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xxxui CHRONOLOGY í-i: Sudan. Elections to a Constituent Assembly (voting postponed for 37 southern seats). 4 Zambia. Basil Kabwe became Finance Minister and Luke Mwan- anshiku, Foreign Minister. 5-1: Liberia. Robert Tubman became Finance Minister, replacing G. Irving Jones. 7 Lebanon. Israeli planes bombed refugee camps near Sidon, said to contain PLO factions. 13 Israel. Moshe Nissim became Finance Minister, replacing Itzhak Moda'i. 14 European Communities. Limited diplomatic sanctions were imposed on Libya, in retaliation for terrorist attacks. Sanctions were intensified on 22nd. 15 Libya. US aircraft bombed Tripoli from UK and aircraft carrier bases; the raids were said to be directed against terrorist head- quarters in the city. 17 United Kingdom. Explosives were found planted in the luggage of a passenger on an Israeli aircraft; a Jordanian was arrested on 18 th. 23 South Africa. New regulations in force: no further arrests under the pass laws, release for those now in prison for violating the laws, proposed common identity document for all groups of the population. 25 Swaziland. Prince Makhosetive Dlamini was inaugurated as King Mswati III. 26 USSR. No 4 reactor, Chernobyl nuclear power station, exploded and caught fire. Serious levels of radio-activity spread through neighbouring states; the casualty figure was not known. 4 Afghánistán. Mohammad Najibollah, head of security services, replaced Babrak Karmal as General Secretary, People's Demo- cratic Party. 7 Bangladesh. General election; the Jatiya party won 153 out of 300 elected seats. 8 Costa Rica. Oscar Arias Sánchez was sworn in as President. Norway. A minority Labour government took office, under Gro 9 Harlem Brundtland. -
United Nations Juridical Yearbook, 1997
Extract from: UNITED NATIONS JURIDICAL YEARBOOK 1997 Part Three. Judicial decisions on questions relating to the United Nations and related intergovernmental organizations Chapter VIII. Decisions of national tribunals Copyright (c) United Nations CONTENTS (continued) Page 13. Submission of proposals by intergovernmental organiza- tions in functional commissions of the Economic and Social Council—Rules of procedure 69 (3), 71 (2>) and 74 of the functional commissions of the Council—Council decision 1995/209 451 14. Restructuring of the Secretariat—Authority of the Secretary- General 452 15. Institutional aspects of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 459 16. Participation by Yugoslavia in international confer- ences—General Assembly resolutions 47/1 and 47/229 . 463 17. Practice of the United Nations in cases of chai lenged repre- sentation of a Member State—General Assembly resolution 396 (V) of 14 December 1950 465 18. Question whether the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) could be considered part of the United Nations sys- tem—Agreement of 24 May 1949 between WHO and PAHO—Agreement of 23 May 1950 between the Organi- zation of American States and PAHO 468 Part Three. Judicial decisions on questions relating to the United Nations and related intergovernmental organizations CHAPTER VII. DECISIONS AND ADVISORY OPINIONS OF INTERNA- TIONAL TRIBUNALS International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea The M/V "Saiga" (No. 1) Case (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea) Jurisdiction of a State over the exclusive economic zone—Article 73, para. 2, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea—Right of hot pursuit in accordance with article 111 of the Convention 477 CHAPTER VIII. -
ASEAN-Philippine Relations: the Fall of Marcos
ASEAN-Philippine Relations: The Fall of Marcos Selena Gan Geok Hong A sub-thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (International Relations) in the Department of International Relations, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. June 1987 1 1 certify that this sub-thesis is my own original work and that all sources used have been acknowledged Selena Gan Geok Hong 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Abbreviations 3 Introduction 5 Chapter One 14 Chapter Two 33 Chapter Three 47 Conclusion 62 Bibliography 68 2 Acknowledgements 1 would like to thank my supervisors, Dr Ron May and Dr Harold Crouch, both from the Department of Political and Social Change of the Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, for their advice and criticism in the preparation of this sub-thesis. I would also like to thank Dr Paul Real and Mr Geoffrey Jukes for their help in making my time at the Department of International Relations a knowledgeable one. I am also grateful to Brit Helgeby for all her help especially when I most needed it. 1 am most grateful to Philip Methven for his patience, advice and humour during the preparation of my thesis. Finally, 1 would like to thank my mother for all the support and encouragement that she has given me. Selena Gan Geok Hong, Canberra, June 1987. 