KyotoKyotoUniversity University

Sewtheast Asian Studies. Ve!. 27. No. 3. December 1989

The Revolution and Realignment of Political Parties in the (December 1985-January 1988): With a Case in the Province of

MasatakaKIMuRA*

time, a new pro-Aquino party, Lakas ng

Bansa, was fbrmed by leaders I Introduction political close to President Aquino and attracted

The revolution') of February 1986 and many politicians at various levels who subsequent events drastically changed were supportive of her administration the alignment of political parties and regardless of their previous party aMlia- their power relations. The once-domi- tions. The Liberal Party (LP)-Salonga nant Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) Wing also enhanced its strength; it disintegrated rapidly, once the then Pres- started to take an independent course of

ident Marcos fled the country. Its lead- action, while remaining in the ruling

ership splintered into a few groups; it coalition. Some parties became critical of

lost many fo11owers, The state of the President Aquino. The United Nationalist coalition of parties which supported Democratic Organization (UNIDO), fbr Aquino's candidacy in the special presi- one, was frustrated by and dissatisfied

dential election, or the as it with the Aquino Administration, though

has been popularly called, also changed it barely remained in the ruling coalition.

dramatically. For example, Partido The Mindanao Alliance and the Christian-

Demokratiko Pilipino Lakas ng Bayan Social Democratic Party (CSDP) left

the coalition at an early stage and (PDP-Laban) increased its membership the opposition. Bansang Nagkaisa size rapidly by great magnitude; it joined sa Diwa at Layunin strengthened the position ofthe conserva- (BANDILA)2) increased its membership immediately tive bloc against that of the progressive

bloc within the and confiicts be- party 2) BANDILA dccided, at its Second National tween the two aggravated. At the same Congress in October 19S6, to remain a movement with a defined partnership agree' *71cNgif, Asian Ccntcr, University of the ment with one (or more) political party Philippines, Diliman, , Metro or coalition of partics, in spite ef a pref- , thc Philippines erence among certain segments of its 1) There is an argument against using the leadership to transform it inte a political "revolution" term on the ground that the party or create its own political party. February incident did npt bring about any Hewever, BANDILA is included in this significant change either in the Philippine paper together with pelitical parties on the social structure or in the socio-economic greunds that lt played a significant role in characteristics of the ruling elite. the special presidencial election and the/' 352

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M. K!MuRA: PoliticalParties in the Philippines

after the revolution and then became ratification and a revolution. The pe- not so vi$ible as it used to be before riod, therefore, is a very interesting and the revolution. Leftist forces, Nv'hich convenient period for studies of political boycotted the special presidential elec- parties. The account of the process is tion and were left out of the revolution, basically descriptive and divided into formed a new legal leftist party called two parts. The first part tries to outline Partido ng Bayan (PnB), which main- the political development at the national tained close relations with another leftist level. The second part fbcuses on the organization, Bagong Alyansang Maka- clevelopment in the province of Batan- bayan (BAYAN). gas3) as a case at a local level. This An examination of the process in was attempted to show that what took which the realignment of political parties place at the two difllerent levels were developed and their power relations closely interrelated and that they took changed will shed light on certain im- place according to thelr own respective portant aspects of the characteristics of logic and rnotives highly independent the Philippine political parties and party of each other in spite of the close inter- system and of the behavior of party pol- relations especially in the case of so- iticians as well as of the nature of the called traditional political parties.4)

revolution. What fo11ows is an attempt

with this view to give a briefaccount of II The National Scene the process of realignment of political

and of the in parties change their power The special presidential election which relations which took place during a pe- preceded and triggered off the revolu-

riod from the beginning of the special tion was a contest between KBL's presi-

presidential election campaign in De- dential and vice-presidential candidates,

cember 1985 until the local elections of namely, Ferdinand E. Marcos and Arturo

January 1988. The period which covered M. Tolentino on the one hand and only two years and a few rnonths was an the UNIDO-Laban ng Bayan coalition's ttt tt t t tttttt ttt tttt tt extremely hectic period which undeiM'ent 3) Thc auther has been conducting a case five dramatic political events, narnely, study of elections and politics in Batangas three sets of elections, a constitutional since 1984. A part of its results, which will be his dissertation, was utilized here N.arevolution and that intends it to participate to give a case of rcalignment of pelitical in the electoral precess aswcllas in extra- parties at the provincial level. Since stud- parliamentary activities. On the other ies on party politics at the provincial hand, the Communist Party of the Philip- level are scarcc, it will give some insights pines (CPP) is not included on the grounds into the state of political parties at this that it resorts to non-electoral activities level.

'Ctraditional or armecl struggle, that it did not play 4) The term political party" here any slgnificant role in the elcction and the refers to a kind ef party which is built revolutlon, and that the author does not primarily upon networks of dyadic relations have sufficlent data on its statc during between individuals as described by Land6 the period covered in this paper. [l964].

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Corazon C. Aquino ancl Salvaclor H. It had dominated Batasang Pambansa,

Laurel on the other hand, with leftist the national legislature, by controlling

forces under BAYAN boycotting the about two thirds of its seats; it had al- election. Alrnost all the political parties most monopolized local elective posl- and organizations were aligned into the tions in most of the provinces, cities, and three groups. The municipalities all over the country.6) The (NP)-Roy Wing which had been closely then opposition, on the other hand, had

aligncd with KBL supported the Marcos- been fragmented. They had had little

Tolentino ticket. Laban ng Bayan was say in the policy making process under initially formed by eight parties and or- the authoritarian regime ; militant organ- ganizations: they were the LP-Salonga izations had been resorting to non-par-

Wing, PDP-Laban, Panaghiusa, the liamentary struggles such as large-scale

Young Philippines Party, Bicol Saro, the demonstrations. The state of fragmen-

National Union of Christian Democrats tation was well refiected in the great

(NUCD), the Convenor Group and diMculty the opposition encountered in

BANDILA [Laban ng Bayan 1985: 1- agreeing on one common presidential 2]. Then, the Mindanao Alliance, the candidate, when the special presidential

Muslim Federal Party, CSDP, the Na- election became imminent. It was only

tional Union for Liberation (NUL) and on December 11, the last day to file a

Laban ni Ninoy sa Gitnang Luzon also certificate of candidacy, that Laurel, the adherecl to Laban ng Bayan [ibid.; Ex- president and presiclential candidate of hibit D].5) There were some parties UNIDO, accepted the presidential can-

that were not aligned into the three didacy of Aquino, the candidate of Laban . her runnmg-mate groups. For example, the LP-Kalaw ng Bayan, to become run Wing fielded fbr on the condition that both of them

Vice-President, while supporting Aquino under the banner of UNIDO [Cunanan

lbr Presldent. Ruben R. Canoy ran fbr l985: 6-7]. The coalition between UNI

Laban ng Bayan was formal- the presidency under the Social Dem- DO and in the campaign ocranc Party. But, these parties were ized even later period minor forces as evident in the number [Anonymous 1986b: 1 & 10].

ofvotes they received.

6) 1980 local elections which were the Befbre the revolution, KBL had been In the last local elections beftore the revolution, the ruling party under the lead- powerfu1 all but four elected governors wera KBL ership of the then President Marcos. in the country's seventy-three provinces. The four non-KBL goyernors were Natalia 5) Since the Mindanao Alliance and NUL as F. Dumlao (NUL) of Nucva Vizcaya, Jose well as Bicol Saro had been member organ- C. Laurel, V (NP) of Batangas, Federico izations of UNIDO, it seems to suggest O. Mengote (Independent) of Eastern that they switched from UNIDO to Laban Samar, and Homobono Adaza (Mindanao ng Bayan or synonymously from Laurel to Alliance) of Misamis OrientaL See Philip- Aquino at the last stage of the unification pines, Commission on Elections [Undated- process of the opposition. a]. 3M

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M. K[MvRA: Politica1 Parties in the Philippines

The presidential election turned out to from Marcos as early as March 7 at a

be an unprecedentedly fraudulent one. meeting of the KBL Executive Commit-

Its aftermath lecl to the revolution. The tee. On March 13, a group of KBL

process leading to the revolution is a members led by Ople made an agree-

much talked about story, which does not ment to fbrm a new party from the

need to be repeated here. Marcos fled ranks ofKBL reformists. On March 15, the country on February 25, 1986 to go the formation of Partido Nacionalista into exile in Hawaii. Aquino took oath ng Pilipinas (PNP) was announced.

