ӯπߏҋ൒۞ă൑ຍᙊ۞ӮπĂϠய˧Ҳརٙౄј۞̙ ˼଀̙πĄາϮጡॡ΃୎ഇۤົฟؕᖼ̼Ăళಱు႙ᚙঅĄགྷ࿅׌ ߋࡌ̚ഇͽࢫĂזؠćۺ۞ڱᖃזѐ۞ݱ֣ॡ΃Ă఺჌̶̼मҾ଀ តώΐᆖĂۤົ઱˧ă઱ӀߏᚮĂాͽ݈˘ᕇૄώ۞ᘦؠ˵৔ᗼ˞Ą ۰ลᆸ̰ొѣϣڼ۰̝มĂజ௚ڼᄃజ௚ڼ௚ٺళಱमҾ่̙хд ҙࢪ۰Ă˵ѣ൑ϲᐄ̝ˠĄా

ຐछࣇд઼छԛј࿅඀̚Ăߏጔ୕ѣٙүࠎޥ޽΍ĂА২ޢՆϒ౼ᐌ ߏֹܳߋࡌጼ઼ॡഇາ઼छјϲ۞͹ࢋ˜ۋĄԧࣇҬͼ̙଀̙ࢬ၆Ăጼ۞

ߏം۰෤ຌĂጲ۰ࣝऴĂҁρ؝፾Ă̙଀׎ٙĄ߇ٺĂفĂͽ˧࠹اЪĄᘙ఍ཏ̝̽ ം۰઄ி˧ͽ༰ૻࢅĂ҃ᇷˠͤĄࠎϔᎸӀੵचĂϒϔ̝ᇇĂ҃ϔर̝ķćĮથӖ३Ć Ą̫˵ڼฟ๫įĈĶΟ۰ϔㆺϠ҃ཏ఍ใĂ߇Րѣ˯˵Ą൒݋͇˭̝ሄѣ˯˵Ă૟ͽࠎ ТķĄڱ౼׎ใĂᄃ൑̙ڱĂ׎चᄃ൑͹Тćѣڱѣ͹҃൑ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 43ڼ߆

įᄲĈĶһ۰Ă઼ְ̝̂ĂѪϠ̝гĂхڱߏണᅖ۞ĂĮग̄һۋଯ˧Ąጼ ྽Ă̙Ξ̙၅˵ķĞĲࢍௐ˘ĳğĂдണᅖ۞ன၁࿀࢝˭Ăдх˸̝ᅩĂ̝˸ į఺ᇹͽ඗၆۞࢕ְજࣶࠎჩᅳ̝͹ૺ̄ܧѣ˞ĮથӖ३įăĮᔹغ௣ᕩտ ΍னĄĮგ̄į˫ߏтңనࢍ׸ĉ ౼Ӏ۞నࢍĂݒͧޢĂҭ੠Ր౵؟һጼࠎ̂ڱԧࣇ఼ᜓĮგ̄įĂᓾЖ ཌྷĂ̏૟׎ፋ࣎நኢम̙кౌϹ΃ځ؟ϔௐ˘įĂฟێኑᗔĄдĮგ̄Ćྵ ˞Ĉ

ϔ۰ĂચдαॡĂчдࣗⵘĄ઼кੑĂ݋ᅈ۰ֽĂгྐྵᓝĂێѣг˲ Ă݋̱ޘڇ˯݋ϔ঻఍ćࣗⵘ၁Ă݋ۢᖃ༼ćҗࢴ֖Ă݋ۢၷ੘ć ĂдޘᏐ׽ĄαჯૺĂ݋Ӗ΄ҖĄ߇࠷Ж̝ࢋĂд༰͛μĂч઼̝ ᇁĂऽয়ᖞĄ̙ચ͇؟੿ৠĂࡇ̋̌Ăະځ࿹αჯĂึϔ̝གྷĂд ॡĂ݋ੑ̙Ϡć̙ચгӀĂ݋ࣗⵘ̙࠳ć౎ᏃᘈĂ݋ϔ˜මĂ˯൑ ځณĂ݋ϔ˜нĄ͛μ̙༰Ă݋ϔ˜஋Ă̙ራ׌ࣧĂ݋Ж˜ᓄĄ̙ ˯˜ᇁĂ݋ϔ؟ჷć̙ະ̙΄ރ੿ৠĂ݋ࢩϔ̙ुć̙ࡇ̋̌Ă݋ ७ć̙ऽয়ᖞĂ݋Ԃॅ̙౯ćαჯ̙ૺĂ઼˜ໝ˸Ą

ğĂΟֽһЖЪ˘ĄࢋՐч઼̙˸ĂڱĂӖ΄ᄃЖĞޘڇ˞זϨ೩ځ఺྆ ᇁয়ᖞĂࢋѣαჯĞᖃཌྷຆऺğ؟ҭߏݒ̙ଵϋᖃሄି̼ĂࡶԂԙ׽ᏐĂ ҖĄ҃ࢋႽચгӀĂͽ၁ࣗⵘĂ֖ϔҗࢴĂҬͼ֭ିڱĄͽ˯ĂٙᏜି̝ ߏ౵ইই࡭ຍ۞ćᔵ̠кੑĂ̪̙ԞૣώĞྺğԺϐĞથğĂֶ൒೩֨஋μ ͞˘ĂΩି̝ןࠎ಴ۥະ੿ৠ̋̌Ăѩ˘͞ࢬߏ௑Ъጏछͽ௉ٺĞથ)ĄҌ ҃ Ăᓁ̝ĂϺ̙ͻĮግ̄į̝ᄲд׎̚Ą18ܕࢬᄃĮግ̄į̝ৠ྽నିତ Ķึϔ̝ᄲķĂזᖰຕ಴Җ͇гαॡ̝྽Ă఺͍׎ߏౚวछ۞͹ૺĄপҾ೩ ఺ߏЯึϔଐ߉߆Ăߏ௲ࡩҋҁఄ۞ĶЯೈҋ൒ķ҃ᖼ̼јเҁ̝ᙯᔣĂ дፋវநኢ̚ᙯܼࢦ̂Ą

੿ৠ̝ᇇ˵Ą̂ᑛᖃ͠ĈځᖃĂͽព̝ۥ௉טĂព˵ĂᏜѡځ౾̠ĈĶޜѩ఍֍ણĂኩ࿶ 18 ൘಴˵ĻĂ಴੿ৠͽᛇຌிĂࠎځԗеϺ̠ĈĶᖃᖃྻ͋ழĺܛ੿ৠ҃ະְ̝ķćځ㏩ޓ ൘಴˵ĄࡇĂະ˵ķĞጌඡᆂĂځ੿ቔĂځ݋̠ĈĶግ̄ѣ⫛پАͳৠ྽నି̝ຍķćᗞ 2004Ĉ7ğĄ൒҃͋̄˫̠Ķະ੿ৠ҃ᅈ̝ķĂĶ௉ৠтৠдķĂቁѣ̙ТĂ҃Հஎ׍ˠ͛ ੿ৠăࡇ̋ځຐ۞൴णĄ఺ߏĮგ̄įٙ৿Ąͽ˯ٙኢĂ֖֍̙ኢጏግӮѣĶޥώវ ̌ķ̝ኢĄ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 44 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

ڱტ҃៍̝ĂቁͼߏĶ׎ࠎఙ˵ĂЯౚว̝̂ึĂଳጏግ̝චĂᇪЩ ķĞĲኢ̱छࢋўĳğĂเآត̼Ăϲܸ߉ְĂ൑̙ٙۏࢋĂᄃॡዏொĂᑕ̝ ҁ྽ఙ·̶णனĄ ڼϔௐ˘ĳٙពனĂೀͼ̏གྷΞͽБሹܑϯĮგ̄į۞߆ێͽ˯˜Ĳ ĄځຐĂͽ˭Г̶Ҿಶ࣎Ҿ͹ૺĂͽĮგ̄įٙྶĂ̶Ҿᄲޥ ᑕ۞͹ૺĈײ߉߆҃֏ĂĲᝋ௳ௐˬĳϺѣ࠹៍މಶһ߆ྺથ఺ֱ

