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Guanzi Yu Qi Wenhua [Guanzi and the Culture of Qi], Eds

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Guanzi Yu Qi Wenhua [Guanzi and the Culture of Qi], Eds ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡Ɵࢱ 31-60ڼ߆ ჯĈޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ *ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ ోᑕࣰ** ၡࢋ ώ͛ဘྏ޽΍आથ׹Ҍߋࡌጼ઼઼छඕၹ۞ႊតůӈଂѣ઼छ̝ ௡ᖐĂᖼڼຽଂྵᗫ೸۞߆هछ۞ໄ઼ځĂ֭ᄲט੤Ꭹ۞ֽޢᗖݭҌ Вᝋ˧ࡍ౅࣎ˠϠ߿۞າ઼छĄ҃Įგ̄į̳ڱࠎໂࠎૻ̂۞ะ̚Ъ ఍நăаᑕ࣎វᄃ઼छ۞ღૺၗ๕Ąߏ߇Ăٺ͹ૺĶЯķĂѣӄڼ߆۞ Ăତᜈኢ̈́Įგ̄į३۞͛ώᛳّăځώ͛А၆઼छඕၹ۞ᖼតซҖᄲ ڍ၆઼̚ѝഇ઼छ۞።Ϋࡁտјـ࿅ٺĂ࠹ણޢؠҜᄃ̰टౘࢗĄ̝ Ă၆Įგ̄į۞઼छநኢү˘ӔޘຐΫķ׶Ķ၆ྖķ۞֎ޥ৭дĶ֭ ώǕۤົᄃ࣎វბώд˟ٺĄТॡώ͛൴னĂĮგ̄į઼छநኢಧૄځ ĶЯึķăĶЯೈķ۞Ķ൑ࠎٺ۰ĞӖğბ݋ώڼϔଐˠّ̝Ӏच׶௚ ᄃĮგ̄įซҖ၆ྖĄهĂ࠽ਕᖣώវኢĞOntologyğ̝ໄޢķĄ౵ڼ̝ ᙯᔣෟĈĮგ̄įă઼छăᝋ˧ăۤົώវ ᛉĂֹώ͛ഴ͌৿εĄޙDOI:10.6166/TJPS.201806_(76).0002ĄຏᔁઠЩᆶߤˠ೩΍̝ * րઘି଱ĂE-mail: [email protected]Ąڼঔ̂ጯ߆ڌ ** ќቇ͟ഇĈ106 ѐ 10 ͡ 3 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ107 ѐ 3 ͡ 14 ͟ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 32 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ ಥă݈֏ ႙ͽֽĂ֞ϔ઼ 10ă20 ѐ΃ĂͽĮΟΫᏰįࠎ८͕۞ႷΟጯఙڌҘጯ Ϋ˯੅ኢĞᜪܫಶڱજĂ၆઼̚˯ΟΫ೩΍ᚑᆖ߄ጼĂ઼̚˯ΟΫೀͼ൑ྻ ѐጯࢲͶតĂ̙ΪഅజĮΟΫᏰįٙԽᑝ۞ಜܕዯࣣĂ1987Ĉ59-66ğĄ1 ଘ జ።