"critical to be President earlier on the same day PNP adopted a poticy of coop-

and appointed her cabinet members im- eration" with the Aquino Administration.

mediately. The Aquino Government was Along this poiicy, it accepted Pre$ident

a revo!utionary government in the sense Aquino's invitation to serve in the

that it was installed by a collaboration Constitutional Commission; four of its

"people's of the so-called power" and leaders, namely, , Regalado

rebel soldiers led by Defense Minister Maambong, Teodulo Natividad and

Juan Ponce Enrile and the Chief Qf Rustico de los Reyes, Jr. became consti- Staff) Lt. Gen. Fidel Ramos, in defiance tutional commissioners [Ople 1987: PNP

of the 1973 Constitution. With her dic- Chronology].

tatorial power, President Aquino issued The NP-Roy Wing was also involved

on March 25, 1986 Proclamation No. 3 in the move of Ople's group. In fact, otherwise known as Peacefu1 Constitu- the NP-Roy Wing, under the presidency

tion and abollshed Batasang Pambansa of Rafael Palmares who succeeded for-

together with the 1973 Constitution. The mer Sanator upon his death new government also started to replace shortly after the revolution, was negoti-

by appointment the local elective offi- ating with PNP for a merger agreement

cials who were mostly KBL with those in April. But the merger was not

who had campaigned for the Aquino- pushed through because Palmares, now Laurel tandem in the special presidential joined by Renato Cayetano, a KBL as-

election. semblyman and close friend of Enrile,

Immediately after the revolution, the decided to reorganize NP with Cayetano KBL national leadership began to assess as the secretary general. On August 19, the new situation and to search for a on the occassion of Manuel Quezon's

way to cleal with it. While former Pres- 103rd birthday, the revitalized Naciona-

ident Marcos was still trying to main- lista Party, which was often called NP-

tain his control over KBL firom Hawaii Cayetano Wing, proclaimed a new begin-

through his ctose associates such as ning. Many KBLs joined the NP-

Nicanor Yfiiguez and Jose Rofio, Blas Cayetano Wing among them Olongapo

Ople, Marcos' Labor Minister, made City Mayor Richard Gordon, Assembly-

clear that he was completely disengaging men Victor Agbayani, Antonio Carag,

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Peclro Mendiola, etc. [Nacionalista Party the NP-Cayetano Wing after he was

"It 1986: 1･-2]. Accordlng to Ople, became dismissed from his cabinet post by Presi-

attractive even to members of the PNP dent Aquino in November 1986.

and of the KBL because a strong im- While many KBL leaders abandoned pression was created that the new group- KBL at an early stage, there were still least ing was designed to be a political vehi- many who stuck to their party at cle for the then Minister of National for the moment. As of July 9, 1986,

its Committee were Defense, Hon. , whose members of Central include not a few political objectives were deemed compat- reported to prominent ible with the interests of KBL assembly- politicians (see List 1). most of the na- men, governors and mayors who were As described above, thrown out of their elective posts with tional leadership of KBL either joined

the abrogation by President Aquino of PNP or the NP-Cayetano Wing, or re-

the Constitution of 1973 and the instal- mained as KBL; all the three parties were were, however, some lation of a revolutionary government" in opposition. Thcre

noted. [Ople 1987: 2]. Enrile formallyjoined differentcases which have to be

as of 9, 1986 List 1 Members of KBL Ccntral Committee July . ..

Titular Hcad

Acting President Nicanor Yfiiguez

Acting Secretary-General Manuel Garcia

Acting Treasurer Edith Rabat Estrella Regional Chairman (Region I) Conrado

Dy Regional Chairman (Region II) Faustino Mercedes Teodoro Regional Chairman (Region III) Isldro Rodriguez Regipnal Chairman (Region IV) Felix Fuentebella Regional Chairman (Region V) Britanico Regional Chairman (Region VI) Salvador Lorcnzo Teves Regional Chairman (Region VII) Rofio Regional Chairman (Region VIII) Jose Vicente Cerilles Regional Chairman (Region IX) Constantino Navarro Regional Chairman (Region X) Alrnendras Regienal Chairman (Region XI) Alejandro Dimaporo Regional Chairman (Region XII) Ali Gerardo Espina Regional Chairrnan (NCR)* . Antonio Tupaz Concon Representattve -

IBP representative Rogelio Quiarnbao

Representative of formcr Congressmen Ramon Duran

Representative of former Senators Wenceslao Lagumbay - Perez President, City Mayor's League representative Honorato

President, Municipal Mayor's Lcague of the Philippines Evaristo Singson Chairman, Natiorial Association of Barangay Captains Nora ?etines

* NCR: National Capital Region Source: [Yfiiguez 1986]

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M, KiMuRA: PoliticalParties in the Phillppines

For exarnple, fbrmer Prime Minister making process of the Aquino Adminis-

Cesar Virata announced his retirement tration turned out to be small. This was

from politics some time after the revolu- enough to cause dissatisfaction among like Ortiz, an tion. Some Agusto G. UNJDO leaclers. Rene Espina, secretary- Assemblyman from Sorsogon, and Ro- general of UNIDO, became most crit- Rosario, dolfo P. del an Assemblyman ical against the Aquino Administration from Davao del Norte joined Lakas ng at an early stage for this reason. Since

Bansa, a new party under the ruling coa- then, UNIDO's leaders had come to lition supporting President Aquino, when perceive that it had been slighted by

in 1986 it was fbrmed November [Anon- President Aquino compared with other

1986c: 1& 1986d: 3; Phil- ymous 2; parties under the ruling coalition. The ippines, Records and Statistics Division, situation was aggravated when UNIDO Commission on Elections Undated]. could not get as many slots as they had

to the ruling coalition was an But, join expected in the ruling coalition's senato- among the exceptional course of action rial ticket which was selectecl by Presi- high level leadership of KBL. dent Aquino fbr the congressional and The parties under the ruling coalition senatorial elections in May 11, 1987. Dur- or the former opposition parties which ing this period, two pr'ominent UNIDO supported Aquino and Laurel, namely, leaders, Rene Espina and the then Dep- UNIDO and those united under Laban uty Defiense Secretary Wilson Gamboa,

ng Bayan, were not to be as they had left the party and joined the opposition. been either. Perhaps, UNIDO was one PDP-Laban, in contrast, grew rapidly of the most frustrated parties by the sit- in its political influence and membership uation that emerged after the revolution. size. The fact that it came into power

When Aquino and Laurel fbrmed a uni- and the perception that it was the party

fied opposition ticket against Marcos for closest to President Aquino because it 's the speclal presidentlal election, there endorsed presidential candidacy at an early time and included was an agreement that thirty percent of

among its highest !eaders Cojuangco, the Cabinet posts woulcl go to UNIDO. Jose a brother of President But President Aquino did not honor the Jr., younger Aquino, attracted many at agreement for the reason that it was ne- politicians various levels. Before the revolution, gated by changing conditions brought PDP-Laban had only about ten thou- about by the revolution [Anonyrnous sand members.7) By the time its sixth 1987i: 8]. Vice-President Laurel's prime national assembly, the second after the ministership was also annulled when Pres- revolution, was held in Octeber l986, its ident Aquino abolished the 1973 Consti-

7) Intervicw, Mimi Abdul secretary tutlon which provided a serniparliamen- (a of PDP-Laban), Office of Sen. Aquilino tary system of government. Vice-Presi- Pimcntel, Jr., Maya Building, Cubao, dent Laurel's influence in the decision Quezon City, June 20, 19ee.

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membership size expandgd to nearly two which eventually transformed itself into

hundred thousand.S) The expansion was a political party before the congressional

brought about malnly by affiliations of and senatorial elections of May 1987.

traditional politicians at local levels, Lakas ng Bansa envisioned to organize -- .mdividuals many Qf whom were formerly aMliated and members of all political KBL now with and gravitated toward the parties, forces, organizations, mevements new center. There many power were cases and groups who would support the in which the recruitment of new mem- Aquino Administration [Lakas ng Bansa bers was done without fu11 compliance 1986: Article II, Sectlon II, 4]. In fact, with relative to the member- proeedures lt recruited members of various political ship admission such as attendance to a parties including former KBLs. The sixteen-hour two-day membership semi- principal oMcers of Lakas ng Bansa with nar. This created a conflict between the their government positions and previous bloc led by Aquilino Pimen- progressive party aMliations were as provided in tel, that insisted on strict screening Jr. List 2. in membership admission and on the That the majority of the principal ofli- on the one hand and the party platform cers of Lakas ng Bansa were cabinet conservative bloc led byJose Cojuangco, ministers and other high government ofi Jr. that fo11owed a traditional generally ficials and that it involved President pattern of politics on the other hand.9) Aquino's close relatives such as Jose The momentum was in favor of the con- Cojuangco, Jr., a brother, Paul Aquino, servative bloc and resulted ln the elec- a brother-in-law, and Emigdio S. Tan- tion ofJose Cojuangco, Jr. as its party juatco, Jr., a cousin, created an image head to replace Aquilino Pimentel,Jr. in that it was a political party of President its sixth national assembly. PDP-Laban's Aquino, though she remained unidenti- once progressive character was fatally fied with any specific political weakened and the relations between the party. Lakas ng Bansa grew rapidly by incorpo- two blocs continued to deteriorate. rating many politicians who gravitated to The rise of PDP-Laban was not un- the second new power center. Interest- cha!lenged among pro-Aquino Parties. ingly, many of its principal oMcers were On November 10, 1986, a new grouping former ranking UNIDO ofTicers who were of pro-Aquino political leaders, many of allies of Vice-President Laurel at least whom were cabinet ministers, launched until Corazon Aquino appeared to be a a movement called Lakas ng Bansa, presidential candidate. Some like Leticia 8) Interview, Lefiada staff of Joseph (assistant R. Shahani and Heherson T. Alvarez PDP-Laban), Cojuangco Building, , were not afliliated with any major August 2, 1988. political

9) Interview, Tonyo Santos chapter chair- (a parties before the revolution. It also man of PDP-Laban in Pasig), Office of accepted former KBLs who switched Sen. Pimentel, Maya Building, Cubao, June 20, 1988. their loyalty to President Aquino. From 358

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M. KiMuRA: Politica1 Parties in the Phitippines

List 2 Principal Officers of Lakas ng Bansa with Their Government Positions at the Time of its Inception and Party Affiliations Before the Revolution t tt ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt ttt- tttt t ttt President Neptali A. Gonzales Minister of Justice UNIDO