༱ࢷ઼̝Ăһ̙Ξͽ൑͹Ą˿г౾̂Ă౎̙Ξͽ൑СĄѺؖইிĂ Ąፆϔ̝׻Ăഈ̙Ξͽ൑߆Ąг౾઼҃ళ۰Ă౎̙ྐྵܜΞͽ൑̙ء ܫĄ߇ϐய̙༰Ă݋౎̙ྐྵĂካჳ̙˵פĄϔி҃һऴ۰Ăϔ൑˵ Ăγ̙ΞͽᑕᇲĂ̰̙Ξͽ׽чĄפĄ౎̙ྐྵĂϔ൑פ݋ϔ൑

ௐ̱ĳăĲᇽ֏ௐȈ˟ĳඈቔ֏̝ࠤкĂڱ˛ಶЖһ҃֏ĂĲϲ߆ௐαĳăĲ тѩĂܮķăĶఙķăĶ๕ķ҃֏ĂӮ࿆ᓝ҃ྪૺĄҭӈڱछ̝Ķڱԧࣇࡶͽ ͽЯϔĞଐğ҃ି̼Ă࠷Жჳ̝ᄲ٧д͛ࢵĂߏѣளϦᔹ҃ଯૣጏछــ ۰ĄтĲˣ៍ௐȈˬĳĈ

ݱ̙Ξͽ̙ԆĂో׹̙Ξͽγ఼Ă֧ા̙Ξͽፖ఼Ăዥ⋂̙Ξͽ̂ ᗏĂझݯᙯౕ̙Ξͽ̙࣒Ą߇̂ݱ̙ԆĂ݋ใྣ̝ˠᏖĄో׹γͦ ࿉⻇෸۰үĄ֧ાፖ఼Ă݋᚛ဳង൸۰̙ͤĄዥ⋂൑ᗏĂނ఼Ă݋ γ̰Ϲ఼Ă݋շ̃൑ҾĄझݯ̙౯Ăᙯౕ̙׽Ăᔵѣ։ఱĂ̙ਕч ᚑĂ݋ᖎၙ̝ˠፋރ֢̝ˠ⢢ၖć༰ჳނĂ݋ܧĄ߇ԛ๕̙଀ࠎ˵ υĂ݋ѣΑ۰ᚍćି੊ܫĂ݋៌л̝ˠ̙೷Ϛćካᇉځᆅćጳ΄඾ Ӗд˯ҜĂЖ࠷ჳဿĂځ௫ܸ۰ிĂ݋Ӗϔ̼ត̙҃ҋۢ˵Ąߏ߇ Ă๫׎๮Ăᳳ׎ྫĂܝӖ۰ౕ׎ځΞཋ̙҃ཋ˵ĄܧΞЖ̙҃ЖĂܧ гĂߏͽϔ̝྽ϒҖච˵ࡶّ൒Ă߇ཋჳဿ̝҃ܧ஋ٺϔͦϤତֹ ջĄڼϔͽ

ဦௐ˝ĳ19 ඈӮѣ̂ณኢࢗĄΩءௐˣĳĂĲρءౚวछ̝ᄲĂдĲρ Ω˘ࢋᕇĈזγଂĮგ̄Ć๕įԧࣇΞ࠻

࣒ౚว̝ଂĂ҃྽͇г̝૱ĄጮጮᒺᒺĂЯ҃ࠎ༊ĄѪѪϠϠĂЯ ͇г̝ԛĂ͇г̝ԛĂཐˠј̝Ą

ࡶ̝֍˜кѣࢦኑĂણጌඡᆂĞ2004Ĉ182ğĄڰѩ˟ቔֶో 19 ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 45ڼ߆

Ą൒҃Ăౚว̣Җ̈́ግछ۞ະޠཐˠ̝ٙਕјְĂ˜ึౚว͇г̝ఢ ੿Ăᅈ̙̈́Жһି̼Ăࢦώ٢ੑ̝ࢋĄ҃఺ֱନ߉Ă׎ٙυื൒Ăٙځৠ Ξͽ൒۞ॲፂĂݒдϔଐˠّĄֶĮგ̄į̝֍ĂϔଐˠّĂࣧдӀचĄ ംᖃ֖ͽି̝ķć߇ึѩ҃˭ĂځтĲᝋ௳ௐˬĳ̠ĈĶݓຑӀ֖ͽᏐ̝Ă ێௐˣĳ̠ĈĶϔ̝ٙӀĂϲ̝ćٙचĂੵ̝Ă݋ϔˠଂķć˫ĲءтĲρ ϔௐ˘ĳ̠Ĉ

߆̝ٙᎸĂдึϔ͕ć߆̝ٙᆿĂдਗ਼ϔ͕Ąϔೋᇎ౻Ăԧҷሄ̝ć ϔೋళክĂԧಱෳ̝ćϔೋПᆩĂԧхщ̝ćϔೋໝ඗ĂԧϠֈ̝Ą ਕҷሄ̝݋ϔࠎ̝ᇎ౻Ăਕಱෳ̝݋ϔࠎ̝ళክĂਕхщ̝݋ϔࠎ ПᆩĂਕϠֈ̝݋ϔࠎ̝ໝ඗Ą߇Жჳ̙֖ͽࠦ׎ຍĂ୭ᇜ̙֖̝ Ă݋ڇ׎͕Ą߇Жჳᓄ҃ຍ̙ऻĂ݋΄̙ҖջĄ୭ᇜி͕̙҃ڇͽ ۰ݔ̝Ą߇ܕҜПջĄ߇ଂ׎α୬Ă݋ᅈ۰ҋᏐćҖ׎αೋĂ݋˯ ۰Ă߆̝ᚗ˵Ąפࠎ̝̟ۢ

ௐ˛ĳ̚Հ௟Ꮅгᄲڱۍᓁ̝Ăึଂϔ̝Ӏचᔌᔖّ̝ଐ߉߆ӈ൒ĄĲ ĄΩγĂజෛࠎĮგ̄įڼࢋтң௟͕វ෭ˠϔ۞ᅮՐĂ͞ਕѣ։р۞௚ځ ३̚౵׍٩෪நኢᆸѨ۞ٙᏜĶαቔķ̚Ă20 тĲ͕ఙ˭ĳ̠ĈĶ˲ϔ̝Ϡ

३αቔĂشຐ̝ࡁտጯఙۤཏĂЯࠎ 1972 ѐ੺ͳુ΍˿˞เҁޥȈѐֽĂ઼̚Ο׏ˬܕ 20 ᄲྋฟٺ࡭̙إछ۞ᙯܼĄᔵڱు႙୻຾ೠ೪˞ٙᏜเҁጯᄲĂপҾιྫྷࣧؕ྽छᄃ ጯఙΫ˘࣎׌˼ѐֽ۞ᓻဥĂҭߏ཭ந΍เҁ˙ࠁĂซֹ҃А২ኜ̝̄ጯఙ઼̰̚˞ ३΍˿ăజࡁտྋᛖ̝݈Ă݈ዅጯˠشटᄃ࠹̢ᙯܼՀࠎ୻೽߰൑ႷཌྷĄ൒д੺ͳુ ᅲѣᛈ̈́Ăтᜪ၁఼࿅Ĳᘹ͛Ԡĳк͌ѣٙРЍͯҀ̝֍Ăҭ̪ͽֽᄂ̝ᑛӖ̥౵˵ ३Ξྤྻϡ̝˭Ăᑛͩ̏གྷԆБೠ೪˞เҁشϺ౵எĄ׎၁дϏѣเҁژјր௚Ă̶ ЖЩ̝ጯ۞ਔඛĂଓጯࠧϏҹࢦෛᇃኘĄΞણ֍ᜪ၁Ğ1970Ĉ128-129ğ̈́ᑛӖ̥Ğ1980Ĉ ३΍˿݈Ăਕૉ૟྽छᄃĶӖˠݑࢬ̝ఙķĞϺӈ̫͟ጯఙٙش857-861ğĄҭд੺ͳુ Ăѣր௚ኢࢗĂቔᮏ౵к۞Ăݒߏૺ඲ᑔĄૺͩĞૺ඲ᑔĂ1983Ĉځநྋ۞เҁğ֭ͧ൴ ᏖரఙĂ֭ͽڼͳ௚ޓ38-40ă44-63ğ૟྽छ۞Ķ୻୲೸ķĞѸछˬᄬğّॾ˘ᖼ҃ј Ă׎ٙ੅ኢ؟Φ੺ኘĲኢ̱छࢋўĳٙኢĶ྽ĞᇇğछķĞϺӈเҁğ̝ጯఙ̰टࠎϒ ঘ̈́۞׏ᚱӈѣĮҁ̄įăĮఄ̄įăĲኢ̱छࢋўĳĂͷপҾ૟Įგ̄į̝Ĳ͕ఙ˯ĳĂĲ͕ Ą߇׎ϲ֏Ăం̙ڼఙ˭ĳĂĲϨ͕ĳĂĲ̰ຽĳαቔಏ፾٧΍ኢ͠ĈĶѺछঅຽĂ࠰ચࠎ ѣĲ͹ܧݑࢬ̝ఙĂ߇ᇾᗟЧѣ̙Т҅Ąࡶਰࣦ३̚ѣĲӖ྽ĳቔĂᔹځѣ૞ቔͽᛚ ځ෪ĂͽۏĄϺѣᑢኜ˵۰ځٽ྽ĳቔĂӕᜓѣĲӖчĳቔĂஏݑѣĲ͹ఙĳቔĂѩ ௐ˭̝ژ྽̝វϡĂ҃ϲቔᗟ۰ķᕝ͠ĶѺछ֏͹ఙķٙТᕩĄĮგ̄įαቔдૺ̶ͩ Ѩ·̶णன˞΁Ķۢͳ྽̝൑̙రķ۞ĶӖˠݑࢬ̝ఙķĞĲᘹ͛Ԡĳᄬğጯఙ̰टĄ˘ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 46 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