Ϋّ۞੅ኢĄــ˵Ăޓเܮ඲ࡈĂӈ ఺༊൒࠹༊ֶᏥ˞˯͵ࡔͽֽ̙ᕝ΍˿۞г˭҂Οྤफ़Ăͽྤҥ෠Ą ΟΫࡁտ۰Ă̂к้ШͽາϮጡॡ΃ͽࢫ̝г˭҂Οྤफ़ᄃ˯ΟثপҾ׌ ΃ć2 পҾߏआഈͽֽĂ̏ˬޓ΃۞็௚׏ᚱ࠹̢О෠Ă҃ҿᕝ̣ˬޓ̣ ׍˘ؠВТপᇈĄ3 ಶˠᙷጯ۞֎ځ൒ౌΞͽߏ።Ϋְ၁Ă֭ͷˬ΃۞͛ छĂҋߏ˘࣎ࢦࢋ۞ኝᗟĄˠᙷ͇Ϡҋ൒ົ઼זϔՅརႊซܐĂтңଂޘ ֏Ą҃Ķ઼छķ۞ԛјޞኢ۰ࠤкĂҋֽ̙̫ـϠ߿ĂΟ۞ົۤڼ࿅඾߆ Ϡ߿ໂ࿝Ă༊൒ໂࣃࡁտĄಶځˠᙷ͛זᄃតࢭĂᇆᜩטߏໂࠎॲώ۞౹ आĂࡗர઼छ۞ᗖԛ႙֞ޓາϮጡॡ΃Ặٺ༊఍ޓΟΫ҃֏Ăเ˯઼̚ གྷᑻࠎົۤڼĂᏉ߆ޘטࠎჩᅳטϣ̡ڱ؟ޙދથҌҘ׹Ăͽ̈́ޞј˞Ą Вᝋ˧ࠎ͹ࢋপᇈů̳ڱĂͽลᆸล৺̶ϲᄃЪޘטޙދߏ˯ڼᚤĂ4 ߆˘ ΊĄϤᜪዯࣣበᏭĂ͹ࢋჟৠߏ၆ 7 ۍௐ 1 ΊؕâВ΍ۍĮΟΫᏰįҋϔ઼ 15 ѐ΍ 1 ΟΫ۞ĶંΫķăĶં३ķΐͽᏰ୻ĂтᜪͩѣЩ۞Ķ௢ᆸౄјᄲķĂ޽΍઼̚Ο˯઼̚ ΫĂӮᛳৠྖ็ᄲĂ˜ߏĶંΫķĂ҃˫ѣధкĶંܫܧ΃׏ᚱ۞ᏜĶΟΫķĂ׎၁ౌ Ăឰ఺჌ႷۍĄĮΟΫᏰį̝΍ܫ३ķĂ࠹̢ࠎধĄтĂ̂ࡈߏ˘୧̂ᖪĂಜ඲Ϻ̙Ξ Ϋ៍Ă឵ј˘ͯࢲሗĂԛТ˘࣎ጯఙྻજĄ̈́ޘጯၗڼΟ۞ ķĂ݋ᙉրѣ̙ٙТĂ̫̂кͽΦ੺ޓĶ̣ٺٙᏜĶˬ΃ķĂ޽आથ׹ĂШࠎ఼ᄲćҌ 2 ㏩ůಜů඲Ąޓůᗡ࿳ůޓώࡔįٙЕࠎ໤ĂӈเޓዏĮΫ੃Ć̣ ጯࢲĂ̈́ڍҋĮΟΫᏰį̫֞ĂপҾг˭҂Οྤफ़̂ณ΍˿Ăᇆᜩ˞઼̚ΟΫ۞ࡁտј 3 ఺͞ࢬ۞੅ኢΞણ҂Նϒ౼Ğ1992Ĉ3-26ğĄ ˢ੅ኢĂ̷҃ޘ֎۞ځᅚጡᄃԒఙ͛ܦѣᙯआથ׹ˬ΃ۤົ׍ВТপᇈĂૺЍۡഅଂ 4 ϡᚑ˘බ۞ྖඕԍĂᚑ˘බ̠ĈĶტ៍ˬ΃̼͛Ă׽ѣளТ̝఍ĂϏ⻇ຫৈ࠹ЯĂವ͔ ܕኳ᏷ྫ˯࠻ֽĂˬ΃۞̼͛ߏ࠹ۏؠĶଂۺ׎ώ݋˘ਔ࠹ٚĂϏဘѣត஘ķĄૺЍۡ ณ۞ֽ໚˧ڼԛјᄃ௚عĂᓂ൒̙ߏТ˘ϔ୉ĂҌ͌ߏТ˘ᙷ۞ϔ୉ķĄĶˬ΃۞߆۞ ࠎᇾ۞੅ኢĂ̙࿅ĂՆϒ౼ݒטϣ̡ڱ؟