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Xerox University Microfiims INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfiims 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-17,987 HELLER, Paul Robert, 1948- FACTORS INFLUENCING OVIPOSITION OF ALEOCHARA TRISTIS GRAVENHORST (COLEOPTERA; STAPHVLINIDAE), AND ITS PARASITIZATION OF FACE FLY PUPAE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Entomology Xerox University Microfiims, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4sio6 © Copyright by Paul Robert Heller 1976 FACTORS INFLUENCING OVIPOSITION OF ALEOCHARA TRISTIS GRAVENHORST (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE), AND ITS PARASITIZATION OF FACE FLY PUPAE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul Robert Heller, B.A., M.S The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee : Approved By Robert E. Treece David G. Nielsen \K C . \ David J. Horn Adviser Department of Entomology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the following for their contributions to the successful completion of this dissertation and the work associated therein. Appreciation is expressed to the author’s graduate committee which consisted of Dr. Robert E. Treece, Dr. David G. Nielsen, and Dr. David J. Horn for their professional guidance and assistance in preparing the manuscript. Appreciation is also extended to Dr. C. R. Weaver for analyzing my experimental data, to Mr. Glenn Berkey and Mr. Clark Robey for their help in photographic matters. Thanks are also extended to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in providing a Graduate Research Assistantship during these investigations. A special note of thanks goes to my mother, father and brother for their continued patience, understanding, and frequent encouragement during the pursuit of this study. ii VITA May 11, 1948........... Born - Wooster, Ohio. 1970....................B.A., Malone College, Canton, Ohio 1970-1972 ............. Graduate Research Assistant, Ohio Agricultural Research and Develop­ ment Center, Wooster, Ohio. 1972....................M.S., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1972-1976 ............. Graduate Research Associate, Ohio Agricultural Research and Develop­ ment Center, Wooster, Ohio. 1976....................Ph.D., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. PUBLICATION Treece, R. E ., and Paul R. Heller. 197 5. Chemical Fly Control in Ohio Dairy Barns. Ohio Report. 60(6); 99. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................... ii VITA................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES..................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................ xviii INTRODUCTION....................................... 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................. 3 GENERAL METHODS AND MATERIALS .................... 11 OVIPOSITION STUDIES ............................... 13 General Oviposition Study.................... 13 Oviposition Preference Studies with Aleochara tristis ..................................... 26 Effect of Continuous Male Presence on Egg Production and Viability .................... 33 Effect of Temperature on Egg Production and Viability................................. *+l Effect of Corn in the Diet of A. tristis on Oviposition ............................... 52 Discussion of Oviposition Studies........... 61 MORTALITY STUDIES ................................. 72 Effect of Temperature on Survival of Unfed Adult A. tristis ............................ 72 Effect of Temperature on Survival of Unfed 1st Instar A. tristis Larvae ............... 75 IV Page Discussion of the Effect of Temperature on the Longevity of Unfed Adult and 1st Instar A . tristis Larvae.............................. 7 8 ADULT A. TRISTIS SIZE EFFECT STUDIES................ 80 Relationship Between the Weight and Sex of Adult A, tristis .............................. 80 Correlation Between Host Pupal Size and Adult Parasite Weight and Sex Ratio................... 80 Discussion of Adult Size Effect Studies. 81 PARASITIZATION STUDIES.............................. 83 Effect of Temperature and Host Condition on Parasitization of Face Fly Pupae by A. tristis L a r v a e .......................... ............... 83 Effect of Soil Moisture and Host Condition on Parasitization of Face Fly Pupae by Aleochara tristis Larvae ................................. 8 8 Effect of Host Pupal Size on the Rate of Parasitization of Face Fly Pupae by A. tristis L a r v a e .......................................... 94 Effect of Host Density and Parasite Density on Rates of Parasitization of Face Fly Pupae by A. tristis................................... 97 Effect of Host Pupal Location on Rate of Parasitization by ^ tristis Larvae........... 102 Discussion of Parasitization Studies ......... 105 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................ 114 APPENDICES A. Oviposition Studies........................ 119 B. Longevity................................ 145 C. Correlation Studies Between Host Pupae Size and Adult Parasitoid Weight and Sex Ratio. 151 D. Parasitism Studies ........................ 16 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................... 17 8 V LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Oviposition of A. tristis held 84 days at 25,6°C.-14 h r s . photophase and 18.3 C 10 hr. scotophase, 30-50% R.H............. 14 2. Frequency summation of eggs produced over 24 hr. intervals by A. tristis at 25.6°C.- 14 hr. photophase and 18.3"C.-10 hr. scotophase, 30-50% R.H..................... 17 3. Weekly egg production and percent hatch of eggs produced by surviving female A. tristis at 25.6°C.-14 hr. photophase and 18.3^0.-10 hr. scotophase, 30-50% R.H. , 18 4. Weekly egg production and percent hatch of eggs produced by surviving paired A. tristis at 25.6^0.-14 hr. photophase and 18.3^C.-10 hr. scotophase, 30-50% R.H. 19 5. Average egg production by 22 females with male present and male absent, at 25.6°C.- 14 hr. photophase and 18.3 C.-IO hr. scotophase, 30-50% R.H..................... 20 6. Weekly egg production by 22 female A. tristis isolated from male counterparts for one week, at 2 5.6°C.-14 hr. photophase and 18.3°C.-10 hr. scotophase, 30-50% R.H. 22 7. Weekly egg production by 16 pairs of A. tristis held 84 days at 2 5.6°C.-14 hr. photophase and 18.3°C.-10 hr. scotophase, 30-50% R.H.................................. 23 8. Diet composition of each animal........... 26 9. Total number of parasite eggs recovered from feces of four animals maintained on different diets............................ 2 8 vx Page Table 10. Average number of eggs per treatment Cpat-type) produced by 50 female A. tristis held 72 hrs. at 25.6°C.-14 hr. photophase and 18.3°C.-10 hr, scotophase, 30-50% R , H .......... 30 11. The distribution of parasite eggs associated with four types of feces . 31 12. Number of eggs concealed in four different types of bovine feces ......... 32 13. Oviposition by paired and isolated females held 28 days at 2 5.6°C,-1U hr. photophase and 18.3°C,-10 hr. scotophase, 30-50% R.H................................. 34 14. Frequency summary of eggs produced over 24 hr. intervals by paired and isolated female A. tristis held at 25.6°C.-14 hr. photophase and 18.3°C.-10 hr. scotophase, 30-50% R . H ................................. 35 15. Number of days paired and isolated female A. tristis oviposited from their initial oviposition ...................... 36 16. Weekly egg production and hatch of eggs produced by paired and isolated female A. tristis held 4 weeks at 25.6°C.-14 hr. photophase and 18.3°C.-10 hr. scotophase, 30-50% R . H ................................. 37 17. Oviposition by isolated and experimental females held 14 days
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