ంࡶሄĂ༼ሄంࡶᖃĂޤ༼ĄޤĂυͽϒπĄٙͽε̝۰Ăυͽಈሄݖ˵ чᖃంࡶະĄγະ̰҃ᐖ۰Ăυͅ׎ّĄķĲϨ͕ĳՀᖎࢋ٧΍ĶᄃிˠТ ྽ķĄ ྽̝ఙĂౌߏĶЯķĂ˵ಶߏ൑ࠎڼၹĂ׎౵੼ᆸ৺۞ޙٙѣநኢ̝҃ ЪௐȈ˘ĳඈቔٙдк֍Ąԧࣇ̪൒ᓝ֏ᖎຍأĲࢷ੺ௐ̣ĳăĲٺĂڼ҃ ۰Α͈ဩ̝ࠧڼѣ௚ڼĄ൑ࠎ҃ځĂ٩෪உᛷّΑਕ̂۞Ķαቔķֽᄲྪ ఍ĂтĲ̰ຽĳಶѣ࠹༊׹Б۞ೡࢗĈ

ЖĂҋ·ҋ࠳ĂҋϠҋјĄ׎ٙͽε̝Ăυͽᇎăሄăಈă̝͕˲ ଐĂ̝͕كă୬ăӀă͕˜ͅᑻĄޤă୬ăӀĄਕΝᇎăሄăಈăޤ ͼт૟̙نن઎ĂٺӀщͽှĄ̻໭̻ใĂ׶˜ҋјĄԶԶͼтд ଀Ăിിͼт቎൑ໂĄѩቊ̙ᅈĂ͟ϡ׎ᇇĄ

ѩ͈̍Ă݋ѣဩࠧтĶ̙֍׎ԛĂ̙ჷ׎ᓏĂ҃Ԕ׎јĂᏜ̝྽ķćֶ ྽̙ᗓĂϔЯͽۢĄķكଯ҃Җ߆Ă˜ΞĶ৔྽̙ᅈĂϔᏖͽயĄ ķĄдเҁ྽छĂѣ࣎Ξͽᄲڼ౵੼ဩࠧӮߏĶ൑ࠎ҃ڼА২ኜ̝̄߆ ЩෟǕĶЯķĄĲ͕ఙ˯ĳ͠ĈĶ൑ࠎ̝྽ĂЯ˵ĄЯ˵۰Ă۞هߏᓁსЧໄ ఙ۞ЯĂᖃሄିڱ൑ৈ൑ຫ˵Ąͽ׎ԛЯࠎ̝ЩĂѩϡ̝ఙ˵ĄķѣԛЩ Ă྽׎ώҌ˵ĄķĞĲ͕ڼĶϔˠፆĂѺؖٺЯĂѣ͇гαॡ۞ЯĂ௣ᕩ۞̼ ఙ˭ĳğ

Ϗ֍̝າՄफ़ĂϏણᄃາ۞เҁࡁտĂ૟׎ࡁտࠧؠࠎ྽छĶ྽ኢķٺࢨצ൒ૺͩ௣ ৌཌྷĂݒϏਕ૟׎ٙኢĶ྽ኢķᄃĶเҁķ௑ᑕ੓ֽ੅ኢĄ༊൒Ăѩ̙̈́ஷĄĮგ̄į۞ ĂՀᇃజ፾ϲ೩΍ࡁտĂͽࠎҿĮგ̄įࠎเҁ˘ࠁ۞͹ࢋֶፂ̝˘Ąޢαቔдૺ̝ͩ ĂΞࠎ΃ܑĈĶְځౘခᑕĞ2006Ĉ2ğѣ˘߱၆Įგ̄įαቔ۞ጯఙ໚߹ᄃᆊࣃ۞ᄲ ϨΦ੺ኘĲኢ̱छࢋўĳٙᄲ۞྽छĂֽࣧځΞܮ၁˯ĂԧࣇΪࢋଂĮგ̄įαቔĂ ϨүࠎА২ॡ΃ᓁඕ۞Įӕͩߋࡌįλ඾̚ځΞܮಶߏเҁ྽छćଂĮგ̄įαቔĂ Ϩ؜͕̄ঈ˘ᙷࣰጯᛉᗟ۞ϤֽĂځຐćଂĮგ̄įαቔĂ˵Ξޥңͽเҁј׎͹វ ຐ۞அ໚Ąαቔ۞͕ጯăঈኢĂ၁ࠎ઼̚Ο΃ޥͽ̈́Įგ̄įăĮ̂ጯįăĮ̚૶įొ̶ ៍۞ڼຐĂтӖ˯൑ࠎҊ˭ѣࠎͽ̈́ӖҊ̶ᖚ҃ޥຐΫ̙Ξٕ৿۞˘ᒖĂ҃׎Ӗ྽ޥ ෛቋ˭྽نഇܜຐĄαቔ۞ࢦࢋّΞຐ҃ۢĂΞଓጯࠧޥጯ۞͹߹ڼĂјࠎ႔ᗬ߆ه ຐΫ˯۞гҜĄķޥछд ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 47ڼ߆

Ёăᝋ˧ᄃۤົ̝มǕ˘࣎ဘྏّ۞ͧྵ੅ኢ

Вᝋ˧۞ะ̚ăΐ̂ĂҬͼߏ̙ΞᔖҺĂ҃Įგّ̳ޘטछ۞ԛјĂ઼ ۞˯ၹ۞υืγĂՀкߏ።Ϋְ၁ޙįдѩኝᗟ˯ĂҬͼӔன˞ੵநኢ̄ υ൒Ąߊ൒઼छᄃᝋ˧۞хд̙ΞҺĂ21 ֤ᆃтң໰ᜪ࣎វᅮՐӈࠎયᗟ छ̳Вᝋ˧யϠ۞̙̳πĂҭ࣎វᅮՐ༊ᅈ઼זٙдĄԧࣇ݈͛পҾ೩̝ ѩĄٺ࿅ ̂̂˵ચ઼छજࣶ̝γĂڇĮგ̄į۞າ઼छநኢдΐ̂̚δะᝋĂ Ҙ͞Ķۤົݵࡗኢķ۞நّទᏭ̝υٺ঻Ķۤົķ۞гҜĄΪߏĂ̙Тܲ ͷਕ૟׎ٛҌώវኢڦ൒Ă22 ࡶӍˠΞᄲĮგ̄į̚хд˘჌၆ۤົ۞ᙯ ።Ϋְ၁ćೱ֏̝ĂιֽҋĶ።ٺᆸѨֽኘĂ఺࣎ۤົώវĂ݋ߏֽҋ۞ ጯ۞Ω჌ڼ҂͞ёĂΞઇࠎኢࢗ߆ޥΫ۞ώវኢķĄٕధĶ።Ϋώវኢķ۞ ШޘĄ23