Secretary-General Emigdio S. Tanjuatco, Jr. (No Data) PDP-Laban Deputy Secretary-General &aoUnleA(llitisl'Onessman) (No Data) Deputy Secretary-General Jose Malvar Villegas, Jr. None Lapiang Manggagawa

Treasurer Manuel B. Samora, Jr. (No Data) (No Data)

Chairman, Region I Ernesto M. Maceda Minister of Natural Resources UNIDO

Co-Chairman, Region I Leticia R. Shahani llgP.".t(i.M'i3"6';te,g.of,,F,o.',:'Lg)""ffairs

Chairman, Region II Heherson T. Alvarez Minister of Agrarian Reform None (US-bascd Ninoy Aquino rnovement)

Chairman, Region III Rogaciano M. Mercado Minister of Public Works and Highways UNIDO

Chairman, Region IV Ramon V. Mitra Minister of Agriculture PDP-Laban

Chairman, Region V Luis R. Villafuerte Minister, Presidential Commission on Government Reorganization UNIDO

Chairman, Region VI Arthur D. Defensor (No Data) UNIDO

Chairman, Region VII Antonio V. Cuenco Minister of State For Political Affairs PDP-Laban (Panaghiusa Coalition)

Chairman, Region VIII Emil L. Ong Administrator of National Foed Authority PDP-Laban

Chairman, Region IX Elnorita P. Tugung (No Data) (No Data)

Co-Chairman, Region X Carlos O. Fortich OIC governor of Bukidnon KBL*

Co-Chairman, Region X Vicente T. Emano (No Data) (No Data)

Chairman, Rcgion XI Luis T. Santos (No Data) (No Data)

Chairrnan, Region XII Omar M Dianalan No Data) ENo Data) 359

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List 2-Continued

Chairman, NCR Alberto G. Romulo Minister of Budget UNIDO

*Fortich defected from KBL and joined UNIDO amid the presidential election campaign [Anonymous 1986a:1 & 6]. Seurce: Lakas ng Bansa [l987: Annex A]. Identification of their government positions were gathered from newspaper articles. Fer Identifications of their prcvious party affiliations, a list of Batasang Pambansa assemblyrnen [Philippines, Batasang Pambansa 1985], news- paper articles and an interview with a former Lakas ng Bansa Organizer wcre used. - - the above, it may be argued that Lakas ng Bayan and supported Aqumo ancl

ng Bansa was an attempt to ease out Laurel in the special presidential elec- other parties under the ruling coalition, tion, eventually left the ruling coalition especially UNIDO, in order to become and joined the opposition. Neither of a dominant administration party by the two leaders were appointed by Presi- those politicians who threw their support dent Aquino to any significant govern- to President Aquino. This may be one ment position. The LP-Kalaw Wing

of the reasons why the respective top which supported Aquino for President

leadership of UNIDO, LP-Salonga Wing and Eva Kalaw fbr Vice-President outside

and NUCD kept distance from Lakas the UNIDO-Laban ng Bayan coalition j -- ng Bansa. While some prominent PDP- also jomed the opposmon. Laban leaders joined it, Aquilino P{men- The political condition that emerged tel,Jr., a leader of its progressive bloc, after the revolution added a new element did not join Lakas ng Bansa in spite to the Philippine political party systern. of an invitation. When Lakas ng Bansa On August 30, a legal party of leftist became a political party, many of the forces named Partido ng Bayan (PnB) PDP-Laban leaders such as Ramon V. was fbrrnally proclaimed at its founding

Mitra remained in Lakas ng Bansa, congress. It will be reasonable to be-

thereby abandoning their membership in lieve that the party was a brainchild of PDP-Laban, though Jose Cojuangco, Jr. Jose Ma. Sison, the founder and former remained in PDP-Laban as its chalrman. chairman of the Communist Party of

The LP-Salonga Wing and NUCDwhich the Phillpplnes (CPP), whe workecl as

was revitalized after Raui Manglapus Chairman of the Preparatory Commis-

came back from his exile in the United sion of PnB. Sison and Bernabe Bus-

States also increasecl their strepgth. But cayno, the founder of the New People's the two remained in relatively low profile Army (NPA), both of whom had been comparedwith the three parties referred imprisoned until released by the Aquino

to above. Administration six months before, were The Mindanao Alliance led by Homo- among those seated at the main table at

bono Adaza and CSDP lecl by Francisco the founding congress. The late Rolando

of Kilu- Tatad, both of which had jolned Laban M. Olalia,the then chairman ' 3oo

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M. KiMuRA: PoliticalParties in the Philippines

sang Mayo Uno (KMU), a radical labor But the prooess of reconstruction seemed confederation, became Chairman ef PnB. fu11 of hardships such as harassment by

"the In Sison's words, the party was rightists including the assassination of

fruit of thc well-developed legal demo- National Vice-President Rolando Olalia

cratic movement which includes the in November 1986 and of Secretary Gen- mass organizations of the working class, eral Leandro Alejandro in September

1987, and peasantry, urban petty bourgeoisie and financialconstraints. middle beurgeoisie, as well as the sectoral BANDILA, in contrast, expanded sig- and multisectoral aMances of these mass nificantly after the revolution. It was organizations" ISison Undated: 1], and among the first political organizations

"a response to the long crying need for to endorse the presidential candidacy of Corazon Aquino. It a legal party that can strive to break the marshalled its organ-

monopoly of the exploiting classes over ization resources to augment the cam- the electoral process and serve as the paign machinery of Aquino as well as to instrument of the exploited classes" prepare the citizenry for vigilante action [ibid.: 2]. during and after the polls. It also used

The picture of realignment of political this opportunity to expand its influence parties is not complete without taking and organization in the regions and into consideration the two major um- provinces [BANDILA 1986: 8]. In the

brella organizations of cause-orlented February uprising, BANDILA immedi- groups and sectoral and multi-sectoral ately responded through its president,

groups, namely, BAYAN and BANDILA. Agapito Aquino, to the sltuation created BAYAN's boycott position in the special by the rebel soldiers and mobilized its members which formed the presidential election created disunity and initial force of what was to confusion in the organization. It sufllered be known

"people's as on EDSA. BANDI a host of leaves-oeabsence and resig- power" responded nations among its leaders. The boycott LA, unlike BAYAN, success- fully to the sentiment of the masses and posltion did not get the broad support ofthe masses. BAYAN's rnass mobiliza- continued to expand its popular support

in the immediately revo- tion capacity fe11 dramatically, and its period after the

By 1986 detachment from the masses was mest lution. October when itssecond

natlonal number serious in Metro Manila and in some ma- congress was held, the

jor cities [BAYAN 1986: 12-16]. Be- of BANDILA member organizations and reportedly cause of this, it was left out of the Feb- local chapters increased to

ruary uprising and, therefore, could not 434 ln twelve regions, fbrty-six prov- participate in shaping the political course inces, thirty-six citles and eleven munici- of the country after the revolution. palities in Metro Manila. In addition, The period after the revolution was a its membership was complemented by period of reconstruction of BAYAN. national sectoral partner organizations

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such as the Federation of Free Workers Kalaw Wing, CSDP, Pusyon Bisaya and

(FFwr and Lakas ng Magsasakang Pill- Timawa [Anonymous 1987a: 1 & 6; pino (LMP) and multi-sectoral coalitions 1987b: 1 & 11; 1987c: 1 & 2]. PNP

alliances, such kapulungan and as ng led by Ople did not join CODA and mga Sandigan ng Pilipinas (KASAPI), campalgned for the constitution on the the total nurnber of member organi- ground that four PNP leaders were zations reaching 1,047 [ibid.: 20-23]. members of the Constitutional Commis-

Thereafter, however, BANDILA grad- sion that drafted the constitution and

ratification ually became less active than before. that its could pave the way

for the normalizatien the There were a number of reasons for this. of country's system 1987d: 3]. After the revolution, it became a de facto political [Anonymous reach a member of the ruling coalition and BAYAN failedto definitivepo- "con- sition ancl adopted a noncommittal many of its leaders and members entered

science vote" its members the Aquino Administration. The kind policy,giving

the option to approve or reject the con- of activities such as mass actions that it stitutlon. KMU and Kilusang Magbu- had resorted to during its anti-Marcos bukid ng Pllipinas the two struggle became irrelevant in the new (KMP), largest member organizations of BAYAN, political condition brought about by the however, campaignecl for its rejection restoration of democracy. The rapid 1986d: 8]. The membership expansion and aMliation of [Anonymous position of PnB was deferment of the ratification. diverse organizations seem to have under- It was because peace negotiations between mined its organizational cohesivencss. the government and the National Dem- Also, it lacked a clear-cut, immediate ocratic Front (NDF) had started and common goal such as dismantlement of ratification of the constitution would the Marcos regime. circumscribe terms of the negotiations.iO) By the time of the plebiscite in Feb- The result of the pleblscite, after all, was ruary 1987 for ratification of a newly "Yes" that vote garnered 76.37 percent drafted constitution, the realignment of "No" while vote got 22.65 percent of the political parties came into a shape. The 25 million registered voters [Anonymous parties under the ruling coalition were 1987e: 1 & 16]: the constitution was campaigning solidly for approval of the ratified. new constitution together with BANDI In the congressional and senatorial LA. The major traditional opposition elections on May ll, 1987, there had parties, except fbr PNP, came to form emerged four major groupings of politi- the Coalition for Democratic Action (CO cal parties, namely, Lakas ng Bayan, the DA) on January 14 to campaign against Grand Alliance fbr Democracy (GAD), the constitution. Those that joined CO 10) Interview with Lui Gamit, Acting Secre- DA included KBL, the NP-Cayetano tary General of PnB, Mariwasa Bldg., Wing, the Mindanao Alliance, the LP- Cubao, Quezon City, July 5, 1988. 362