ޙދߏ࠹Ҭ۞ķĄ༊൒ĂૺЍ֭ۡϏۡତͽ˵ γᎊĂषೇܭགྷᑻ˯ѣ׎ВТّĂтϔ୉ҕቡĞົۤڼᓝ΍आથ׹Ğߋࡌ̝݈ğд߆ ׍ѣ˘࿱ૻ۞ͩ୉ّĞૺЍۡĂ1993Ĉٺ֍ğĂٕĶݱ֣ķĞՆ̝ͩ֍ğĂ҃௣ඕ̝៍ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 33ڼ߆ ׹ߋࡌጼ઼̝ഇĂ઼छд઼̚Ο΃ซڌ˞זಶߏ઼छՀΐјሢ˞Ą̙࿅˵ ੤ᎩķॡഇĄ5 ఺࣎ॡഇుזޙދˢ˘࣎၈າ۞ႊซഇĂጯఙ˯௫ჍĶϤ ̳ڱ႙ឰΟ΃઼̚۞Ķ઼छķᖼតј̙ТّኳĂ֭׍ѣໂࠎૻ̂۞ะ̚Ъ Вᝋ˧ࡍ౅࣎ˠϠ߿ĄԧࣇΞͽᄲĂߋࡌጼ઼˜ߏΩ࣎Ķາ઼छķ۞ԛј ߏЯᑕ఺࣎າԛ๕Ăᒖᖒ఺˘࣎າኝᗟĄ6 າܧॡഇĄኜ̄ѺछٙኢĂ൑ ϔՅར֏Ă၆ܐВᝋ˧၆࣎វϠ׻۞ᑅ˧ΐ̂Ă၆̳ڱछӈ૟ԛјĂЪ઼ ˠّഽ୕֏Ă̳πّ۞Ћ࠽෸൴ᅌᅈĄኜ̄Ѻछ̂ᓏ፾൴ĂЧϲາᄲĂᓁ ࠎૄώទᏭĂд઼छᄃۤົมဦᏖአڱ؟ޙދᄲĂጏछ̪ͽˬ΃ͽֽ̝۞ ྽ٺᝋ˧ćҌڱࣆШ઼छЪغछ݋੼ᓝ።Ϋซ̼۞ன၁ኢĂ͹ૺၔڱ׶ć छĂ݋િ޺࣎វ౵௣ᆊࣃĂјࠎ၆ѩ˘າԛ๕າ઼छ౵፬ধ۞̙Ъү۰ă Բҿ۰ćግछᔵ൒ਕ೩΍ܲᅪ˘˘ࢍӀ۞࣎វ̝நኢĞోᑕࣰĂ2010ğĂҭ ࡎ൒ޢၹᇆᜩ˧Ăͽ࡭ጼ઼̝ޙሤྕҬ۞၁ኹҖજĂݒᑅ࿅˞நኢି؟׎ ε็Ą఺׎̚Ăѣ˘ࠁజෛࠎ྽छ۞˘͚ĂΦ੺ኘٙᏜĶЯౚว̝̂ึĂ ϲາ઼ޙࢋķĂ҃ᓁსͽ྽छĶ྽ኢķ۞เҁछĂд̝ڱଳጏግ̝චĂᇪЩ አ˯Ăкםछநኢ˯ѣٙ౹֍Ă၆઼छᄃۤົ൑Ξтң۞υ൒኏ࡎᄃ௣ᅮ ѣኢࢗĂĮგ̄įߏ׎̚λ඾Ą ෮ă Ο΃઼̚Ķ઼छķ̝ԛј Ķ ̳π ķ۞ε ར̈́ ѝฟؕྻϡҘ͞ጯ۰۞நኢĂଣ੅઼̚Ο΃઼छ̝ԛјĂૺЍۡྵͧ ˯ࠎ׎˘ĄૺЍۡྻϡ๫ჯ೻ĞElman Serviceğ۞αล߱ᄲĂֽࡁտ઼̚ Ο઼छ̝ႊซĄٙᏜαล߱ߏྼဥĞbandğăొ རĞtrinbeğᄃ൘֣ĞchiefdomğĂ 131-133ćՆϒ౼Ă1992Ĉ74ğĄ ుטుՎ৔ᗼĂ੤ᎩטޙދјϲķăĶט৔ୢĂ੤Ꭹטޙދт᏿᎗Ğ1980Ĉ86ğ޽΍ĈĶ 5 ϏБ඗Ă൒௣̙ਕГᎸĄķѩΞࠎإ᏷ԛޙދՎଯҖĂҋߋࡌጼ઼̏൒Ą২ͽ˭Ăᔵ ጯ఼ࠧ֍̝΃ܑĄ 6 Ҙ႔Φ੺ኘIJኢ̱͛छࢋўij޽΍Ăኜ̄ѺछĞΦ੺ኘдጯఙΫ˯ࢵޘ̶ᙷࠎ̱छğ ķĄ˵۰ڼநĂٙᏜĶચࠎڼጯᄲĂౌߏࠎ˞։р۞۞ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 34 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ ˞ߏ઼छĞstateğĄૺЍۡ၆໰઼̚රΔΟ΃ۤົႊซ඀ԔĂ̂ரԛјޢ౵ т˭ĈځĂѣܑᄲڱ࣎࠻˘ ဦ 1 ઼̚˯Ο઼छႊซဦ ̼͛ЩჍ! າซ̼ኢ! ઼̚૱ϡ̶ഇ! ᖞϮጡॡ΃ ྼဥ ̚Ϯጡॡ΃ ࣧؕۤົ Јᅱ̼͛ ొར ᐷ̼̋͛ ࢤ֣ ߋࡌğ ζᔴۤົז΃Ğˬ ઼छ ົۤޙދ ୎׹ă২ă႔ फ़ֽ໚ĈૺЍۡĞ1983Ĉ59ğྤ छĄ઼҃छ̝পᇈĂૺЍ઼ۡٺߋࡌğĂӮᛳזд఺྆Ăˬ΃ͽֽĞ Ğ1993Ĉ58ğֶ Service ۞ࠧؠࠎĈ ధкдࢤ֣㝯̏ѣ۞পᇈĂд఺࣎ล߱ᚶᜈхдĂ̙ТಏҜ۞̶৺ ݋ă׶ၹј۞གྷᑻ̶̍ĄΞߏ Service ΨĶ઼छķڱ۞ّטᙯܼăࢨ ڱѣᙯ۞পঅ፟ୠүϡٙဥඕ੓ֽ۞Ąιֶ˧ڠ۞ڱĂߏ˘჌ᄃЪ۞ ၆࣎˯ޠڱĂֶ҃ͽଂځё׶୧Іᄲ͞۞˧ڠ௡јćιԯιֹϡޠ ׎۞˧ڠͤܡֽڱΐͽ̒ঘ఺჌͞ેۋဥ̝ม۞ڱˠ̝มᄃۤົ۞ ΁͞ё۞ֹϡĄᄃ઼छ఺˘৺ۤົ௡ᖐ࠹ඕЪ۞఼૱ѣ୻຾̶ࠧ۞ ёĄ͞۞غล৺ăͽξಞࠎ̶੨ր௚ă׶གྷᑻᄃۤົ̶̼۞Հၔົۤ ࡶֶѩࠧؠĂߙֱপᇈߏ̙͉΍னд઼̚ˬ΃۞Ăтξಞࠎ̶੨ր௚ă ˧ඈඈĂ઼̚आથ׹ଂ՟ѣ͹ጱăࠤҌ͉׍ᇆᜩغགྷᑻᄃۤົ۞̶̼Հၔ ğ˵˘ۡ૜̷࠹ᙯטछ୉ğᄃགྷᑻĞ̡ϣڱ؟ξಞ۞̶੨ր௚Ă҃ۤົĞ ፟ୠّ˧ڠڱć7 ൒҃Հኑᗔ۞̶̍ăลᆸă௡ᖐඈඈĂͽ̈́Ъ̶̼ܧ֭ д౵͚޺થຽҖࠎĂপҾથݡགྷᑻ۞Įგ̄į३ܮĞ1990Ĉ1-11ğ̝֍Ăӈپ͵ཧֶ 7 ؠξಞགྷᑻώ֗ĂՀ೙ኢҘ͞ۺ҂થຽҖࠎĂ֭՟ѣ͉̂۞ޥĂ̪൒ͽ઼छੑ߆ֽ̚ ҖࠎĄڼᅃӄ௚۞˭טҋϤξಞ˞Ąೱ֏̝ĂથݡགྷᑻΪߏ઼छᝋ˧ଠ۞ޢώኢ̝ྤ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 35ڼ߆ Ă఺ֱপᇈᑕߏѣ࠹༊۞ೡّࢗ۞Ąޠڱ˞௚ЪĂ֭ͷૻአ۞ ѐֽ̂ౙͽ઼छ˧ณܕౙጯ۰ͽՂጯ๔Ğ1997Ĉ14-15ğࠎ΃ܑĂд̂ Ώؠ઼̚˯ΟΫѐ΃۞ጯఙ̍඀˯Էႊ˞ࢋ֎Ă΁ࣇણ҂˞ Service ۞ጯ ᄲĂͽ̈́ૺЍۡ۞̶ᙷĂݒ೩΍׍ѣҋ֍۞ˬล߱ᄲĈ Վ̶̼׶̙πඈ۞͕̚ჸརݭၗĂܐវπඈ۞ྺਆჸརݭၗĂӣѣ̂ ഭăؒګͽ̈́ౌ઼֠छݭၗĄ໤ѩĂௐ˘ล߱ࠎ B.C 7100-5000 ѐ ˾ഇă̂զޢᄣՂ૯ඈ̼͛ćௐ˟ล߱ࠎ B.C 3500-3000 ѐ۞Јᅱ ԛј׶ቁϲഇĂځഇă։ஈѝഇඈඈćௐˬล߱Ă˵ಶߏ઼छ͛ޢ ҂ٺB.C 3000-2000 ѐ۞आͳഈ̝݈۞઼͞૦੓ॡഇĄ̂វ࠹༊ ˜ Οጯ௫ၚ˯ٙᏜᐷ̋ॡ΃Ă׶ΟΫ็ᄲ̚۞ᗡ࿳ăಜă඲ăࡈॡഇĄ Ղጯ๔ඈˠ޽΍Ă઼̚˯Οд఺ႊซ࿅඀̚Ăͭᝋछ୉Էႊࢦࢋ֎ҒĂ Էႊࢋ˵ۋĞ޷Ĉҕቡϒ༊ّ۞ᄮΞğᄃጼۥυߏથݡགྷᑻĄѩγĂ௉̙ ֠ౌٺᄃѕķĞ1997Ĉ44-46ğߏ၆۞ĄҌۥ֎ĂΟᚱٙᏜĶ઼ְ̝̂Ăд