3 Abbreviations AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines ASA Association of Southeast Asia ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CG DK Coalition Government of Democratic -
Since Aquino: the Philippine Tangle and the United States
OccAsioNAl PApERs/ REpRiNTS SERiEs iN CoNTEMpoRARY AsiAN STudiEs NUMBER 6 - 1986 (77) SINCE AQUINO: THE PHILIPPINE • TANGLE AND THE UNITED STATES ••' Justus M. van der Kroef SclloolofLAw UNivERsiTy of o• MARylANd. c:. ' 0 Occasional Papers/Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies General Editor: Hungdah Chiu Executive Editor: Jaw-ling Joanne Chang Acting Managing Editor: Shaiw-chei Chuang Editorial Advisory Board Professor Robert A. Scalapino, University of California at Berkeley Professor Martin Wilbur, Columbia University Professor Gaston J. Sigur, George Washington University Professor Shao-chuan Leng, University of Virginia Professor James Hsiung, New York University Dr. Lih-wu Han, Political Science Association of the Republic of China Professor J. S. Prybyla, The Pennsylvania State University Professor Toshio Sawada, Sophia University, Japan Professor Gottfried-Karl Kindermann, Center for International Politics, University of Munich, Federal Republic of Germany Professor Choon-ho Park, International Legal Studies Korea University, Republic of Korea Published with the cooperation of the Maryland International Law Society All contributions (in English only) and communications should be sent to Professor Hungdah Chiu, University of Maryland School of Law, 500 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 USA. All publications in this series reflect only the views of the authors. While the editor accepts responsibility for the selection of materials to be published, the individual author is responsible for statements of facts and expressions of opinion con tained therein. Subscription is US $15.00 for 6 issues (regardless of the price of individual issues) in the United States and Canada and $20.00 for overseas. Check should be addressed to OPRSCAS and sent to Professor Hungdah Chiu. -
A Path to Democratic Renewal"
PN-ABK-494 Best available copy -- portions of annexes are illegible PA -1\LK* A-+ National Democratic Institute National Republican Institute for International Affairs for International Affairs "A PATH TO DEMOCRATIC RENEWAL" A REPORT ON THE FEBRUARY 7, 1986 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN THE PHILIPPINES By the INTERNATIONAL OBSERVER DELEGATION Based on a January 26 to February 19, '.986 observer mission to the Philippines by forty-four delegates from nineteen countries National Democratic Institute National Republican Institute for International Affairs for International Affairs 1717 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Suite 605 001 Indiana Avenue, N.W., Suite 615 Washington, D.C. 20036 Washington. DC. 2000-1 (202) 328-3136 Telex 5106015068NDIIA (202) 783-2280 Te'ex 510',00016INRIIA Politicaldevelopment institutes workingfordemocracy DELEGATION MEMBERS J. Brian Atwood, USA Jerry Austin, USA Manuel Ayau, Guatemala Elizabeth Bagley, USA Smith Bagley, USA Ercol Barrow, Barbados Tabib Bensoda, the Gambia Mark Braden, USA John Carbaugh, USA Glenn Cowan, USA Curtis Cutter, USA Rick Fisher, USA Larry Garber, USA Raymond Gastil, USA Antonio Gomes de Pinho, Portuga B.A. Graham, Canada Guillermo Guevara, El Salvador Robert Henderson, USA Robert Hill, Australia John Hume, Northern Ireland Patricia Keefer, USA Martin Laseter, USA Dorothy Lightborne, Jamaica John Loulis, Greece Lord George Mackie, Scotland-UK Judy Norcross, USA Patrick O'Malley, Ireland Juan Carlos Pastrana, Colombia Misael Pastrana, Colombia Howard Penniman, USA Jose Rodriguez Iturbe, Venezuela Peter Schram, USA Keith Schuette, USA Ronald Sebego, Botswana Elaine Shocas, USA David Steinberg, USA Bill Sweeney, USA Dennis Teti, USA William Tucker, USA Steven Wagner, USA Kathleena Walther, USA Edward Weidenfeld, USA Curt Wiley, USA Sue Wood, New Zealand ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The sponsors wish to thank each of the memters of the delegation for their participation in this historic mission. -