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Union for Peace and Progress-Kilusang seven; PnB won only two; and others in-

Bagong Lipunan (UPP-KBL), and the ctuding independents won twenty-six Alliance for New Politics. Lakas ng [Philippines, Commission on Elections

Bayan was a name for the ruling coalition Undatecl-c].m

The realignment of composed of Lakas ng Bansa, PDP- political parties

not end continued Laban, UNIDO, the LP-Salonga Wing did here; it toward

and NUCD. BANDILA supported Lakas the fbrthcoming local elections. The

ng Bayan. GAD was a new umbrella first major event that took place in this

context came shortly after a coup at- organlzatien of seven opposition parties, tempt of a segment of the namely, the NP-Cayetano Wing, PNP, the August 28 by

Mindanao Ailiance, the LP-Kalaw Wing, military led by Col. Gringo Honasan,

that is, the Aquino-Laurel split. The CSDP, a segment of KBL, and Muslim Aquino Administration had been threat- Federal Party. The UPP-KBL was com- ened by a series of milltary coup attempts posed mainly of those KBLs who were still since 1986, and this one closely identified with former President July posed the most serious threat. Vice-President Marcos. Alliance for New Poiitics was Laurel immediately took a an Alliance of PnB, BAYAN and other pro-military and tendered his resignation leftist forces. It has to be noted, how- posture on September 8, clting fundamental ever, that, while the senatorial contests differences with President Aquino over were fought based on the four groupmgs, the handling of the insurgency problem. there were many congressional districts This move of Laurel developed into in which more complicated political an attempt to form a strong opposition alignments emerged. For example, there group. Negotiations fbr this purpose were many districts in which Lakas ng started between Laurel and Enrile, who Bayan coutd not agree on common ad- headed UNIDO and NP-Cayetano Wing ministration candidates and infighting respectively. Leaders of other opposi- among the parties under the ruling coa- tion parties such as Blas Ople of PNP litlon took place. There were also many and Isidro Rodriguez of KBL also par- districts in which PnB and BAYAN did ticipated in the negotiations. The devel- not have their own candidates and sup- opment resuitecl in a kind of revival of those of other or indepen- ported parties the old Naclonaiista Party without the dents Qn a case-to-case basis. The result Laurel Wing. The Nacionalista Party of the elections was a landslide for the (hereinafter, NP-Enrile Wing) was joined ttt11) ..-t ruling coalition. It won twenty-two of Partido Panaghiusa was counted asa party the twenty-four senatorial seats, while under Lakas ng Bayan together with the only two. the two GAD won Of hun- five partieswhich composed it. Therewere dred congressional seats, the ruling coali- seven cases of LP without specification, which were counted as LP-Salonga Wing tion won one hundrecl forty-five; GAD at the risk of including somc LP-Kalaw and UPP-KBL combined won twenty- Wing congressmen in Lakas ng Bayan.

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by many former Nacionalista pollticians Mercado from UNIDO, Sen. Joseph who were under KBL such as Arturo Estrada from. the opposition, Sen. Rene

Tolentino, Isidro Rodriguez, Blas Ople, Saguisag, former President of Constitu-

Jose Rofio, Wenceslao Lagumbay, Rodo- tional Commission, Cecilia Mufios-Palma,

1fo Albano, etc., leaving only Marcos and fifteen congressmen [Ronquillo loyalists to KBL. Homobono Adaza l987b; 1 & 8]. On January 12, 1988, of the Mindanao Alliance and Rene Sen. Teofisto Gulngona and Mar Espina also the NP-Enrile Wing. joined Canonigo who were Honorary Chairman Rodriguez became its acting president and Secretary General of BANDILA also and Ople became its secretary-general, joined the LP-Salonga Wing with their with Enrile as its titular head.i2) At a fbllowing in BANDILA [Anonymous conference on November 14, the press 1988a:1 & 10]. This move of the LP- announoed its intention to field party Salonga Wing could be seen not only as candidates in the forthcoming local polls a preparation fbr the local elections but [Guevarra 1987:1 & 2]. On the other also as that for the presidential election ln hand, many leaders of UNIDO, of 1992. At the same time, which the NP-Laurel Wing constituted the who had become Senate President began core, are said to have resisted the move to take an independent posture from of Laurel to join the opposition, mainly the Aquino Administration, saying, they too much vested because hacl in- "Cooperation but never subservience" terest in the Aquino Administration to [loc. cit.]; the party had already fielded lose by doing so. UNIDO eventually its own candidates for the local elections chose to remain in the ruling coalition, [Estella 1988: 1 & 2]. Earlier, UNIDO the decision leading to a reconciliation had also announced its intention to field between Aquino and Laurel on December candidates in the local elections. This 2, 1987 at the beginning of the cam- situation prompted another two major paign period ofthe local elections [Rueda under the ruling coalition, namely, 1987: 1 & 9]. parties PDP-Laban headcd by Cojuangco, As the local elections approached, Jose and Lakas ng Bansa headed by other political parties also started to Jr. Paul Aquino, its acting to try to expand and to consolidate their president, form a tactica! alliance to field common organizations. Perhaps, the LP-Salonga

Wing was the one that expanded most candidates to be proclaimed by President

visibly. As of November 8, it was re- Aquino [Logarta 1987: 1 & 10].

PimentePs bloc in PDP-Laban, ported to have recruited Sen. Orlando however, did not fo11ow the alliance [Ronquillo 12) lnterviews with lsidro Rodriguez, Resi- 1987c: 3]. dence, Mandaluyong, July 5, 1ee8, and with Blas Ople, Manila Peninsula Hotel, The result of the elections was again Makati, July 20, 1988. Also see Ronqulllo an overwhelming victory of un- [1987a: 1 & 8], Gucvarra [1987: 1 & 2], parties Anonymous [1987j: 1 & 7; i9871:1 & 15]. der the ruling coalition, especially Lakas

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Table 1 Party AffiIiations of Provincial Table 2Party Affiliations of OIC Gover-

Governors Elected in the 1988 nors Immediately Before the 1988 Local Elections Local Elections

Lakas ng Bansa (LB) 14 UNIDO 22151531 PDP-Laban 12 PDP-Laban

PDP-LabanlLB 10 Lakas ng Bansa LPUNIDO 6 LPKBLPanaghiusa 4 NPPDP-LabanlLPfLB 3 116

3 No Data KBLLBILPUNIDO/LB 2 Total 73 1

1 Source: Philippines, Department ef Local Government, Electronic Data UNIDOIPDP-Laban 1 Processing Service [1987] LPfPDP-LabanlNUCD 1

Ruling Coalition 1 Local Parties 4 parties under the ruling coalition (see

rndependents 7 Table 1). AcomparisonwithpartyaMl- No Data 3 iations of OIC (oMcer-in-charge) gov- Total 73 ernors who were appointed after the rev-

Source: Cernmission on Elections olution (see Table 2) indicates that the Note: Party identifications are basecl on number of governors under Lakas ng certificates of candidacy. The cases

and at the of two or more parties seem to be Bansa PDP-Laban increased

results of an elusive nature of mem- cost ofUNIDO. The opposition could bership in Philippine traditional po- not make much headway; especially, litical parties. They may as well be which almost monopolized lo- interpreted that the governors were KBL had

candidates endorsecl by two or more cal elective positions in most of the prov- parties as their coalition candidates ' inces before the revolution was reduced In tabulation, BILEG Ti La Union (La Union), Balane (Nueva Ecija), to a powerless minor party. Magdalo (Cavite), and Panaghiusa () were counted as local par- ties; two included onc inde- KBLs III A Provincial Scene pendent KBL; and PDP-Laban/IPP Case in Batangas) was counted as PDP-Laban ancl (A Lakas ng Bansa/LLB as Lakas ng Bansa. In the province of Batangas before the

revolution, there were only two major

namely, and ng Bansa and PDP-Laban, except fbr political parties, KBL

Reglons I and II where opposition and UNIDO. Otherpartieswereeithernon-

independent candidates made a fairly existent or very weak. All the eLective

strong showing. As forthe seventy-three government positions in the province were provincial governors, for example, at occupied by KBL and UNIDO, except

least fifty-four of them were elected as that one city vice-mayor and some city and

candidates of parties or coalitions of municipal councilors were independent.