Вᝋ˧ķّ̳ט࢕ְ҂ณ۞᎝ݱ࿅඀ĂυืѣĶૻٺछ۞ԛјĂᙯᔣߏૄ઼ ĞՂጯ๔Ă1997Ĉ86ğĈ ჸར۞ซ˘Վ൴णĂಶߏݱ֠۞ซ˘Վ൴णĂಶߏݱ֠ӈౌ͕֠̚ ࢕ְ֨᎔˯۞҂ᇋĂ֤ᆃд᎝ٺᄲ᎝ݱ۞ϫ۞͹ࢋ΍ڍ΍னĄт۞ ᄃ௡ᖐგந̝ૻѣטะ̚׶Җ߆ଠ̝˧ۏݱ࿅඀ٙ̚ពϯ۞ˠ˧ă ព۞Ą҃఺჌ͧ࿅ΝՀૻ۞௡ᖐ፟ၹ׶૲ѣߙ჌ૻځĂ˵ߏᅲࠎ˧ Вᝋ˧Ăࡶᄃลᆸ׶ล৺۞̶̼࠹ඕЪĂ݋ѩॡ۞ݱ֠ݭ̳۞ّט ჌ౌ઼֠छݭၗĄ˘ٺၗಶᛳ छ۞ԛјĂՂጯ๔઼ځ᎝̙֖֭ͽ·̶ᄲޙݱ֠۞˞ژҭߏĂЍߏ̶ ĈĶݱ֠ΪѣТล৺ลᆸ۞̶ڱĞ1997Ĉ10ğඈซ˘Վ˫͔ϡ˞ͳዩ̚۞࠻ ࠹ඕЪĂ̖ߏ઼छၹј۞·̶୧ІĂ̖Ξෛࠎ˯ࢗгડౌߏ઼छԛј۞̼ ۞ޢᇾᄫķĞ1994Ĉ254-255ğĄѩᄲГѨૻአ˞ล৺ลᆸĂ༊൒ĂΒ߁׎ࡦ ᝋ˧ķд઼छԛј˯۞ࢦࢋгҜĄّ̳טĶૻ ЈΑਕܳϠ˞ˬ΃઼छ۞ԛјĄιܫି؟ᅚጡܦૺЍۡѣЩ۞͹ૺߏ ۰Ъ˘ᓑᘭĂ˜Шֽˬ΃̝˘రϠ߿͞ёĂૺЍۡĂ໅ᆵඈጯ۰ˬטϣ̡ڱछޙދ҃ ӮкѣኢࢗĞૺЍۡĂ1993ć໅ᆵĂ1999aĈ183-208ğĄ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 36 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ ޝछ̳Вᝋ˧ćՂጯ๔ඈˠ۞ݱ֠ౄјᄲĂ઼ځ࠹༊̂۞ͽჟৠ˧ณֽᄲ ኳᘀ̂̍඀۞ၹ᎝Ăүࠎ઼छ̳Вᝋ˧ะ̼̚ۏĂͽγдזˠᓑຐ΄ٽट 1957 ٺኢࢗĄѩ˘ϲಞĂజᇇ઼઼ཱྀ࡚።Ϋጯछᗬপ͈ĞKarl Wittfogelğ۞ :ໂᝋ˧ณ۞ͧྵࡁտįĞOriental Despotismٺ͹ཌྷů၆ט૞͞ڌĮ۞ۍѐ΍ .֏̝т˭ĞWittfogel KٯA Comparative Study of Total Powerğ̚൴ܑĂ̂ ඾Ăषё֐ඈᛌĂ1989Ĉ10ğĈ ۞ົۤ͞ڌҘۤ͞ົߏ׌࣎ԆБ̙Т۞ۤົԛၗĂڌ఺ώ඾үᄮࠎ న׶გநυืޙ૜̙Ξ̶Ą̂ఢሀ۞ͪӀ̍඀۞ͪڼԛј׶൴णᄃ ఺˘௡ᖐ۞ˠᓁߏμӻ۞໤טϲ˘࿆࣎̈́Б઼۞௡ᖐĄĶЯѩĂଠޙ ϤѩԛјĄ઼҃̚ϒߏ఺˘পᇈܮטᝋ˧ķĂӖ͹૞ڼ౯ԛё౵੼௚ ะ̚ͅߍĄ۞ ჌ෛ֎â۞ځ͛͞ڌ͹ཌྷķࡶઇࠎҘ͞ˠᒢྋט૞͞ڌ༊൒ĂٙᏜĶ ࡊጯ۞̰உĄၐጯ៍މĂ֭׍ѣĶለ߷͕̚ኢķ้ШĂݒϏυ׍ܜஅᅈ߹ ஽Ğ2005Ĉ14ğᄮࠎĈ ͹ཌྷķĄԧࣇ఺ᇹᄲĂ֭ט૞͞ڌࠧ˯̙֭хд׍ѣপঅώኳ۞Ķ͵ ͹טߏӎᄮለ߷ͽγᇃ̂гડிк઼छ።