Special Issue
A publication of the University of San Francisco Center for the Pacific Rim Copyright 2006 Volume VI · Number 1 15 May · 2006 Special Issue: PHILIPPINE STUDIES AND THE CENTENNIAL OF THE DIASPORA Editors Joaquin Gonzalez John Nelson Philippine Studies and the Centennial of the Diaspora: An Introduction Graduate Student >>......Joaquin L. Gonzalez III and Evelyn I. Rodriguez 1 Editor Patricia Moras Primerang Bituin: Philippines-Mexico Relations at the Dawn of the Pacific Rim Century >>........................................................Evelyn I. Rodriguez 4 Editorial Consultants Barbara K. Bundy Hartmut Fischer Mail-Order Brides: A Closer Look at U.S. & Philippine Relations Patrick L. Hatcher >>..................................................Marie Lorraine Mallare 13 Richard J. Kozicki Stephen Uhalley, Jr. Apathy to Activism through Filipino American Churches Xiaoxin Wu >>....Claudine del Rosario and Joaquin L. Gonzalez III 21 Editorial Board Yoko Arisaka The Quest for Power: The Military in Philippine Politics, 1965-2002 Bih-hsya Hsieh >>........................................................Erwin S. Fernandez 38 Uldis Kruze Man-lui Lau Mark Mir Corporate-Community Engagement in Upland Cebu City, Philippines Noriko Nagata >>........................................................Francisco A. Magno 48 Stephen Roddy Kyoko Suda Worlds in Collision Bruce Wydick >>...................................Carlos Villa and Andrew Venell 56 Poems from Diaspora >>..................................................................Rofel G. Brion -
In the Philippines (December 1985-January 1988): with a Case in the Province of Batangas
KyotoKyotoUniversity University Sewtheast Asian Studies. Ve!. 27. No. 3. December 1989 The Revolution and Realignment of Political Parties in the Philippines (December 1985-January 1988): With a Case in the Province of Batangas MasatakaKIMuRA* time, a new pro-Aquino party, Lakas ng Bansa, was fbrmed by leaders I Introduction political close to President Aquino and attracted The revolution') of February 1986 and many politicians at various levels who subsequent events drastically changed were supportive of her administration the alignment of political parties and regardless of their previous party aMlia- their power relations. The once-domi- tions. The Liberal Party (LP)-Salonga nant Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) Wing also enhanced its strength; it disintegrated rapidly, once the then Pres- started to take an independent course of ident Marcos fled the country. Its lead- action, while remaining in the ruling ership splintered into a few groups; it coalition. Some parties became critical of lost many fo11owers, The state of the President Aquino. The United Nationalist coalition of parties which supported Democratic Organization (UNIDO), fbr Aquino's candidacy in the special presi- one, was frustrated by and dissatisfied dential election, or the snap election as it with the Aquino Administration, though has been popularly called, also changed it barely remained in the ruling coalition. dramatically. For example, Partido The Mindanao Alliance and the Christian- Demokratiko Pilipino Lakas ng Bayan Social Democratic Party (CSDP) left the coalition at an early stage and (PDP-Laban) increased its membership the opposition. Bansang Nagkaisa size rapidly by great magnitude; it joined sa Diwa at Layunin strengthened the position ofthe conserva- (BANDILA)2) increased its membership immediately tive bloc against that of the progressive bloc within the and confiicts be- party 2) BANDILA dccided, at its Second National tween the two aggravated. -
The Politics of Election Administration: the Modernization Program of the Philippine Electoral System