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The Governor was UNIDO, while the August 1986 by all the twenty-eight re-

Vice-Governor was KBL. Of the eight placed KBL mayors and other replaced elective provincial board members, five KBL elective oflicials with their fbllowers. were UNIDO and three were KBL. Of Jose B. Coz who had been Calatagan

the thirty-four rnayors, six were UNIDO mayor and president of the Municipal

and twenty-eight were KBL. In addi- Mayors League of Batangas became its

tion, of the fbur Batasang Pambansa As- president. Behind the formation ofBISIG semblymen from Batangas, UNIDO had were several prominent Batangas politi-

three, while KBL had one.i3) The revo- cians who served as its advisors. They

lution and subsequent events changed included (fbrmer KBL

the completely. political picture assemblyman), Jose Malvar Vil!egas KBL which was a dominant party (Secretary-General of Lapiang Mangga- before the revolution collapsed at once gawa), Querubin F. Makalintal (execu- when its elective local officials from Vice- tive assistant, Bureau of Internal Reve-

Governor to municipal councilors were nue; LP-Salonga Wing), Ben Medrano

replaced and it became clear that the (former KBL provincial board member), national leadership of KBL was disinte- Antonio Leviste (former KBL governor and could not do anything for grating of Batangas), Roberto Diokno (fbrmer them. In contrast, UNIDO became a KBL assemblyman). The main purposes single dominant party under the leader- of BISIG were to group together under

ship of the Laurels. In fact, it monopo- a new party free from discredited KBL almost all elective lized the positions and to oppose the Laurels' UNIDO.

from city and the provinclal governor to But it did not work as an eflbctive and municipal councilors by replacing all the enduring organization because it lacked elective officials of KBL. But, this situ- strong leadership, and different politi- ation did not last more than a year and cians had diflltrent views. In the plebi- a few menths. The develop- political scite for constitutional ratification in ment that took thereafter was a place February 1987, BISIG could not take a of realignment of local process political unified stand. In the congressional elec- forces at the and town levcls provincial tions in May 1987, it could not take any and of penetration into and consolida- solid position or fi¢ ld comrnon candidates tion in Batangas of other national politi- either; each member supported his own cal parties. candidate. It seems that BISIG had

One of the earliest developments was retreated into mere nominal existence the fbrmation of BISIG ng Batangas in since then and died a natural death.i4)

13) The three UNIDO assemblymenwere Jose B. Laurel, Jr., Hernande Perez, and 14) The account of BISIG ng Batangas here the Rafael Recte: KBL assemblyman was is based on interviews with Jose Z. Coz, Manuel Collantes. Recto, however, came Jr. (Calatagan Mayor and son of former to side with President Marcos sometime Mayor Jose B. Coz), Municlpal Hall, Ca- in l985. latagan, Batangas, July 13, 1988; Conrado/' 3os

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Other new developments were the ex- for President Movement (CAPM) in pansion of PDP-Laban and then the es- Batangas. In organizing Lakas ng tablishment of Lakas ng Bansa. PDP- Bansa in the province, he reactivated Laban initially startecl to organize in his PDP-Laban and CAPM networks as

Batangas in 1983 towarcl the Batasang its nuclei and expanded them.i7)

Pambansa elections ofMay 198zi.i5) But it At this point, it wlll be relevant to was a weak force and, according to one examine the state of provincial organiza- had estimate, only one hundred to one tions of BAYAN and BANDILA, which hundred fifty rnembers at the time ofthe established their branches in Batangas After special presidential election. the some time before the special presidential revolution, many local po!iticians includ- election. Shortly after the founding ing fbrmer KBLs took membership sem- congress of BAYAN-Southern Luzon in inars and even sponsored seminars for Silang, Cavite in July 1985, two oMcers their fo11owers; its membership size ex- for Southern Luzon and two leaders in

panded rapidly. As of June 1988, it Batangas who later became Chairman and claimed to have nearly one thousand, Secretary General of BAYAN-Batangas with the majority identified with the formed a core group to establish BAYAN Cojuangco faction.i6) Lakas ng Bansa, in Batangas. The core group tried to on the other hand, started to organize in incorporate into BAYAN various sectoral Batangas shortly after it was formally and multi-sectoral groups such as trade launched in November l986. Its initial unions, organizations of peasants and organizer was Dante Bar- provincial 9. the urban poor, organizations of the a close associate of Ramon Mitra, bosa, youth and students, organizations of

who had become AssistantMinister of teachers and professionals, and religious 1986 Agriculture on February 27, when groups, The fbunding congress of Mitra had become Minister of Agricul- BAYAN-Batangas was held in Taal on

ture. Barbosa was a leaderof PDP- September 28, attended by about three the Aquino Laban and Chairman of Cory hundred people inclucling Wigberto Tafiada and Fr. Jose Dizon, Chairman Xli,C. Berberabe (former and Vice-Chairman of BAYAN-Southern Mayor), residence, Batangas City, Batangas, 13, 1988; Vicente B. Kalalo rnem- July (a Luzon, as guest speakers. Its initial ag ber of Provinclal Board and former San filiates included Samahang Magbubukid Jose Mayor), Office of Governor, Batangas, August 2, 1988 ; and Bienvenido O. Castillo ng Batangas, Samahang Mangangawil 78, Mayor), Municipal Hall, Bauan, (Bauan Malayang Katipunang Manggagawa sa Batangas, August 30, 1988. Batangas, and Samahan Maralita Baybay 15) Interview with Dante Q. Barbosa, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Q.uezon City, August Dagat (peasant and labor sector); 5, 1988. Barrio Sta. Clara Community (Batangas 16) Interview with Rolando A. Suarez (Chair- City based organization of the urban man, Luzon Area Coordinating Council, PDP-Laban-Pimentel faction), Amparo Bldg., Manila, June 27, 1988. 17) Interview with Barbosa. See footnote 15).

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poor); the League of Filipino Students BANDILA, the membership of which (LFS) and Kabataan para sa Dernokra- was heavily concentrated in Metro Ma-

sya at Nasyonalismo (KADENA) (stu- nila at the time of its foundlng congress

dents and youth sector) ; the Concerned in August 1985, also endeavored to ex- Teachers of Our Lady Caysasay Acad- pand into the provinces. Its expansion

emy; and member organizations of work in Batangas as well as in other the Citizen Solidarity Movement of parts of Luzon was done mainly in Batangas, a multi-sectoral group. Indi- October and November of that year.ig)

vidual members of the Southern Tagalog Certain BANDILA leaders, using their Attorneys fbr National Democracy personal contacts, approached organiza- (STAND) led by Tafiada and of the tions of workers and peasants, youth and Medical Action Group also joined professional groups, and church people. BAYAN-Batangas. It is not easy to es- For example, Roy Oliveros, an oMcer

timate its exact organizational strength. of FFW who later became BANDILA

Its mass mobilization capability, how- Deputy Secretary General approached

ever, may tell something about it. Sto. Tomas Academy Union in Sto.

BAYAN-Batangas claims to have mobi- Tomas and Fr. Richard Panganiban of

lized two thousand one hundred members St. Francis de Sales Major Seminary in

for mass action in Batangas City on the Lipa City. Riza Yapchiongco contacted

occasion of declaration of human rights Kapisanan ng Magsasakang Pilipino

day on December9 and 10, 1985. When (KASAMA), a peasant organization

based in Bauan and Balayan.20) Prior to it boycotted the special presidential elec-

tion, many members left the organiza- this, Pascual Tonog, a farmer residing

the municipality of and tion. On the same human rights day in in Bauan part-

time employee of a trading company in 1986, the number of people mobilized to declined to seven hundred. For the fu- Manila, was introduced BANDILA

Secretary General Mar Canonigo by neral procession in Manila for Leandro Raul Daza, Tonog's in Alejandro, its assassinated Secretary- provlncemate Samar, in Salonga's residence in Pasig General, on September 29, 1987, it in September. Canonigo Tonog mobilized from one hundred fifty to two gave an authority to organize BANDILA in hundred Batangas rnembers. BAYAN-

Bauan. Tonog approached workers ofa Batangas ascribes the decline of its mass shipyard of Philippine National Oil mobillzation ability to military harass- Company, farmers and students.2i) In- ment and financial constraints. But it terestingly, the sectoral composition of claims to have organized in most of the

thirty-two municipalities and two cities in 19) Interviewwith Solphie Confiado, ANSCOR BIdg., Makati, January 6, 1988. Batangas by 1988.i8) 20) lnterview with Roy Oliveros, BATU Office, Malate, Manila, June 27, 1988. 18) Interview with an organizer of BAYAN- 21) Interview with Pascual Tonog, Shakey's, Batangas, Makati, July 6, 1988. Loyola, Quezon aity, August 17, 1988. 36B

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the groups approached by BANDILA Hall which was attended by about two

apparently overlaps that of BAYAN. It hundred thirty members and some

was not easy at that time to recruit national oencers inciuding Canonigo.

members because of fear among the Collette Buenaventura, a leader of Gen-

people. In Lipa Clty, for example, Fr. eral Milling Corporation's labor union

Panganiban arranged a two-day seminar which was affiliated to FFW became Chair-

in St. Joseph Seminary in November and man of the council; Tonog, Cucio and

invited people from difllerent sectors of Latayan became its President, Secretary

the city to help establish BANDILA. General and Treasurer respectively. Since

About fifty people attendecl the seminar then, however, it has gradually become

and some ranking oflicers of BANDILA inactive. Especially since after the con-

lncluding Canonigo and Deputy Secre- gressienal and senatorial elections in . tary General Toy Nepomuceno came and May 1987, there have been few organiza-

gave lectures to the participants.22) Of tional activities, except that Tonog and the fifty participants, only six, who were Cucio who ran for their municipal and members ofa Catholic charismatic group, city councils in the local elections in became BANDILA members. The six January 1988 tried to utilize BANDILA included Willie Cucio, a youth leader, organizations in their constituencies only

and Eldee Latayan, a book keeper of a to lose in the elections.25) local bank. In the special presidential Other national partles, though not so etection, campaigned they for Aquino visible as PDP-Laban and Lakas ng and Laurel in a clandestine manner.23) Bansa, also tried to penetrate into andt