Ϋ൴ण۞ߙ˘ล߱۞૞̙ ͹ཌྷķ఺࣎ט૞͞ڌཌྷ߆ᝋĂѣ࿅఺͞ࢬٕ֤͞ࢬྵࡎ΍۞পᇈĄĶ טķ۞૞͞ڌķٙপѣĂĶ͞ڌĶܧ͹ཌྷטЩෟ৿ͻࡊጯ۞̰टĄ૞ ͹ཌྷ˵՟ѣপள۞ώኳĄ ኳᘀ̂̍඀Ğݱ֠ğ۞ၹۏ༊ᄃՂጯ๔ඈ࠹ᙷтՆϒ౼Ă˵ߏͽγд ᎝ֽኢ઼ࢗ̚˯Ο઼छԛј۞ჹЯĂҭߏ΁ࣇ̙֭׍Ϩˠᆊࣃઐ֍Ą8 Նϒ౼ࠎᄂ៉ጯ۰၆˯Ο઼઼̚छԛјன෪ϡ˧ࠤ๔۰Ă҃΁дѩᛉᗟ˯ѣֱአ׶้ 8 ໂࠎ૜̷࠹ᙯĄҭҬͼ˵ϏۋШĄࢵАĂ΁ૻ˧͹ૺ઼छ۞யϠߏݱ֠ౄјĂ֭ᄃጼ дआഈ۞Հѝഇ۞ᇆᜩĄ֍ͩ඾ĮΟ΃ۤົᄃ઼छįĈĶᦺ˿ݱᒒ˜˘րЕ۞ି؟ଵϋ ᎝ᦺ၁Ă̙ҭᅮࢋ࠹༊јሢ۞Җ߆௡ᖐۍăྻ˿ă˿פኑᗔ̍඀ĂΒ߁నࢍăീณă ޽೭̂Բଂְ᎝ݱ۞ˠࣶĂ˵ᅮࢋ᎕х౺ዶᖏࢴͽዳ߿ְ̙Ϡய۞౻˧ĄΞ֍ݱᒒֽ Ăͽ̈́Җ߆௡ᖐ̝ኑᗔ̼ů఺ֱౌߏ઼छ፟ၹ଀ͽྻט၁ᇾᙊྤ໚̝ะ̚ăˠ˧̝ଠ Ąညͳݱ૯ăπᖏޘү۞υࢋ୧ІĂٙͽԧࣇᄮࠎݱᒒߏᑭរ઼छ̝ԛјᄃ൴ण۞͎ ॡഇ͇˭༱֣۞ݭၗĞ1992Ĉ145ğķćĶᓁ҃֏̝Ăፋវྤ໚ะޓᄂඈΟݱ̂ໄͅߍ̣ ۰Ą఺ᄃາϮጡॡ΃ѝഇڼд͌ᇴˠ͘̚Ăிˠ౹ౄ۞ੑಱ̂ొ̶ϡֻֽዳ͌ᇴ௚̚ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 37ڼ߆ Вᝋ˧̈́ลᆸ̶̼Ăͽ̈́ᐌֽّ̝̳҃טछૻ઼ٺҭ̙გߏңᄲĂ၆ ൑ॲώमҾĄপҾՂጯ๔ඈ֭ڱπඈĂૺЍۡăՂጯ๔ඈ̈́Նϒ౼࠻̙۞ Ăᄃͩ୉ϔி၆ϲ۞Ğ1997Ĉ354-356ğĄ۞ّט޽ ჍĂ఺ ჌Ķ̳Вᝋ˧ķ˜ߏૻ ጼ۞ᅮࢋ૲ֽĶາ઼छķ۞υࢋᄃԛ๬ĄفপҾĂ༊ซˢ˞ጼ઼ॡഇĂ ޘטՆϒ౼д׎Įበ͗ᆅϔį̝֍ĂЯࠎυืБ઼࠰һĂٙͽᚑ૜͗ᚱֶ ྾Ğᅑğ۞Ķ౎ˠķజЪჍٺاฏĞౌğ۞Ķ઼ˠķٕٺاயϠ˞Ăֽࣧ ᚑ૜۞જࣶវրĄ9ޘטࠎĶϔķĂበˢ˞Ķበ͗ᆅϔķĂГລ੨ͽг͞Җ߆ ј˞Ķ̼ࣧ̄ķ۞࣎ˠĂԆБؤჯᘭĂݒ̙Һ۞ޘטѣछ୉̡̈́ϣ̪ܮӈ Вᝋ˧Ⴃ౅ăજࣶĄ10 পҾдྍ३ௐ 9 ౢIJጼใ̚۞በ͗ᆅϔijĂّ̳טజૻ ᄃኬԝϹ໫Ă̈ྺགྷۋᆅϔĶ৔யķǕጼڌķ࡭ֹ̋عೡࢗ˞ጼ઼Ķາ߆ Ξਕߏ˘჌ڇفۋТĄܳј఺჌Լត۞ࣧЯᔵ൒̙୻຾Ăጼ̙ޝ೼࿆ဓͻ۞Ӯඈ༊൒ ؟υࢋ۞߱͘Ğ1992Ĉ208ğķćĶጐგ̼͛۞ܑனݭёѣҾĂࡓ̼̋͛׶։ஈ̼͛౅ᜨ ᅳጱۤົ۞ன෪݋ߏ˘࡭۞Ą఺჌͹ጱ˧༊൒׶થ׹઼छ፟ጡ࠹༊̙ТĂ݈۰ĺͽି ЧᆸࢬĂົۤڼ߿જஎˢ߆ି؟