͹ཌྷķĞAnarchismğࢋΩγ੅ኢĄ྽छ۞͹ૺĂপҾع༊൒Ă઼̚྽छᄃҘ͞Ķ൑߆ 21 Ο͇˯ٺᝋ˧ߏҋ൒۞Ăޫ࠹ͅĂˠّҋ൒дϠ߿ڼࣧؕ྽छĮҁ̄įĂ༊൒̙ᄮࠎ௚ ĂԧࣇΞͽᖎಏ۞ᄲĂߏ౵৷ო۞ڱ͹ཌྷķ۞࠻عৌ̝͵Ă൑ளᕅ౩౦౧Ą҃Ķ൑߆ ķυืع࣎ˠ͹ཌྷĞpurest expression of indivi-dualismğĂ઱ѣӸᘣ˞ˠᙷ۞൴णĂĶ߆ ঐĞBaradat, 2006: 131ğĄפЊٕ઀਑Бొొ ࣎វ̝มԛј۞ۤົݵࡗĂҋϤٺ΃ 17 ͵ࡔٙ൴ण΍ֽ۞ĶۤົݵࡗኢķĂ˜෦ኜܕ 22 Ă఺࣎జ࣎វݵࡗԛ๬ј۞ۤົĂ׍ѣ׎ڱಶᎊୣ۞࠻ڍຍԠϡͽܲᅪҋϤᝋӀĄт ĶώវኢķгҜĂ˵ಶߏ̂छሢۢ۞Ķ̳ВĞБğຍԠĞGeneral willğķć˘࣎ҋϤݵ ࡗԛј۞ۤົώវΞͽࣝዼ઼छᝋ˧̝˯Ă̙გߏξಞё۞Ăтᐒο೻ĞHobbesğٕ நኢڼࠃҹĞLockeğٙ֏ćԺٕ׍ԛ˯ጯჟৠ۞Ăтᎊୣٙ֏Ą఺дҘ͞็௚ϔ͹߆ ຍĄڦ൴ण˯ࣃ଀۞ ຐࠎ͹۞੅ኢ̚޽΍ĶགྷޥĄՂͩдͽ઼̚Ο΃ڱϡĶ።Ϋώវኢķ˜ଳՂ፨ݓ۞࠻ֹ 23 Ăҭ఺̙ߏᄲهநّĂ͕நјώវķĞ2002Ĉ6ğĂԧࣇဘྏ೯͔ѩໄޙរតАរĂ።Ϋ ώ͛୬ϡՂ፨ݓ۞ፋ࣎நኢүࠎྋ᝝Įგ̄įֶ̝ፂĄώវኢĞOntologyğ˫Ⴭхѣ хѣ۞ጯયĂ׎̰टᄃֲ֧೻кᇇٺཌྷߏᙯޥጯĄхѣጯ۞ᖙᛌՀ୻຾ĂĶхѣጯᜪЩ ˘ˠჍ̝ࠎ৷ოٕ೼఼ԛ˯ጯĄְ၁˯хѣጯߏԛ˯ጯ۞ௐޢĶࢵࢋࣰጯķӚЪĂ۞ ć੅ኢ̷˘۞ۏхѣٺጯયĂ֭੅ኢώኳгۡତᛳ۞ۏࠎхѣ̝ۏĂӈ੅ኢхѣܝొ ĞVerlog Herder K.G. ඾ĂีੜඕᛌĂ1976Ĉސ౵੼ॲ໚ٕৠ̝хѣ۞ጯય݋ᄃ̝࠹၆ 256ğĄķԧࣇдѩ఍੅ኢ۞ࠧؠ˯Ă̙Ӹ˵ͽՂ፨ݓࠎֶĈOntology ߏ੅ኢ BeingĂ ਕΪߏ͛ώٕᄬ֏Ăυืߏৌϒ۞Ķ౵௣ٙ޽ķĄՂ̠ͩĈĶώֽĂώវኢĞOntologyğ̙ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 48 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

ދତৼ˞׹ഈޘĮგ̄įд಴ࢦۤົώវ۞ϲኢ˯Ă͹ࢋߏ࠹༊̂඀ Ă˵ಶߏٙᏜ۞ĶᖃሄķĄ҃ĶᖃሄķĂ˜ܲѣдˠᙷϠ߿གྷטϣ̡ڱ؟ޙ நّķĄĶᖃޙរĂ˵ಶߏ።Ϋ۞Ϡ׻̝̚Ą໤ѩ˜ߏĶགྷរјАរĂ።Ϋ ።Ϋགྷរ̝̚Ă˜ヴヴ൒׍ѣώវኢгҜĂኬ̟˞Ķۤٺҋֽ˫ٺሄķणன ķΞͽ࠹၆ĞᔵϏυтҘ̝͞ϔ͹நኢ۞ࣝዼğ֭ͷᄃ઼छᝋ˧၆ྖĄ24ົ