Philippine Journal ofPublic Administration, Vol. XLI, Nos. 1 - 4 (January - October 1997) The Politics of Election Administration: The Modernization Program of the Philippine Electoral System LUZVIMINDA G. TANCANGCO* Modernization, simply stated, is change for the better or for new and improved methods and processes. The same is (hoped) to be said for the modernization of the Philippine electoral system. Interaction of election officials with politicians and interest groups suggests that electoral rules and procedures that seem to be administrative in nature are in truth, political decisions. It serves the purposes of politicians, election officials and interest groups alike to retain defective procedures and loopholes in election laws. This article illustrates how genuine electoral reforms in the Philippines come as results or outcomes of crisis that reached revolutionary proportion rather than of nagging concern for fairness and commitment to democracy by the incumbents. Arend Lijphart (1985: 4) observes that election administration, as a field of study, is the most underdeveloped branch of psephology. In practice, George .. Benson (1978: 169) laments: "perhaps, no other phase of public administration is so badly managed as election administration." In view of this disconcerting state of knowledge and practice, it is not surprising that electoral manipulation and fraud persist in the administration of elections in the Philippines and in other countries as well. To understand the lackluster performance and mounting problems in election administration, this article probes into the relationship between politicians and election administrators starting with the crafting of election laws, through their implementation and up to evaluation. Actually, most studies on election administration, as a specialized area of public administration, tend to subscribe to the separation of election administration from politics. -
Philippine Bar Examination
Philippine Bar Examination . 12.1.1 Presidents and Vice- Presidents From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia . 12.1.2 Supreme Court and Court of Appeals Justices The Philippine Bar Examination is the professional . 12.1.3 Senators and Representatives licensure examination for lawyers in the Philippines. 12.1.4 Appointees and career service officials 12.1.5 Local officials It is the only professional licensure exam in the . 12.1.6 Academe country that is not supervised by the Professional . 12.1.7 Private sector Regulation Commission. The exam is exclusively . administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines 13 1st place in the Philippine Bar Examinations through the Supreme Court Bar Examination Committee. 14 External links 15 See also Contents 16 References 1 Brief history Brief history 2 Admission requirements The first Philippine Bar Exams was given in 1903 but 3 Committee of Bar Examiners the results were released in 1905. Jose I. Quintos 4 Bar review programs obtained the highest rating of 96.33%, Sergio Osmena, 5 Venue and itinerary Sr. was second with 95.66%, F. Salas was third with 6 Coverage 94.5% and Manuel L.Quezon fourth with 87.83%. The 7 Grading system first bar exam was held in 1903, with 13 examinees, o 7.1 Passing average vs. Passing rate while the 2008 bar examination is the 107th (given o 7.2 Passing Percentage (1978-2012) per Article 8, Section 5, 1987 Constitution). The o 7.3 Law school passing rates 2001 bar exam had the highest number of passers—1,266 o 7.4 Role of the Supreme Court, Criticisms out of 3,849 examinees, or 32.89%, while 2006 had the o 7.5 Bar topnotchers highest examinees -.6,187. -
Imagereal Capture
Conclusion Conclusion Towards certain ends or for certain purposes, a few aspects of the neo-ilustrados ’ pursuit and assumption of political power deserve more than just passing consideration. For ours at least two issues are decidedly most significant, namely, First, the basis of Cory Aquino’s 'claim of right' to the presidency (or as set out in chapter 2, supra, 'setting out the source and basis of "legal authority" in the ensuing neo- ilustrado revolutionary government'); and Secondly, the nature or extent of the People’s Power Revolution (or in chapter 2, supra, 'the problem of understanding the "People’s Power" Revolution in the Philippines'). Correlatively with the first issue, we may also consider whether the four-day Uprising in February 1986, insofar as the close ilustrada was concerned, involved or betokened no more than what we may call a mere 'ad hoc change' in ilustrado factional rule—that is, even if by non-constitutional mediation.