۰ĺৠ྽నିĻĄથ׹઼छᔵ൒௉߆Ъ˘ĂޢˠְৠĻĂ ׍۞ّॾĂआ΃઼छдଂͽˠְৠ྽నି۞ᖼត࿅̍ڼ௚ڼ௲ᗓ̙˞߆ି؟˯ҭώኳ ࠎ͹ጱᖼି؟඀̚Ăऻُ࢑ፉ˞ᙯᔣّ۞።ΫЇચĄ઼̚Ο΃઼छ̝ԛјĂۤົଂͽ ᎝ࠎޙࢦࢋ۞ᙯᔣĞ1992Ĉ155ğĄķՆͩߊͽݱᒒ̝૱ܧˢͽ࢕ă߆ࠎ͹ጱĂߏ˘࣎ Я৵ĂѩγĂ΁౵̂˧͹ૺି؟ϲ׎઼छјϲ۞࠹ᙯ͹ૺĂݒ˵̙ଵੵޙ͹ࢋਔརĂ Ąڱଳϡ˞ѩ࠻ޘķд઼छԛј࿅඀̚۞ᇆᜩĂώ͛࠹༊඀ۋߏĶጼ۞ ЖჳඈĂޠڱăޘטăг͞Җ߆ă˿гޘטጼ઼۞һԝژր௚̶̼ޢࠎ८͕Ă҃ۋͽጼ 9 ၆በ͗ᆅ۞௡ᖐᄃજࣶĂߏՆϒ౼дĮበ͗ᆅϔį˙३̚۞நኢ֍гĄ ኢֽࢗ၆໰۞࠻Ąֶ׎҂ፂĂ̚۞˯ޘטԧࣇΞͽᓝ໅ᆵĞ1999aĈ177-202ğд̡ϣ 10 ĄдགྷᑻࢬĂ˿г˯ߏؠഇ̶੨۞ćдۤົޘט΃ቁ၁хд඾ྺՅ̳ۤё۞̡ϣˬ઼ ĂВТϠ߿ă̢ޢү۞̳ВϠ߿Ă֭ͷะវϠயĂҭߏՅۤᔴᛳ઼छםࢬĂֳѣ࠹̢ ݋֍໅ᆵĞ1999aĈޘטӄ۞ϠயజࣤဳĂˠϔ࢑ፉតࢦ˞ćĶ઼ˠķᄃĶ౎ˠķ۞ ߏˠϔౌј˞Ķ̈ҋਆྺķ˞ĂԆБΞͽజ઼छٺĂϣгռѣ̼˞Ăޢ373-403ğĄ̝ տࠎңޘטᝋ˧ࡍ౅֭ԆБજࣶĞ໅ᆵĂ1999bĈ155-190ğĄ༊൒ĂѣᙯА২઼̚˿г ķĄט੅ኢ۞Ąдጼ઼ॡഇĂ໅ᆵĮጼ઼Ϋįኢᕝ˜Ķ̈ҋਆྺצͽֽߏᇃܐĂдϔט ᄃҘ͞۞ĶٙѣᝋĞ఼ܸٙޘט࿅໅ॎࡓĞ2009Ĉ126-163ğݒᄮࠎĂ઼̚Ο΃˿г̙ Ăߏ̙ԆБ࠹ट۞Ą໅ͩĞ໅ᆵĂ1999bĈ373-413ğ͹ૺጼ઼֞২႔هğķໄטᄲռѣ ᝋ˯۞ԆБҫѣĂҭߏቁѣ͗ᚱ൳ۏᙱᄲߏޝޘט˘ķĄѩט൴ण΍ֽ۞ࠎĶᒑҜЩϣ Ᏸ˯هᝋ۞ໄۏ੃ĞĶЩϣķğĂ֭д˘ؠ୧І˭ĂΞͽᚶٚ෴኱ᖼឰ̶౷Ą໅ͩдҘ͞ ķĂٙ็྿۞טͽࡁտ۰ҋҖ̝ᄬ֏ઇࠎೡࢗĂ໅ᆵ۞Ķ̈ҋਆྺڍՀ௟Ă̙࿅т۞ژ ߏ࠹म̙ژ༊ॡĶበ͗ᆅϔķΞͽጾѣ˿г۞ݭၗᄃᝋӀཌྷચ̝ன෪ඈĂᄃ໅̶̝ͩ к۞Ă߇ώ̪͛ͽ໅ᆵ̝ᄲࠎֶĄ ჯĈ ోᑕࣰޥĮგ̄įາ઼छநኢ۞ચ၁ 38 ᝋ˧ะ֭̚಴ࢦۤົώវ ᑻజ৔ᗼĂಱથᄃд˯Ҝ۰ᗕࢦჸᑦඈඈĄࡶ൒Ă̏གྷ̙ΪߏĶ̙̳πķ ҃̏ĞՆϒ౼Ă1990Ĉ373-413ğĄ Įგ̄įд఺઼࣎छԛ๬࿅඀ĂপҾߏߋࡌጼ઼Ķາ઼छķĞӈՆϒ౼ ޺඾̦ᆃϲಞ˫೩΍̦ᆃ͹ૺ׸ĉٱķğ۞ԛј࿅඀̚ĂտౣعٙᏜĶາ߆ ણăĮგ̄į۞ј३ᄃछࠁ გ̝̄͘३Ă൒ࡶፂͽϋٺјܧѣᙯĮგ̄į˙३Ă።