ព΍఺˘ᕇĄЯࠎܮĂϏυޫ༊Ăι۞ĺхдኢĻăĺߏኢĻ̙ТᛌЩ઼̚ٺෟວϡ˘ ౵௣ώኳăώّٕĺ౵௣၁дĻĞThe Being of beingsğ۞ۏ΁ࣇଣտ۞ߏ˘̷၁д༱ ˞т⧠ЯĞQuineğٙᄲĂĺώវኢĻಶߏય “What is there?”Ğѣ̦ᆃĉğଂ҃΍னٕ ኳ͵ࠧඈඈĄ҃д઼̚ĺ̙ӈ̙ᗓĻĂӈன෪ᄃۏăநّă඗၆ჟৠăޓ˯Ч჌నؠĈ ᙱ೩΍఺࣎ĺ౵௣၁дĻ۞ĺώវĻĄЯޝܮ˯ώវߊ̙ඈТ˫̶̙ᗓ۞็௚̚ଂॲώ Ϊߏࠎ˞ૻአͽˠᄃҋ൒Ğγдҋ൒ᄃ̰дҋ൒ğ۞ܮĂԧٙᏜ۞ĺ።ΫώវኢĻ̝ ၁дĄٙͽĂٙᏜޢ።Ϋᓁវԛјֽүࠎ˘̷ன෪Β߁ĺԧ߿඾Ļ఺˘វ̎ன෪۞౵ ă඗၆ჟৠăهវĂ̙ߏநёă៍ۏĺ።ΫώវĻٕĺˠᙷ።ΫώវĻ̙֭ߏߙ჌٩෪ ຍᙊԛၗඈඈĂιΪߏՏ࣎߿ϠϠ۞ˠĞ࣎វğ۞͟૱Ϡ߿ώ֗ķĞՂݓ፨Ă2002Ĉ ࣧώ՟ѣ׌͞ᚑॾຍӣ۞ԛ˯ጯٕώវኢĂдĶࡊጯ̝̚ځ13-14ğĄѣᙯ઼͛̚ ĞScienceğķ˯۞੅ኢ͍Ξ֍Ąౘ͞ϒĞ2009Ĉ11ğഅ޽΍ĂҘ͞ன΃ࡊጯ۞யϠĂ நጯࢦ̂ࡎ৔ֹ൒ĂҭߏΟԓᘷ۞็௚ߏ̙Ξٕۏ׽൒ߏд 16ă17 ͵ࡔ˘րЕ͇͛ጯ ৿۞Ă఺࣎็௚Ă˘֏ት̝ĂӈĶҋ൒͵ࠧࡁտ۞ᇴጯ̼ķĞ޷ĈٙᏜĶᇴጯ̼ ăநّ۞˘វ׌ࢬğĄҴࡻॡдෞኢౘ͞ϒ۞ڱĞMathematicieationğķĂ၁дಶߏҋ൒ ၁ᅫᅮࢋ҃൴णĄ˵ٙͽĂٺΪѣĶზఙķĂ֤ߏૄځӈ޽΍ĂϒЯтѩĂ઼͛̚ڱᄲ Ğ1995Ĉ15ğдტኢ઼ࣰ̚ጯ۞পˬ؟՟ѣҘ͞ன΃ຍஉ˭۞ĶࡊጯķĄѸ֭ځ઼͛̚ ԓᘷֱ֤ҋ൒ࣰጯछĂ΁ࣇ۞ٺঅّયᗟॡĂ੫၆Т˘યᗟѣᖎࢋ۞ᕇᇥĈĶ఺ಶ̙Т Ҙࣰ͞ጯछѣ CosmologyĂ۞ֽޢ၆෪ߏҋ൒Ăߏͽҋ൒ࠧүࠎ͹ࢋኝᗟĄЯѩಶՙؠ ֽޢѣ OntologyĂЪ੓ֽಶߏֲ֧೻кᇇٙᄲ۞ MetaphysicsĄ఺࣎ Metaphysics ಶߏ ૵ᇇٙᄲ۞ Theoretical metaphysicsĄԓᘷಶߏј఺˘इĄ઼̚ˠಶ̙ߏ఺ᇹĂ઼̚ˠ Ą఺࣎ो૵ᇇ۞ྖֽᓾĂಶߏ၁ኹநۏࢵА΍ன۞Ăࢵ΍૷هࢵАࢦᇇĂᇇّ఺࣎៍ Theoretical reasonĄķְ၁˯̚Ҙѣྮቢ۞̙ТĄ ٺѣᐹАّĂѣᐹ෸ّĂᐹАᐹّ ߛၹĂҭԧࣇؑͷֹϡ׎ᄬֽهՂ፨ݓ͹ૺĶҘវ̚ϡķĂ߇̪ͽԛ˯ጯăώវኢ̝ໄ ྯڍĄҭՂ፨ݓ၆઼ۢ̚ᙊ۞˞ྋߏΞያ۞Ą׎၁Ăтܮ֏ĂϡຍдБ஧̼۞໛఼͞ ؟௲۞ᄲĂ઼̚Οֽͽ˟̮࠹၆̢જĂώϏܑ㝯ֽᄲĶវķĶϡķĂ˵ߏ૱֍۞Ąරᚑ Ăܮჯ͞ё۞͞ޥژࣰጯ۞ĶវķăĶ࠹ķăĶϡķ̝ᄲ֤ಶՀᒋ൒̂౯˞Ąઇࠎ˘჌̶ ϡĶώវኢķ఺࣎ЩෟĂԧࣇᙸຍဘྏĄֹ ϲ੓֧ޙछᄃۤົ۞ᙯܼĈĶд઼ځॡĂഅͽĶ၆ྖķֽᄲޘטഈኬԝځᆒԠઈдࡁտ 24 פॡ࣏Ă˘͞ࢬᅮࢋࢦ௡гۤ͞ົ௡ᖐĂΩ˘͞ࢬ˵ᅮࢋᄃߊѣ۞г͞௡ᖐ۞ޘטϥ ᄃг̝͞ม۞၆ྖ࿅඀ķĞ2010Ĉ7ğĄԧࣇᄮࠎĂΟ΃઼̚عĂ఺ߏ˘઼࣎छ߆ם଀ԁ ๴Ăᑕྍߏᄃፋវۤົѣኜк໛఼˘ڕந˯༊̙ߏ˘჌٩෪඗၆۞ᜠڼछᝋ˧д઼۞ જͷொજአፋ۞ዶгĄѩᙷࡁտᑓֽྵкĂᓝᆒͩࠎּĄ̢ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 49ڼ߆

јĂٙ൴̂غ።Ϋ୧І˭Ă።གྷߋࡌጼ઼Ă֞২௣۞ۋ఺ߏ઼̚дࢬᓜጼ ৌ࠹̝˘Ą۞ޘטण΍۞Ӗ͹ะᝋ ׍ѣώវኢгҜĉдԛ˯ጯᆸѨĂځࠎ̦ᆃᄲĶᖃሄķд઼̚Ο΃͛ ˯Ј۞ܫ͹ཌྷķ۞ĶநّķĂ˫՟ѣૄ༛ି͕̚ڱߊͻĶҋ൒ځΟ΃઼͛̚ ࣎ BeingĂ௣ໂ۞ᆊࣃĂன෪ֽ̝ࠧ໚ߏ̦ᆃĉ˘֤ځĂ֤ᆃ઼̚Ο΃͛ޓ ĂĶ׹ڱᄲ۞צຫৈ˞ĄΟֽĂ҃˵෸ֽ෸జ༊݈ጯ۰ତ۞ڱछ؟ಶߏয়ــ ̝ٙܢ׏ᚱ۞።ΫώវĂߏ׎૙ٺ඾ޢᖃүሄķಶߏຫৈಜ඲ࡈ഼̝ט̳ дĂயϠֽ̝໚ĄĮν็‧ߌ̳˟Ȉ̱ѐįѣ˘߱ᆅഀ̳ྫྷॣᑈ۞၆ྖĂԧ ࣇΞͽྤ੅ኢĈ25

Ă׎ኡѣѩͼĉķॣ̄͠Ĉވᄃॣ̄ӱ˷ྮ၃Ą̳ሉ͠ĈĶ࡚ݙܭᆅ Ķ೷યңᏜ˵ĉķ̳͠ĈĶӍͽࠎдᇇĄķ၆͠ĈĶтӖ̝֏Ă׎ౘ ᓠĂ˵̳̝פϔĄ֑ડ੭ᔨ̝ᇴĂ׎ٺͼĊౘͩᔵ൑̂ᇇĂ҃ѣ߉ͩ ׎߉̝ϔ˵ݓĄ̳ݓᑦ஘Ăౘͩݓ߉஘Ăϔᕩ̝ջĄྐ͠ĈĶᔵ൑ᇇ ᄃ̃ĂёႇͷᄅĄķౘ̝ͩ߉Ăϔႇᄅ̝ջĄޢ͵ࡶ͌೓Ăౘͩ҃ Ă݋઼׎઼˵̏Ąķ̳͠ĈĶචݙĂߏΞࡶңĉķ၆͠ĈĶ઱ᖃ˸̙ Ξͽ̝̏ĄдᖃĂछ߉઼̙̈́Ăϔ̙ዏĂྺ̙ொĂ̍ྥ̙តẰ̙ ޢ໧Ă͈̙̂ќ̳ӀĄķ̳͠ĈĶචݙĂԧ̙ਕջĄӍ̫̙҃ءᑿĂ ᖃ̝Ξͽࠎ઼˵Ąķ၆͠ĈĶᖃ̝Ξͽࠎ઼˵˳ջĂᄃ͇г֭ĄӖۢ ΄ߘĂؑຎ૎᝘Ăᖃ˵ĄӖ؍ҊВĂͭຎ̄ԂĂΈຑԙະĂ͈׶΄ ̙҃࿁ĂҊВ̙҃෮ćͭຎ҃ିĂ̄Ԃ҃ቒćΈຑ҃̓Ăԙະ҃ึć Ąķ̳͠Ĉ˵ۏߘ҃ϒćؑຎ҃ଂĂ૎᝘્҃Ĉᖃ̝ච؍׶҃ཌྷĂ͈ гͽࠎ͇ٺჷѩᖃ̝˯˵Ąķ၆͠ĈĶАͳ༷ٙޢĶචݙĂဿˠ̫҃ ׎ϔ˵ĂߏͽАͳ˯̝Ą

΃ᆅĂШᆅഀ̳೩΍ᛋӘᄃᚍᄯĂॣᑈפᑈдѩ၆ϣĞౘğͩ૟ࢋॣ ࢬΑਕĂٙᏜĶдᖃĂछ߉઼̙̈́Ă͈̙̂ќޘטᖃሄ۞˞ځଘБࢬᄲ̙ ٺԣ޽΍Ķᖃ̝Ξͽࠎ઼۰˳ջĂᄃ͇г֭ķĂĶАͳ༷ځӀķඈඈĂՀ̳ гĂͽ׎ࠎϔ˵ķĄጯ఼ࠧᄲĂ׹ഈ˜ЯѣĶᇇķ҃଀Ķ͇׻ķĂ΃થࡒ͇ ѣ͇˭Ă֭଀͇׻ͽ็͵΃Ąॣᑈٙ޽ĂĶᖃķᔵߏԛё۞γܑĂ̏Ξј҃