In Bauan, BANDILA claims to have or consolidate in Batangas. PNP which

had about one hundred members cam- was formed by a group of fbrmer KBLs

paigning fbr Aquino and Laurel. There led by Ople in March 1986 aMliated were no BANDILA organizations in Manuel Collantes and Antonio Leviste

other towns in Batangas.24) After the r.Ople 1987: PNP Chronology & PNP revolution, BANDILA's membership in Oencers]. When the NP-Cayetano Wing

Batangas expanded rapidly. It organ- emerged, Collantes left PNP and joined ized in two other municipalities, namely, NP [Nolasco 1986: 1 & 6]. PnB also Balayan and Sto.Tomas, In September establishecl its Batangas Chapter which

1986, the Batangas Provinclal Council was based in the municipality of Taal.

of BANDILA was an assem- fbrmed in A number of middle class fbrces of bly held in the penthouse of Lipa City tt- t- tt t 25) Interviews with Tonog (ih. 21) and 22) Interview with Riehard Panganiban, St, J.atayan (fn, 23). Regarding the member- Francis de Sales Majer Seminary, Lipa ship size of BANDILA in Batangas, they City, Batangas, January 7, I988. claimed six thousand at the height ef {ts 23) Interview with Eldee Latayan, Monte de organizational strength. However, even Piedad & Savings Bank, Lipa City, Batan- including FFW, KASAPI and KASAMA gas, February 24, 1987. which was under LMP, the figure seems to 24) Interview with Tonog. See footnote 21). include a certain degree of exaggeration.

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List 3 Congressional Candidates in Batangas and Their PartyAffiliatiens May 11,1987 Elections

First District:

l. Apacible, Conrado Villadolid :: UN!DOFilipino 2. Cabrera, Roberto Jr. Vito Democratic Party-Lakas ng Bayan S. Dc Castro, Hermogenes Jr. Cabral Bisig ng Batangas 4. Garcia, Bendos Martinez :::KBLUNIDO 5. GocQ, Raul Ilustre 6. Ilao, Isidro Caisip LPIndependent 7. Mendoza, Lorcto Ilao 8. Mitra, Nauel ARtonio III Reyes : Lakas ng Bansa 9. Razon, Ricardo Carelino Independent 10. Serrano, Federico Maneja : UNIDO 11. Suarez, Rolando Arevalo PDP Laban 12. Vivo, Martiniano Pasno LP

Slecond District: 1, Calangi, Roberto Espinoza :: Laban ng Bayan (NP UNIDO) 2. Cordova, Jose Cusi Independent 3. Evangelio, Victorino Independent (UNIDO) 4. Hughes, Romeo Sanohan PDP Laban 5. Mandanas, Herrnilande Ingco Independcnt 6. Perez, Hernando Benito UNIDO 7. Sulit, Felix Macatangay : 8. Rosales, Nicasio Y 11agan NPmGAD

Third District:

1. Carandang, Dante Angelcs Independcnt 2. Collantes, Manuel Garcia NP-GAD 3. Hcrnandez, Cecilio Fajardo :::NP UNIDO Lakas ng Bansa-PDP Coalition 4. Leviste, J. Antonio Casals PNP NP KBL GAD 5. Trinidad, Milagros Laurel UNIDO.NP Fourth District:

1. Adapon, Juan Cesar Dimaano PDP Laban, Independcnt 2. Calingasan, Jose Escano UNIDO S. Dimayuga, Jose Reclo NUCDLakas -. Gualberto, Crisanto II Samoy : ng Bansa 5. Katigbak, Benedicto Kalaw Liberal, GAD 6. Lacdao, Antonie Dimayuga Independent 7, Mercado, Efren Honrade Independent 8. Publico, Rodolfo Inciong Independent LP Salonga 9, Roxas, Bodolfo Guillermo Macarandang Independent

10. Sabili, Meynardo Asa : Independent Lakas ng Bansa NUCD

Source:Philippines, Commission Qn Elections[Undated-b]

BAYAN members joined PnB.26) in Batangas, if not in all the four dis- In the congressional elections in May tricts therein; in other words, many of 1987, most of the national political par- the congressional aspirants could find

ties could field their respective candidates to run under List 3). PnB parties (see 1 and BAYAN did not field their own can- 26) Ifitervicw with an organizer of BAYAN-

Batangas. See footnote 18). didates and, instead, supported one PDP- 370

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Laban candidate and three indepen- a provincial board member under the dents, namely, Rolando Suarez (PDP- Laurels' NP. The reasons why Perez Laban), Hermilando Mandanas (incle- split from the Laurels, in his own expla- pendent), Dante Carandang (indepen- nation, were that Vice-President Laurel dent) ancl Efren Mercado (indepen- used his influence on President Aquino

dent) .27) ln the selection process of the ruling co-

The result of the congressional elec- alltion's senatorial candidates in order to tions in Batangas was an overwhelming include his brother, Sotero H. Laurel,

victory of UNIDO which elected con- and Perez was not included because

gressrnen in all the fbur districts. of this and that the Laurels decided to

The fbur congressmen were Conrado V. field anether member of the family as a

Apacible, Hernando B. Perez, Milagros gubernatorial candidate of UNIDO in

Laurel Trinidacl (a daughter of former the next local elections.28) At the time SpeakerJose B. Laurel,Jr.), and Jose E. of the congressional elections in May, Calingasan. Therefore, in spite of the however, Perez remained under the penetration and/or the consolidation of Laurels at least on the surface. His other national political parties, the polit- open split with the Laurels came at the ical picture in Batangas from after the time when the ruling coalition was revolution when the KBL elective offi- selecting its candidate for Speaker of

cials were replaced by UNIDO members the House of Representatives in June.

While the Laurels supported Francisco untll the congressional electlons can be described as domination of UNIDO. Sumulong as the UNIDO's candidate,

The domination of UNIDO was almost Perez supported Mitra, a presidential

synonymous with the domination of the aspirant and rival of Vice-President

Laurels, who now hacl Vlce-President, a Laurel [Boejal 1987: 4-5]. Mitra

eventually became Speaker. senator (Sotero H. Laurel) and a con- Meanwhile, there was a move among gresswoman (Milagros Laurel Trinidad), certain Batangas to form and were grooming Benjamln C. Laurel politicians a coalition in order to field common can- as a gubernatorial candidate ofUNIDO. didates in the forthcoming local elec- Events that were to change the picture tions to wrest the provincial leadership drastically took place shortly after the firorn the Laurels. The initia- elections, that is, the Laurel-Perez split principal tors of the move were Malvar and the formation of an anti-Laurel Jose

coalition. Villegas, Querubin Makalintal and .. Perez, a of being godchild Jose B. 28) Perez raised these points persistently in Laurel, .Jr., had been under the Laurels his speeches throughout the campaign pe- riod of 1988 local elections. He evenwent throughout his political career especially on to say that the Laurels intended to

since 1980 when he had been elected as block inclusion qf his name in the senato- " rial ticket. But this contradicted with thc

27) see footno'tei651. claim of the Laurels.

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Crisanto Gualberto, a defeated congres- lowers and sympathizers. After a series sional candidate of Lakas ng Bansa. When of talks among the politicians involved, Perez split with the Laurels, they tried the anti-Laurel coalition got into shape to join hands with Perez and his fo1- by midJulyand Perez became the chair-

List 4 Mayors of Batangas Before the Revolution and Their Party Affiliations

MunicipalitylCity Mayor AffMations Dec.Party1985 Jan.1988

(First District) 1. Balayan L. Rarnos KBLUNIDO (DNR)UNIDO 2. Calaca A. Casanova

3. Calatagan J･ CozH. KBLKBLUNIDO LPXLBLBUNIDO 4. Lemery de Castro

5. Lian6. C. Lamano

Nasugbu P. Refiosa KBLKBLKBL LP(DNR)

7. Taal P. Gahol

8. Tuy(Secend L. Calingasan UNIDO

District)

9. Batangas City C. Berberabe KBLKBLKBLKBLKBLKBLUNIDOLPUNIDO 10. Bauan B. aastillo

11. Lobo R. Sullt LPLB(DNR)

12. Mabini R. Amurao 13. San Luis O. Diokno 14. San Pascual E. Lualhati Ind.Ind,

15. Tingloy A. Datingaling

(Third District) 16. Agoncillo A. Alcantara KBLKBLKBLUNIDOKBLUNIDO(DNR) 17. Alitagtag M, Hernandez (DNR)LB(DNR)LBLB(DN.R)LB(DNR)PDP-Laban 18. Balete H. Ramirez

19. Cuenca V. Reno

20. Laurel P. Amo

21. Malvar M. Reyes

22. Mataas na kahoy I. Laluna KBLKBLKBLKBLKBLUNIDO

23. San Nicolas T. Mayuga

24. Sta, Teresita N. Segunial 25. Sto. Tomas L. Laurel, Jr. 26. Talisay A. Laurel (DNR) 27. Tanauan S. Olfato UNIDO (Fourth District) 28. Ibaan R. Reyes KBLKBLKBLKBLKBLKBLKBL(DNR)(DNR) 29. Lipa City C. Solis 30. Padre Garcia E. Gutierrez LBLBLB(DNR)LB

31. Rosario F. Magracia 32, San Jose V. Kalalo 33. San Juan V. Lecaroz 34. Taysan I. Sulit, Jr.

LB: Lakas ng Bansa; (DNR): Did Not Run Source: Philippincs, Provincial Development Stafl;Batangas[1980];Philippines, i Commission on Elections [1987]