ֽᅲкᘃႷ֭ ̝ࠎંĂ҃ೲୢ̙ϡĂ݋Ϻ̙༊ĄԇཧዋĞ͕ͪğ̠ĈĶგ̄ܧ˘ˠ̝ඊĂ ॡ̝३ĂంۢኡٙࠎĄͽ׎֏ͨⴻҘ߉ӓͳрᆓଯ̝Ă༊ߏߋࡌϐ˘ܧϺ ــѐĞᑛ୕Ă1956Ĉ111ğĄķᄏҌ͌ጼ઼̝݈ĂٙᏜ݄Щߙ̄۞׏ᚱĂ ˠ͘඾Ă၁˜ߙ˘ጯࠁВТ۞౹үĄՂጯ๔ĞࡧछᓐĂ1995Ĉ6ğኢ̝˘ܧ Ĉځࠤ Įგ̄įБ३ቔౢᓄкĂᔵΒӣѣგͩ᏷ᄲĂ׎̙ј˷˘ॡ˘͘Ă ளĂ൒˲֏̈́გЅ۰Ă׎಴؇̝݋˘Ąڡຐ׽кޥѝѣؠኢĄЧቔ वཱྀĂ҃ጯᄲ̰टѣࡶ̒ώܝ఺ಶ׶ጼ઼ॡጏ̶ࠎˣ˘ᇹĂӮր͋ ኳ۞̙ТĄ؜ăਰ̝ม۞मҾĂӈ׎ពּĄ২ͽ݈ΟᚱĂჍĶߙ̄ķ ˘۰Ă૱ߏ˘࣎ጯࠁ።΃็߹۞үݡĂĮგ̄įҋּ̙γĄ఺࣎ጯࠁ Ҙ႔Ă̪ѣࢦ̂ᇆᜩĄזؼᜈۡ ѣٙᏜĶ֏̳ķ̝ᄲĂٙܮՂ̝ͩγĂ୻ጏౢጯྕдĮ͛Ϋ఼ཌྷį̚Ă (͛ᙜ҃ռፂࠎ̎ѣ˵Ąķ(IJ֏̳˯ijٺᏜĶΟˠ̝֏Ăٙͽࠎ̳˵ĂϏဘ࠿ ܕˠᘲॲ፨ѣĶጼ઼݈൑ռछ඾үķĞ1997Ĉ13-62ğ̝ᄲĂ˜૞ಶĮგ̄į ३҃य़ኢٙ̈́Ă҃ҴလᐁĞ1985Ĉ19-20ğ̝ტЪّኢᕝΞࠎ΃ܑĈ11˘ ߙͩĂ྾३ͽٺᄏΟˠ඾३Ă̙ҋཌؖЩĂଘरर࠹็Ăۢ׎ጯ΍ ᗟ̝Ă׎ٕॡ΃࿅˳ĂٕጯϏЩछĂ݋็۰ε׎ؖЩջĄӈ׎Ⴭࠎ ৈĂܢरѣٙޢĂٕشԙ̄ؕ඾ѻܝ׎ˠ͘඾Ăٕٺߙͩ۰Ăٕ΍ҋ ；Ăӈࠎߙ氏之學。古人以學術為公，初非以此爭名ڱҭਕ̙εछ ѩຍĄځҴလᐁĞ1974Ĉ599-602ğΩдĮαऱ೩ࢋᏰ෠į̚Հ੫၆Įგ̄į҃ಏ፾Ᏸ 11 ѣᙯѩ͞ࢬ̝੅ኢĂΩણోᑕࣰĞ1996Ĉ1-12ğĄ ࡊጯኢᕍƟௐ 76 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 6 ͡ 39ڼ߆ 雇於撰著之人，不加別白也。 дА২ኜ̝̄඾ү̚Ăᘲॲ፨Ğ1997Ĉ424-425ğࠤࠎଯૣĮგ̄įĂ ׎֏྽Ĉ ҂႔ԠĂგ̄ˣȈ̱ቔĂ̫˸۰̖ȈቔĂдА২ኜ̄ĂྉࠎλᮏĂ ăڱڱ३Ξ̈́Ą͕ఙăϨ͕Ăྚᛖ྽វĂҁఄ̝३ĂϏਕᅈ࿅ćܧᅈ ϔăԛ๕ăϒ͵ăێᙱ๕ĂϏ೷кឰćڱؠܧநĂᔹڱĂಶኢڱځ Ъăׁᙴăأ֏ćᅅࢦኜቔ˫ࠎநੑ̝ᄬćౚว݋ѣ̝ڼĂк߆઼ڼ ćгந݋ѣгࣶćԙ̄ᖚ̶טăڱăһڱ˛αॡặҖćϡһ݋ѣ ֏ᖃć̖г֏ᗁć׎΁ኜቔĂϺ࠰தѣ؝ྔĄЧछጯᄲĂܲх౵ူĂ ൴ࠤჟĂྕጼ઼২႔ጯఙ̝ᚗᖟ˵Ąᚗᖟд݈̙҃ۢϡĂ̙ͽ̂ྚ ΞଓݙĊ ѩᄲ֖֍Įგ̄į̝ᖳಱ፾পĂಶߋࡌጼ઼ॡ઼छ൴ण҃ኢĂ׎͹ૺ ࠤΞࢦෛ੅ኢ̝Ą ຐ̈́߹ࠁА̟ͽரኢĄޥĂ၆Įგ̄į˘३۞ޘࢵАԧࣇଂϫᐂጯ֎ 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