΃Ķᇇķ۞၁ᅫгҜĂᄃώ͛඾ீ̙ТĂפӓᐷዂĞ1995Ĉ16-17ğдѩ੅ኢᖃሄΞͽ 25 ѩୁ൴Ąצҭώ͛ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 50 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

ࠎჟৠᇇϫ۞Ķᇇķ̝˘វ׌ࢬĄĶᖃķΞ΃Ķᇇķ҃؊ѣ͇׻ĂͽՂ፨ݓ Ķᇇķ˞ĂҌѩ̏གྷѣĶநّķ̝ኳĄٺ൒ඈТاᄬ֏ĂĶᖃķֽҋ።Ϋ۞ Ҙ͞۞ᄬ֏Ă఺Ķநّķߏ׍ώវኢгҜ۞ćĶᖃķֽҋགྷរĂݒ˵ヴ൒ѣ Įგ̄įώ֗Ăͽᖃሄүࠎώវ̝ᄲΞણĮგזĶАរķԛ˯ጯ۞гҜĄа ༰įĈڱĆ̄

Ą߇̀ం೷྘ځॡĂᇇҖυѣٙߏĂ྽ཌྷυѣ̝ٙ͵ڼཐͳ̝֗Ă ϔćٺćం೷ο೎ቤҖĂ࣒˯˭̝ϹĂͽ׶Ꮠ઼ٺளᖃĂͽҋ֍ܸ ϔ˵Ăซ݋ֹڼ׎ӖĄཐͳ̝ึפĂႢӀᛂΑĂͽء⻇߇ం೷෹ඈ ൑Ϥ଀׎ٙӀĂੜ݋ֹ൑Ϥᔖ׎ٙचĂυֹͅͼщ׎ҜĂሄ׎ཏĂ ᗓ׎ཏ۰Ăυֹѣचć̙҃ءջĄ߇⻇׎ͤޢચ׎ᖚĂၷ׎ЩĂ҃ ਕ׎ְ҃ε׎ᖚ۰ĂυֹѣऺĄߏ߇ཐͳ̝ିϔ˵Ăͽ̥᏾̝Ăͽ Ăщ҃ڼऺֹ̝Ă࣒׎ਕĂ࡭׎ٙĂј҃ͤĄ߇͠ĈĶ඗҃ؠĂᐖ҃ ಴Ăᓝ᏾̙҃ត۰Ăཐͳ̝྽˵Ąķ

ѩ֏ᔵϏтĮν็Ćߌ̳˟Ȉ̱ѐįۡ֏Ķᖃķ̝үϡĂ൒௟տԧࣇ ᖃሄĂ߇ତᜈ҃֏Ķ̀ంٺķϺдځΞ൴னĂĶᇇҖυѣٙߏĂ྽ཌྷυѣٙ ֏̝Ăᖃ̝ώ̙ਕᅅதՀજĄᔵ൒ѩ֏ҬͽᇇࠎૄᖂĂҭٽ೷྘ܸளᖃķć ᇇਕ೼ֶ࿆̼̝ፂ̪дᖃሄĄᓁ̝ĂĶ።Ϋ۞ώវኢķܑன۞׽൒ߏΟ΃ֹ Ăᔵෛ̝ΪޘטĂ׎׍ѣ۞ᖃሄځ׹͛זჯ͞ёĂ҃˘όར၁ޥˠ۞઼̚ ˘Ă݋Ϻ൒׍ѣώវгҜĄĮგ̄į಴ࢦᖃሄĂ׎၁ߏᔳ൒ᓝ΍ޘטߏۤົ छĄ઼ٺ࣎Ķۤົώវķͽྤ࠹၆ ҂Ă҃ߏΩ˘჌ޥទᏭ۞ր௚ّٺၹ˵̙ߏјޙТᇹ۞ĂĮგ̄į఺࣎ ͽԛјĄԧࣇ݈͛ኢࢗ˞Įგޘჯၗޥჯ͞ёĂፂĶચ၁ķ۞ޥ۞أநྋц ྽ĞᇇğౚวĂͽ࡭঱׽ڱįߏเҁछĂᗔ೤˞Ѻछ̝ጯĂ׎ࣘጏግЩ̄ тĶ౺ዶቑᘞķ۞ĶᗔछķؤంЩٙͽĂԯ࠹Т˘ᙷ඾үĂಶ઀਑Ԙ˞˘࣎ ඗၆႕֖ր௚ّăڱĂιटٕ൑ڱႝ൑ౢܧटৼĄ׎࠻Ҭᗔര޸෭Ăݒֽ Ăݒ˵ѣॲѣ໚ĂԧࣇΞͽՂჯΫপ౻೻ڱទᏭ˘ర۞ᅮՐĂҭ׎ߛၹ͞ ࡁտֽᑒӄநྋĞోᑕࣰĂ1996Ĉ89 ̝ො 2ğĈ۞ځ၆Огщ͛

҂Ă߇˜ߏ࿬೸۞ćޥۏჯ͞ёĂߏ౅࿅׍វ۞ְޥϔۤົ۞ܐд পؠ၁ᅫଐԛ۞ᅮࢋĂԯγд͵ࠧ۞ۢᙊќৼд˘੓Ăрည˘ֶ࣎ Ķ࣒ྃНĞBri-coleurğķٙќะ໤౯۞̍׍ቐĄЯѩ΁̙ᙯ͕఺ֱ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 51ڼ߆

ፂࢬֶޢᙊߏӎ׍ѣទᏭّᄃր௚ّĂΪࢋѣϡಶќд˘੓Ă҃ۢ ΍ѣϡ۞̍׍ĞӈۢᙊğĂࢦາଵЕ௡פᓜ۞၁ᅫયᗟĂГϤ̍׍̚ ϲߏ၁ᅫă࿬༤҃ͽ̙ᕝଵЕ௡ޙЪͽࠎᑕ၆Ąᓁ̝Ă఺჌ۢᙊ۞ Ъֽᑕ;׍វְચ۞Ą

ଂְទᏭႊᘯّ۞҃هҘ͞ன΃ࡊጯ̝ͽ٩෪ໄٺჯ͞ёѣҾޥ఺჌ አّĄԧࣇᄮࠎĂเҁם҂ᓾտ۞ߏទᏭ˯۞υ൒ّᄃޥ҂ĂЯҘ͞ёޥ ຐҬͼ׍ѣĶ࣒ྃНķ۞้ШĂ̙࿅ι˵׍࠹༊ր௚ّĂ̙֭ਕజՂჯޥ ჯ̝׎˘჌ԆБఢቑĄޥ჌˟۞ژΫপ౻೻̶ Աૄᖂޘט൒҃ĂϤ።Ϋώវವᘯۤົώវߏӎ֖ૉĉТᇹϤ׹̳ᖃሄ நኢ۞ጏछĂĮਰ̄į˘ࠁߏ࠹༊ᙷТĮგ̄į۞Ăͽ׎ཐͳᖃཌྷ௚ᙷߛ̝ ؜Ğ̄ğ˘ࠁĂݒޥၹ۞ĶᖃཌྷķĂૄώ˯ಶߏ።ΫۤົώវĄѩγĂĞ̄ğ Ωѣֽ໚Ăд̙ͻ።Ϋώវ̝γĂιΩγѣ˘࣎ˠֽّ໚Ąԧࣇ݈͛അགྷ Ă֤ᆃࣖநఢቑңٙ΍ĉ͋ޓ˯Ă઼̚՟ѣΟԓᘷ඗၆நّᄃૄ༛ି۞ז೩ ؜̝ᜈĄĶ̥ķĂಶߏˠّĂ྽ᇇᆊࣃ۞ֽ໚Ąᑓޥϲ˞˘࣎Ķ̥ķĂͽࠎ̄ ጏछѩநĂ઄ࣄ૵ᇇ۞ᄬژඈĂͽ૵ᇇ۞நኢ̶ֽˬ؟ĶາጏጯķĂࡶѸֽ ĶАរĞTranszendentalğķ۞Ķ྽ᇇ׻΄ĞCategorical Imperativeğķćٺ֏Ă҃ᕩ ٙᏜĶ၁ኹநّĞPractical ReasonğķĂ݋ࠎጏछ྽ᇇநኢ۞८͕Ąҭߏጏछ ੅ኢ۞Ą26 ̙࿅ՂޞإኜҘ͞ᄬ֏۞Ķநّķĉ఺ߏפ੓໚ߏ̙ߏΞ࠹༊۞ ፨ݓٙᓾ۞ĶགྷរតАរķăĶ͕நјώវķĂࣆߏΩ˘ྋᛖ౉शĂώ͛ᄮࠎ ĄЯࠎጏछࣖந྽ᇇր௚۞८͕ĶԂķĂ׎ؕߏ˘჌℃೔̝ଐĂӈפΞͽྤ