^ 2 Contrariwise—or rather, corollary to this—there is the further question of whether there really was 'no change' in the structure of class domination by the ilustrada.83 This argument may be called 'synthetic': Among others, it may include such variations as putting emphasis on U.S. influence on Philippine socio-political relations (e.g., 'the US will not allow the Philippines to fall into the communists’ hands'); or the one attributed to KBL vice-presidential candidate Arturo Tolentino, 'that the few thousand blockaders on EDSA couldn’t be interpreted as a national revolution because, even of just the population of Manila, they formed only a small fraction’. -
1.1 Introduction
CHAPTER ONE TO DEFER OR TO DEFY: JUDICIAL CONTROL IN INSECURE ENVIRONMENTS All judges are politicians, whether they know it or not. --- Enrique Petracchi 1.1 Introduction When do judges rein in those who reign? In a given polity, the judiciary has the crucial task of rendering verdicts on disputes and social questions fairly; insensible to considerations of power and prestige. The courts are expected to subject even those who rule to the governance of rules (Fuller 1964; Shapiro 1981). However, those who have dominion over the state can employ a variety of weaponry to bend the gavel to their will: They can refuse to implement judicial rulings, cut the court’s jurisdiction, reduce the budget allotted to the court, impeach the magistrates or subject the judges to physical harm. These threats are particularly compelling in authoritarian societies where judges do not enjoy the institutional safeguards or the popular support that protect their counterparts in democratic polities. Thus, it becomes most relevant to ask: When do judges invalidate actions of government? Why do gavels defy the gun? The objective of this dissertation is to identify the conditions that enable the robe to overturn state action at the risk of incurring the wrath of the sword. The judicial literature has focused mostly on court behavior within highly developed democracies (Guarnieri and Pederzoli 2002; Koopmans 2003). In these polities, the courts 1 have emerged as powerful, independent actors in the public policy process. Empirical studies demonstrated that institutional protections like security of tenure and fiscal autonomy, as well as public support, have allowed judiciaries in developed societies to effectively constrain governmental behavior. -
The AQUINO MANAGEMENT of the PRESIDENCY
The AQUINO MANAGEMENT Of The PRESIDENCY IN THE FACE OF CRISIS Published by the Presidential Management Staff Office of the President Manila, Philippines June 1992 "Arm-chair critics and destabilizers have asked - can we survive despite all the problems that we suffer? My answer is definite yes! Yes, we will survive despite natural calamities, destabilization campaigns, insurgency, international crises and scathing criticism from those who should be talking less and working more. With full confidence in our people's resolve to sustain this freedom, we will survive. And we will grow". President Corazon C. Aquino Philippine League of Councilors First National Congress September 7, 1990 _________________________ INTRODUCTION THIS VOLUME OF The Aquino Management of the Presidency series seeks to document how President Corazon C. Aquino, the members of the Cabinet, and her closest advisers managed the crisis situations that confronted the Aquino governrnent. Not all the crisis situations are covered. The focus is on the seven putsches and related events which threatened the existence of the government or the unity of the armed forces. Chapter 1, entitled 'The Coup Attempts That Failed", covers crisis situations which started with the takeover of the Manila Hotel by the Marcos loyalists on July 6 to 7, barely four months after President Aquino assumed office, up to Black Saturday, April 18, 1987, when a band of rebel soldiers took over the Philippine Army headquarters. These were the jabs, as in boxing. Chapter 2, entitled 'The Military Putsches That Almost Succeeded", covers the punches: the bloody August 28, 1987 and the near fatal December 1989 coup attempts.