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Table 3 Party Affiliations of the Replaced Former KBL Mayors at the the Elections .!ims..of .1.988.Local Number of the Replaced Former KBL Mayors 28

Number of Those who Ran in the Elections 17

Under Lakas ng Bansa 10

Under UNIDO 2

Under LP-Salonga Wing 3

Under PDP-Laban 1

As Independent 1

Number of Those Who Did Not Run. 11 . -

man ofthe coalition now called Lakas split and the formation of the anti-

ng Batangan. Congressman Apacible Laurel coalition changed the political who was also a godchild of Laurel, Jr. picture completely. Now, the major became its vice- ¢ hairman. Party aflllia- political clivision ln Batangas was a tions of those who coalesced under Lakas division between the pro-Laurel and the ng Batangan included seven political anti-Laurel. The new division made parties, namely, UNIDO (Perez Wing), the previous dlvision almost irrelevant. Lakas ng Bansa, the LP-Salonga Wing, The majority of politicians in Batangas

the LP-Kalaw Wing, PNP, Lapiang were to be realigned into the two

Manggagawa and BISIG ng Batangas.2?) camps toward the local elections. It is

The major political division ln Batan- interesting to note that, out of the gas from after the revolution until the twenty-eight replaced KBL mayors who congressional elections had been basically once grouped together under BISIG,

an extension of the divislon that existed seventeen ran in the local elections ancl at the time of the special presidential dld so as cancliclates of parties under

eiection, though slgnificant changes had the ruling coalition except for one who

steadily been taking place as already de- ran as an independent (see List 4 and

scribed. In other words, the division Table 3). The largest number ran

had been between those who supported under Lakas ng Bansa. While most of

Marcos-Tolentino and those who sup- the KBL national leadership remained

ported Aqulno-Laurel. The Laurel-Perez in the oppositlon, if not in KBL, after 'I-nt'e-rviei the revolution (see List 5); most of its it) with Jose Malvar Villegas, Ma- local affiliates switched to the parties nila Peninsula Hotel, July 18, 1988. A!so see Anonymous [1987f: 35; 1987g: 28; under the ruling coalition by the time l987h: 18; 1987k; 33]. It has to be noted of the local elections, taking advantage that Villegas is an elusive figure. In the of the rivalry among the parties. As for special Presidential election, he supported Marcos and Tolentino. When Lakas ng the thirty-fbur OIC mayors who were all Bansa was formed, he became its deputy UNIDO at the time of their appoint- secretary generaL Shortly before the ments, eighteen ran in the local elec- congressional and senaterial elections, he left Lakas ng Bansa. tions under UNIDO, nine under Lakas

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List5 Members of KBL Central Committee at the Tlme of the Special Presidential

Elcction and Thcir Party AfliliationsAfter the 19g8 Local Elections

Party President (KBL)* Vice-President for Luzon Eduardo Cojuangco (KBL)* Vice.President for Visaya Benjamin Romualdez (KBL)*

Vice-President for Mindanao Ali Dimaporo KBLNP

Secretary-General Jose Rofio Deputy Secretary-General Juan Tuvera Trcasurer Roberto Benedicto (KBL)*

Regional Chairman NCR (KBL)* Region I Conrado Estrella KBLNP(KBL)* Region II Juan Ponce Enritc

Region III Eduardo Cojuangco

Rcgion IV Isiclro Rodriguez NPKBL(KBL)*

Rigion V Fclix Fuentebella Region VI Roberto Benedicto Region VII Lorenzo Teycs NP(KBL)* Region VIII Benjamin Romualdez Region IX Vicente Cerilles NPKBLNPKBL Region X Constantino Navarro, Sr.

Almendras Region Xi Alejandro Region XII Ali Dimaporo

* Out of Country Note: Idcntification of party affiliations was donc by Atty P. Patacsual, a staflbr of Minerity Floor Leader Rodelfo AIbano's office and fermerly qf KBL national head quarter, on August 16, 1988.

ng Bansa, one as inclependent; six did associate of Perez. As the local elections not seek elections (see List 6 and Table approached, the Perez faction came to 4). be identified closely with Lakas ng Bansa The anti-Laurel coalition or Lakas ng through his alliance with Speaker Mitra.

Batangan was never a monolithic or co- On November 14, a provincial conven-

hesive organization. It had two major tion of Lakas ng Bansa was held in

factions. The more powerfu1 of the two Western Phil'ippine Colleges in Batangas

was a faction led by Perez; the other City; Perez, Apacible and local candi-

faction was led by Villegas. It was very dates of the faction including Mayo for-

mally aM,liated ng an difficult for them to agree on a common to Lakas Bansa in

oathtaking ceremony admipistered by gubernatorial candidate against the can- its Secretary-General, Tarlj'uatco.?O) The didate of the Laurels' UNIDO. The

Villegas faction, on the other hand, / two factions eventually came to take came to hands with the LP-Salonga their own courses respectively. The join

Vicente A. Mayo Perez factiongroomed 30) Interview Vi ¢ ente Mayo, of who was OIC Vice-Governor ancl close Governor,withBatangas, August 2,Office1988.

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M. KiMuRA; Political Parties in the Philippines

List 6 OIC Mayors of Batangas and Their Party Affiliations

Party Affiliations Municipality/City OIC Mayor Feb. 1986 Jan. 1988

(First District)

1. Balayan B. Martinez UNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOLBUNIDOUNIDOLBLB(DNR) 2. Calacca A. Casanova 3. Calatagan P. Palacio, Jn 4. Lemery R. Ornales 5. Lian6. C. Lamano

Nasugbu R. Apacible

7. Taal C. Cafiiza UNIDOUNIDO

8. Tuy(Second P. Macalalad

District)

9. Batangas City J･ Atienza UNIDOUNIDO UNIDOLBLB(DNR)LBLBInd. 10. Bauan P. Boongaling

11. Lobo O. Lachica UNIDOUNIDOUNIDO

12. Mabini B. Calangi 13. San Luis L, Abrcnica

14. San Pascual M. Magsaysay UNIDOUNIDO

15, Tingloy A. Datingaling

(Third District) 16. Agoncillo N de Sagun UNIDO UNIDO(DNR)UN!DO(DNR)UNIDOLBUNIDO 17. Alitagtag J. Dimaandal UNIDOUNIDOUNIDO 18. Balete G. Mendoza

19. Cuenca V. Reno

20. Laurel N. Panganiban UNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDO

2i. Malvar M. Reyes

22. Mataas na Kahoy C. Landicho 23. San Nicolas G. Tenorio UNDIOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDOUNIDO 24. Sta. Teresita B, Andal

25. Sto. Tomas P. Malvar

26. Talisay B, Platon

27. Tanauan S. Olfato

(Fourth District)

28. Ibaan N. Toreja UNIDO UNIDO

29. Lipa City R. Umali UNIDO UNIDO(DNR) 30. Padre Garcia J. Pesigan UNIDO 31. Rosario J. Agoncillo UNIDO UNIDO(DNR) 32. San Jose E. Umali UNIDO 33. San Juan A. de Villa UNIDO LBUNIDO 34. Taysan D. Driz UNIDO - Source: Philippines,' Provincial Goverfimlefft' if Eat-.hg-.s-[1986],Philippincs, Commission on Elections [1987]

Wing which had justembarked on a date, formally aenllated with the LP- nation-wide organizational blitz. On the Salonga Wing at a proclamation-oathtak-

same NQvember 14, the faction including ing ceremony administered by Senate

candidates for the local elections led by President Jovito Salonga at the resi- Antonio Leviste, a gubernatorial candi- dence in Cubao, QJiezon City ofJudy

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Table 4 Party Afllliations of the OIC Mayors at thc Timc of the 1988 Local Elections

Number of the olc Mayorg""'" 3428918 Number of Those Who Ran in the Elections

Under Lakas ng Bansa

Under UNIDO

As Independent 16 Number of Thosr. N.otRun Mllllfg21d

Araneta Roxas, chairman of the LP Table 5 Party Affiliations of the Mayors Elected in the 1988 Local Elec- steering committee.3i) At one time, there: tions fore, it seemed that the gubernatorial UNIDO 18 contest was going to be a three-cornered Lakas ng Bansa 14* fight among Berijamin Laurel (UNIDO), PDP-Laban 1 Vicente Mayo (Lakas ng Bansa) and Independent Unofficial) 1 (UNIDO Antonio Leviste Wing). (LP-Salonga Total 34 But Leviste stepped down in the last * including J. Coz, Jr. who run under LPX stage and LP decided to support Mayo's Lakas ng Bansa. He succeeded his fa- gubernatorial candidacy. ther's candidacv during the carnpaign period. 0ne salient feature of the 1988 local

elections in Batangas was that most of

fbr the local the candidates positions board members, while UNIDO elected

frem Governor to city and rnunicipal only three board members. In the

councilors ran as those ofthe un- parties mayoral contests, however, UNIDO der the ruling coalition thatwere compet- barely obtained a slight edge over Lakas ing with one another; some ran as inde- ng Bansa in terms of the number of

and few, under the opposition. pendents; mayors elected (see List 7 and Table 5). Practically speaking, the contests were Interestingly, the thirty-four newly between UNIDO and Lakas ng Bansa, elected mayors included ten of the former with the LP-Salonga Wing･and PDP- KBL mayors who were replaced after Laban being able to field candidates the rcvolution (compare List 4 and List only in limited numbers of the cities and 7); the provincial board included one the muni ¢ ipalities. The result of the of them.32) elections was as fbllows. The guberna- torial contest was a landslide for Mayo.