เซᎸഅԲҿّ۞੅ኢ˞ͽ૵ᇇĞImrnanue Kantğ̝Ķ྽ᇇҋ͹ّĞMoral Autonomyğķ 26 ĄเͩࢵА޽΍ĶࢵАĂጏछࣖநૄώ˯ߏͽĺ྽טຐ۞ࢨޥ੅ኢࠤҌፂͽநྋ઼̚ ᇇଐຏĻࠎ΍൴ᕇĂ؜̄۞ĺαბᄲĻԯѩ˘পҒܑன଀౵୻຾Ą΁ᄮࠎĶˠ࠰ѣ̙ ķϠજгೡࢗ˞Ķٌଖ೔ᔳ̝͕ķ۞யϠĂፂ؜̡̄ٺԡˠ̝͕ķĂ҃̏Ķͺ֍ᑋ̄ˢ ೋ׎ܧķăĶ̓ڈฏᛨٺٙͽࢋ᜖ܧᑋ̝̄ͭϓķăĶٺٙͽ̰Ϲܧᄲ఺჌ຏଐ̝யϠĶ ؠࠎĶ྽ᇇଐຏķćՀࢦࢋ۞؜̄ᄮࠎˠ̝ٙͽࠎˠಶߏЯࠎ׍ۺᓏ҃൒ķĂЯѩΞͽ ѣ఺჌ຏଐĂ҃ѩ˘ຏଐ၁ࠎ྽ᇇ۞ૄᖂٕฟბĄķ҃ᄮࠎĶϤѩෛ̝Ăጏछ۞ࣖந ཌྷĄᄃ׎ᄲጏछ྽ᇇࣰጯᄃ૵ᇇࣰጯ࠹఼Ăͦှڡጯᄲᄃ૵ᇇ۞Ķ྽ᇇҋ͹ķᄲ̙൑ ۰ݚᄮৌˠᙷ׍ѣ̰д۞ĺ྽ޢᄲᄃ૵ᇇٙͅ၆۞ᄿִϠăЃᖯኜˠ۞ጯᄲྵࠎᙷҬĂ ѩᔵ͔เ̝ͩᄲĂٺᇇຏĻĞmoral senseğͽүࠎࣖநҿᕝ۞ֶፂķĞ1994Ĉ3-30ğĄώ͛ Ϡ၆૵ᇇ۞྽ᇇଐຏኢ၁ѣΩγ۞Բෞᄃநኢ˯۞ᖼ̼Ă൒ѩܝ׎̈́ˬ؟ҭ၁ᅫ˯Ѹ ८͕Ă߇ᇶ̟х̙҃ኢĄڦώ͛ٙᙯܧ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 52 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

࠹༊ຏّ۞ଐຏĄҭߏĶˠ̙̥҃тᖃңĉˠ̙̥҃тሄңĉķ˵ಶĶགྷ ଐຏ۞̥͕ĂυืࢋءរតАរķăĶ͕நјώវķ˞Ą໤ѩĂጏछ఺࣎ຏ ѣ˘࣎෹෸ĂјࠎّචĂјࠎ׍ώវኢгҜĞOntological statusğĂ̖͞Ξ நኢĄ˵ЯѩĂˠّኢ۞ّචјࠎ̙Ξٕ৿Ą࠹ԛ̝˭ĂĮგڼԆ౯ፋ࣎߆ Ăˠّኢ۞ච۞ֽ໚ѣٙᗒεĂтѩĂт።Ϋᖃ˭̝ޘטįдଳৼᖃሄ̄ ᝋڼజ߆ڱछ؟য়ڍሄ۞ۤົώវĂड़˧̙ૉĂࠤҌΞਕజĶ̍׍̼ķĄт ཌྷϒ၆Įგ̄į̝ˠّኢڒፆᓂ˞Ăۤົώវಶঅ͌๸೯֖ྤ၆ԩĄΩ˧ тѩೡࢗĞ1990Ĉ92ğĈ27

ЯѩĂᕩඕ੓ֽĂĮથӖ३į۞ˠّኢĂ˜ӈĶଐķăĶ୬ķăĶࢍķăĶᇋķă ĶҋࠎķăĶ݌˧ķͽ֏ˠّĄࡶͽĮგ̄į̝ˠّኢ҃֏Ă่ᛈ̈́ ຍ۞ߏĂ̏ᔳӣҋࠎڦᆸ̝ĶрӀೋचķ̝ˠّቪ˞Ă઱˘ࣃ଀˭ ҋӀ۞Я৵Ąᔵ൒Ă׎ˠّኢֶ൒̙ߏّೋኢĂ่ߏ၆ˠّү˘჌ ၁൒۞ೡࢗ҃̏Ă̙ঘ̈́චೋ۞྽ᇇҿᕝĄ

ѣड़៍މĮგ̄įˠّኢͣ৿ԛ˯ጯૄᖂĂ׎೼ّ࿆ă˞ځ఺ޫޫᄲ ࢉϠ࿅඀̚Ă۞טಶѣ˞યᗟĄ28 ҭಶĮგ̄į៍၅Ă઼̚дӖ͹ะᝋّ ჯ͞ё̈́ۤົޥᏊߏజ·̶҂ณ۞Ą֭ͷĂιдט࣎ۤົώវ۞಴ࢦᄃ˘ ώវ̝ፘϲ˯ĂϺ࠹༊׍পҒĄ

ౙăඕኢ

ᆅ઼ૻ˞ځдĮΫ੃Ćጆ͵छį̚Ăѣ˘߱ர׍͛ጯّ۞ೡࢗĂᅲᄲ ໚ϤĈ۞̂

۰Ă˜ͽ྽छࠎፂĂӈΝӀ൑ԧ͌୬ڼ࿅Ăࢋ̶ᏰĮგ̄į۞ˠّኢ׎ࢋᕇ˜дజ̙ 27 Ă଀׎ҋ൒୻ᐖΞͽࠎཐͳĂѩᄲপҾ֍ኜგ̄αቔĄޢ̝ ೩΍ֽĂಶֹᖃሄৌ၁̼ĂֹιѣϠ׻Ăه఺࣎࠹ᙯયᗟ̠ĈĶٙͽ̥఺࣎៍זኘˬ؟Ѹ 28 ѣड़ّĞObjective validityğķĞ1995Ĉ61ğĄѸ֭ͩซ˘Վ͹ૺĂ఺ᇹᖃሄಶ۞៍މѣ ٺĞΞͽഈϒࢬğΝຫৈ˞ĄĮგ̄įߊ৿ѩˠّኢĂ֤ᆃᖃሄಶ̙ਕజܲᙋ։චĞ၆ ˠϔ҃֏)ĂĮგ̄įГтңૻአԂԙᏐᏐ಴಴ౌົࢬᓜ߄ጼĄ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 53ڼ߆

ጆĂ̝ދצܐĂߏࠎጆ̳Ąጆ̳ұ༲̝ދצĂ̄ұ༲׽݈̏ל׹̳ ಡ߆׹̳Ą׹̳͠ĈĶңᏵ˵ĉķұ༲͠ĈĶត׎ܸĂࢭ׎ޢѐ҃ˬ ᆅẶ҃͡ಡ߆׹̳Ą׹ٺދੵ̝Ă߇ᏵĄķ̳ϺޢᖃĂಉˬѐ൒ ჷұޢĈĶң়˵ĉķ͠ĈĶӍᖎ׎ӖҊᖃĂଂ׎ܸࠎ˵Ąķ̳̈́͠ Ăٽ׎ΔࢬְᆅջĊ͈߆̙ᖎ̙͵ޢĂጆײ༲ಡ߆ᏵĂ˜ሉ͠ĈĶ๣ ϔĂϔυᕩ̝Ąķܕٽćπܕϔ̙ѣ

ૻ஽Ą҃ጆ઼ᔵ൒Ԇٺлᙝห̝гĂݒ௣ڌΦ੺ዏ੃ྶĂᆅ઼ࣧߏֶ ጆ઼ٺᆅĄ׎̚मளĂдٺڇĂݒ̙Һ௣ߏ઼̈ĂҊޘט౯˞Ҙ׹۞ᖃሄ טЯᑕॡ۩҃ᝋតٺግчјఢĂ҃ᆅ઼ݒҋฟ઼۰ݹ͉̳˘ؕĂӈȈ̶ච ĄግчјఢĂͽ࡭ૻ୬૲఺˘इᖃሄјఢΝጆ઼Ă๕υࢋА৔ੵጆ઼дآ ࢲܸϔଐඈඈĄҭߏᆅЯݹ͉̳எಱᏖரĂޘטপؠॡ۩ࡦഀ˭Ăߊј۞ ĄдĲᆅآטౚᏖ۞য়र໺Ăਕ఼ᝋ྿តЯг͵ޢΦ੺ዏΩ˵޽΍Ă΁ߏ ౦ៃ̝ܮछĳ˵੃ྶĈĶ͉̳Ҍ઼௳߆ĂЯ׎ܸĂᖎ׎ᖃĂ఼થ̝̍ຽĂ͵ ӀĂ҃ˠϔкᕩᆅĂᆅࠎ઼̂Ąķ ˘ᑕĂᆅ઼۞ૻ̂ĂಶдײĲᆅ͵छĳᄃĲጆ͵छĳ۞੃ྶϒр࠹̢ ຐĂ·̶జһछ̝ౚᏖٙ୽ႌႽ࡭۞ޥҁఄٺ࣎ĶЯķфĄĶЯķĂ׽ߏ໚ ϡĂ˵ߏเҁጯछĶӖˠݑࢬ̝ఙķ۞౵८͕۞߉߆޽ጱჩᅳĂĮგ̄įྻ ĂٽϺ̙௲ѩĄ29 ҃Ϥጆăᆅ˟͵छ۞੃ྶ࠻ĂѩĶЯķࢦᕇдೠ೪ॡ۩ត পҾೠ೪ϔ͕ϔଐϔܸĂͽ̝ࠎֶᕩĂ֭ፂ̝ͽჸϔĄӍˠ៍̝Įგ̄įĂ ϺߏтߏĄ ֽࣧᆅ઼۞გЅጯࠁߏѣ׎ጯఙ˯˘ࠁ࠹ٚ۞็௚۞ĄଂΦ੺ዏ۞੃ ຐֽ໚̝˘۞ăޥጯࠁ͛ᚥ۞Įგ̄įĂ༊ΞͽߏጯࠁٺӈΞ࠻΍Ă30 ࠹၆ྶ

ۏͽ҃̏۽Ăѩ֏Я˵ćЯ˵۰Ă˵פٙܧٙన˵Ă׎જܧᓦᎼ̠ĈĶგ̄͠Ă׎ᑕځ 29 Ąӕͩߋࡌ͠ĂЯ۰ĂӖఙ˵Ă˵פٙܧٙన˵Ăቡந҃જĂܧᑕĂޢĂຏ҃˵۰ڱࠎ ࠎ۰ĂҊ྽˵Ăࠎ݋ᕘջĂЯ݋ᐖջĂЯ΋ࠎರĂЯआࠎഁĂӖңְݙĂ߇͠ĈӖ൑ ѣۢѣࠎĂ݋଀ۢջĄ͉Ϋ̳͠Ĉ྽छͽ෍൑ࠎώĂͽЯೈࠎϡĂ෍ٺ྽ۢ൑ࠎ҃ኰ ۰྽̝૱˵ĂЯ۰ĂӖۢჩ˵Ą޷Ăѩ֭Ο̝Ҍˠ̝᏷֏Ąˬ̄۰ΝΟϏᅈĂ߇ਕ็ ĄѦ̄͠Ă྽छ̝ᄲĂ౵ࢋ఺ЯĂ༱ІְΪЯֽઇķĞᓦᎼĂ1966Ĉ38ğĄΩણ̝҅ז ోᑕࣰĞ1991Ĉ129-133ğĄ ຐĂΞͽણޥგ̄۞ځᄲֽޘଂ׹ᆅ̼͛ᏉЪᄃ൴ण۞֎إͳᎸຽĞ1990Ĉ111-120ğ 30 ຐĂ༊൒ߏࣃ଀੅ኢ۞Ąޥ҂ĄҭͳͩݒԯĮგ̄įూ޽ࠎგ̄࣎ˠ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 54 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

።ֽጬ൴ဦૻ۞ۢᙊЊ̄ଯૣĄ31઼̚צဦૻĂϺՏڱ።Ϋ˯۞გ̄Ă׎ត х˸ன၁҃ચ၁۞ᚯᏖ̝ត̝఍ĂĮგ̄įۋҭдĶតķĂд༊൒ߏֶፂጼ ߹̚۞Ω˘჌Ķ̙តķ۞ࣧ৵Ĉ።Ϋώវኢٙܲᛃ۞ܜݒٚᜈ˞˵ߏ̼͛ ĄӍˠ̫͟៍̝Ă఺࣎ޘטώវϺӈҘ׹ٚᜈಜ඲ࡈ഼҃౹ϲ۞ᖃሄົۤ Ϡ߿ăۢᙊ˯ĂٙᏜĶᝋ˧ᄃۤົķ۞̙តڼតᄃ̙តĂҬͼ˵၆ˠᙷ߆ ኝᗟĂ೩΍˘઼࣎̚Ο׏ё۞ྋඍĄ ĂٙΞͽޓ˯͹ཌྷ۞඗၆நّă͕̚ڱҋ൒ܧώវኢĂ֭۞ځ઼͛̚ ؟ăநྋćιݒͽˠ͛ࠎֶᕩĂՂ፨ݓ۞ٙᏜĶ።ΫώវኢķĂಶૻአĶځᄲ ޥĂߏΞͽ೩ֻԧࣇᚶᜈځϔௐ˘įğ۞઼̚Ο͛ێᇁķĶয়ᇁķĞĮგ̄Ă ᏊĂ֭ͷΞͽ׍ώវኢҜล̈́ט۞˧፾ᕝᝋڼ҂۞Ą̙ኢтңĂΞͽ၆߆ ຍཌྷ۞ߙֱඕၹĂд઼̚Ο׏۞઼छநኢ̝̚Ă࠻ֽ˵̙͉৿ͻĂҌ͌Įგ į˙३೩ֻ˞˘࣎֍ྋĄ̄

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˟ăҘ͛ొ̶ Baradat, L. P. 2006. Political Ideologies. Pearson: Prentice Hall. ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 60 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ

The New Theory of State of Guanzi: The Social Ontology of Power Concentration*

Ying-zhe Kuo**

Abstract

This essay focuses on state transformation from the Three Dynasties Period to the period of Spring and Autumn and the Warring States. Namely, as the state had transitioned from its embryonic form to the Junxian (੤Ꭹ) system, its conceptualization varied from that of a loose organization to a powerful apparatus in which its centralized, legitimized and widespread power was able to interfere the private lives of its subjects. This essay argues that by looking at concepts originating from Yin (Я), Guanzi (გ̄) had addressed the growing tension between the individual and the state. This paper first elaborates on the structural transformation of the state, then on the characteristics, the nature, and the content of the book. This paper demonstrates the state theory in Guanzi, which benefited from the extent findings of the Chinese early state in the field of history and from the perspectives of “intellectual history” and “dialogue”. There are two premises: one on the social or individual, the other on the ruler. The former focuses on the interests concerned in human nature, and the latter focuses on the concepts of Yīnshùn (Яึ), Yīnxún (Яೈ) and Wúwéi zhī zhì Finally, this paper illuminates the concept of ontology found in .(ڼ൑ࠎ̝) Guanzi.

Keywords: Guanzi, States, Power, Social Ontology

* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.201806_(76).0002 ** Associate Professor, Department/Graduate Institute of Political Science, Tunghai University. E-mail: [email protected].