Lakas ng Bansa also got Vice-Governor The member was 32) provincialboard Vicente -i1tt･: and seven out of the ten provincial Kalalo, former KBL Mayor of San Jose. In addition, Jose Z, Coz, Jr., a son of 31) Interview with Villegas. See footnote 29). former KBL Mayor of Calatagan was also AIso see Anonymous [1988b: 131. elected as a mayor. S76

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7 List Mayors of Batangas Elected in January 1988 and Their Party Affiliations

Party Affiliatiens Municipality/City Mayor January 1988

(First District) 1. Balayan B. Martinez UNIDO 2. Calaca A. Casanova UNIDO 3. Calatagan J. Coz, Jr. LPILB 4. Lemery H. De Castro* LB 5. Lian C. Lamano UNIDO 6. Nasugbu R. Apacible LB 7. Taal L. Cabrera UNIDO 8. Tuy L. Calingasan* UNIDO (Second District) 9. Batangas E. Dimacuha LB 10. Bauan B. Castillo* UNIDO ll. Lobo L. Ramos UNIDO 12. Mabini R. Amurao* LB

13. San Luis O. Matro UNIDO 14. San Pascual M. Magsaysay LB 15. Tlngley J. Atienza UNIDO (Third District) 16. Agoncillo N, Sagun UNIDO 17. Alitagtag R. Macalintal UNIDO 18. Balete H. Ramirez* LB 19. CuenEa J. La Rosa UNIDO 20. Laurel ?. Arno* LB 21. Malvar P. Villegas LB 22. Mataas na Kahoy C. Landichu UNIDO 23. San Nicolas T. Mayuga* LB 24. Sta. Teresita B. Andal UNIDO 25. Sto. Tomas L. LaureL Jr.* PDP-Laban 26. Talisay B. Platon UNIDO 27. Tanauan S. Olfato UNIDO (Fourth District) 28. Ibaan N. Toreja UNIDO 29. Lipa City R. Umali UNIDO 30. Padre Garcia E. Gutierrez* LB

31. Rosario A. Luna Ind. (UNIDO Unofficial) 32. San Jose A. Alday LB 33. San Juan A. de Villa LB 34. Taysan I. Sulit, Jr.* LB

* Former KBL Mayors Source: Philippines, Provincial Government of Batangas [1988!; Philippines, Commission on Elections [1987]

- -. I986b. Unido, Laban Join Forces. Butletin Today. S, 1986. Bibliography January .. ". 1986c. Laban Opens Doorto KBL

Anonymous. 1986a, Governor Defects, Blasts Politiclans. tl4alaya. November 20, 1986. ` KBL. Malaya, January l, 1986. . . .. 1986d. Bayan Adopts ℃ onscience"

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Vote on Proposed Charter. Malaya. Decern- Estella, Chit. 1988. Salonga Hits 2 Cory Kin ber 8, 1986. on Poll Bets. 2Vclalaya. January 12, 1988. . I986e. Aimendras Now Laban Mem- Guevarra, Benjie. 1987. NP Presses Dominant ber. Mittaya. December 17, 1986. ?arty Bid. Malaya. November 15, l987. "No" . 1987a. Coalition to Be Formed Laban ng Bayan. 1985. in the Mbtter of the

Today. TIEe Manila Times. Petitien Accreditation as the Dominant January14,1987. .for . 1987b. 7 Opposition Parties Unite. OPposition Party for All Electiens in the Philip- . January 15, 1987. pines (a petition filed by Labafi ng Bayan .. .l987c. Right-wing Groups Unite at Commission on EIections which was against Cory. Malaya. January 15, 1987. dated December 6, 1985 and received on - . 1987d. PNP Snubs Opposit'ion Alii- December 7, 1985). ance. Mblaya. January I6, l987. Lakas ng Bansa. 1986. Lakas ng Bansa Censtitu- - .1987e. Aquino to Lead Charter Oath tion.

11, 1987. Lakas of Allegiance. Manila Bulletin.February .m.-"-. Petition.for Registratienof 1987. ng Bansa Party (a petition filed by Lakas . . I987f. Coalition of Parties in Batan- ng Bansa at Commission on Elections, gas Formed. 2Ldanita Bulletin. June 29, 1987. dated February 20, 1987). . 1987g. BIow to Dynasty, Perez Cuts Land6, Carl H. 1964. Leaders, Factions and off Ties with Laurels. Mttnila Bulletin, Jan- Parties: Tlhe Structure of PhitipPine Petitics. uary 14, 1987. Southeast Asia Studies, Monograph Series

.1987h. To Field Bet vs Laurels. No. 6. New Haven: Yale University Press. Mhnila Bulletin. July 25, 1987. Legarta, Louie. 1987. Pro-Cory Parties Gird . -. I987i. I'm NotWeak-Cory. Philipt,ine for Polls. Phitimpine Daily l}iquirer. Novem- Daily ltguirer. October 4, 1987. ber 18, 1987. "Constitutional - -. 1987j. Coup" Aim of Nacionalista Party. I986. The 2Vacionalista. J?E-Doy Team?. PhiliPPine Daily inguirer. Year 1, No. 1, November 1986. October 6, 1987. Nolasco,JoseMa. 1986. Ex-MPsDumpOp!e

m. .1987k. Batangas Political Coalltion for Enrile. PhilipPine Daily Enguirer. June Seeks End to Laurel Dynasty. Manita 2, 1986. Bulletin. October 14, 1987. Ople, Blas F. 1987. Untitted (a communica- . 1987L NP Revitalized, Urges Fair tion from PNP President Blas Ople to Polls. Manila Bulletin. November l5, 19B7. Chairman of Commission on Elections, l8, J .1988a. 1,802 LP Recruits Sworn in. Ramon Felipe, dated February 19B7 and received on the same day). PhiliPpine Daily inguirer, January 13, 1988. .1988b. Leviste Leads LP Ticket in Philippines, Batasang Pambansa. 1985. Regienai Batangas. Manila BuUetin. November 15, Listing of MPs. Quezon City: Batasang iLit 1988. Pambansa. (mimeographed) Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (BAYAN). 1986. Philippines, Commission on Elections. 1987. Decuments of the Second IVational Cbngress of Clertijfed Lists of Candidates for the Januav, the Bagong Alyansang Makabayan. Manila: 18, I988 Local Elections (clocuments pro- Bagong Alyansang Makabayan. duced by election registrars of thirty-two Bansang Nagkaisa Sa Diwa At Layunin (BAN municipalities and two cities of Batangas)i DILA). 1986. Bansang Nagkaisa Sa Ditoa . -.- .. Undated-a. Elected Previncial opcials IVationat At Layunin (BAIVDILA),2nd Con- Januany 30, 1980 Etection. Manila: Commis- gress, Oeteber 11--12, 1986. Lqyola Center, sion on Erections. (mimeographed) Ateneo de MZinila, Qptezon City. Manila: . Undated-b. Certij7cates of Candidaop, BANDILA. for Cbngressmen filed with the COMELEC Borjal, Art A. I987. Jaywalker, Nani Perez's May li, 1987 Elections. Manila: Commission "Impossible Dream." 71he IViilippine Star. on Elections. (mimeographed) 1987. July 21, -". Undated-c. Preclaimed VVinning Can- Cunanan, Belinda OIivares. 1985. Believe It didates for Mlembers of the Hbuse of Representa- li, or Not: Cory, Doy Unite. th & MS., tives and neir Party iiflliatiens, May Special Edition. December 13-19. 1985. 19e7 Elections. Manila: Commission on

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Elections. (mimeographed) Manila: Commisslon on Elections. (mimeo- PhMppines, Department of Local Government, graphecl) Elcctronic Data Processing Service. 1987. Ronquillo, Marlen. 1987a. Enrile, DoyForces Master List of Local QE7iciats, Date i2i22187. Unite. Philippine Daily inguirer. October 4, Manila: Departrnent of Local Government. 1987. "Prize (computer print) .. .-. 1987b. 19 aatch" for the Philipplnes, Provincial Development Staff; Ba- Liberals. Philipt,ine Daily Ingdeirer. Novem- tangas. 1980. Batan.aas Provincial Prqlile ber 8, 1987. Bloc (pocket size). Batangas City; Provincial .. .i987c. PDP-Laban Won't Sup- Government ef Batangas. port Some Cory Bets. Philippine Daily Philippines, Provincial Government of Batan- lneuirer. December 9, 1987. gas. 1986. I986 Highlights (a special issue Rueda, Nimfa. 1987. Cory, Doy Patch up of Sinag sa Kumintang). Batangas City: Diflerence. Philistpine Daily inguirer. Decem- Provincial government of Batangas. ber 3, 1987. '88 -. .1988. Mid-Year Review (a special Sison, Jose Ma. Undated. Political Rcpert. issue of Diwa ng Batanguefio). Batangas Manila: Preparatory Commission, Partido City: Provincial Govcrnment of Batangas. ng Bayan. (mimeographed) Philippines, Records and Statistics Divis;on, Yfiiguez, Nicanor E. 1986. Untitled (a cemmuni- Commissien en Elections. Undated. List cation from KBL Acting President of Candidates for Mlembers of the Hbuse of Nicanor E. Yfiiguez to KBL members, Ropresentatives with Their Total Votes Received dated July 9, 1986). and Party ofiliations, May II, 1987 Electiens.

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