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1981 Gastrointestinal Cestodes and Nematodes of Coyotes from Southeastern Illinois Valerie Keener Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Zoology at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program.

Recommended Citation Keener, Valerie, "Gastrointestinal Cestodes and Nematodes of Coyotes from Southeastern Illinois" (1981). Masters Theses. 3019. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/3019

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Date Author

in GASTROINTESTINAL CESTODES AND NEMATODES OF

COYOTES FROM SOUTHEASTERN ILLINOIS (TITLE)

BY

Valerie Keener

THESIS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF

Master of Science

IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS

981J YEAFl

I HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS THESIS BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE CITED ABOVE

'=I  ,>?( L/ A""'4.-ff ''r I DATE ABSTRACT: Gastrointestinal tracts of 45 coyotes, Canis latrans, from southeastern Illinois were examined for cestodes and nematodes. The following parasites and incidences (%)were observed: Taenia sp. (71.1);

Ihysaloptera sp. (53 .3); Ancylostoma sp. (20.0); Ascarididae (11.1);

Thelazia sp. (2.2); Trichuris sp. (2.2); Uncinaria sp. (2.2). Ancylostoma sp. occurred significantly more often in juveniles than adults. Parasites averaged low numbers per coyote, and no ulceration or blood in the tracts was seen.

ii ACKNCMLEDGEMENTS

Coyotes were obtained from A. Hasler and D. Fender. J. H. Keener,

J. B. Keener, and s. Priebe assisted with samples and data. M. L. Keener typed the manuscript. G. Hubert, Jr. radiographed teeth and aged the coyotes. B. T. Ridgeway, aided by R. Kuye, confirmed the parasite identifications. K. Kruse offered statistical advice. Members of my committee, R. D • .Andrews, L. Durham, L. B. Hunt, and B. T. Ridgeway, critically read the manuscript.

iii TABLE OF ·CONTENTS

ABSTRACT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ii

ACKNCJvlLEroEMENTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iii

LIST OF TABLES • • • • • • • • • • .. • • •• • • • • v

INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1

MN.l'HODS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1

RESULTS • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 3

DISCUSSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3

LITERATURE CITED • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7

LITERATURE REVIEW • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11

LITERATURE CITED • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • 32

iv LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Incidence of gastrointestinal parasites by sex and age in

coyotes from southeastern Illinois • • • • • • • • 4

Table 2. Comparison of parasites found in this study, excluding

Thelazia sp., to other m.idwestern studies • • • • • • 5

Literature Review

Table 1. Gastrointestinal helminths, excluding trematodes,

previously found in coyotes • • • • • • • • • 12

v Coyotes (Canis latrans ) have been·shown by several researchers,. including Andrews and Boggess (1978) and Berg and Chesness (1978) , to consume a wide variety of materials. 'lbeir predatory and scavenging habits expose them to possible parasite infections from many sources.

Parasite surveys of coyotes have been conducted widely west of the

Mississippi River in the United States including the following states and reports: California (Voge 1955) ; Iowa (Franson et al. 1 978) ;

Kansas (Ameel 1955; Gier and Ameel 1 959; Gier 1968); Minnesota

(Erickson 1944) ; Oklahoma (Self and McKnight 1950; Esch and Self 1965);

Texas ('Il1.ornton et al. 1974; Pence and Meinzer 1979); Utah (Butler and

Grundmann 1 954 ; Conder and Loveless 1978) . 'Il1.e Canadian provinces of

Alberta, Manitoba, and Ontario were the site of coyote parasite surveys by Holmes and Podesta (1968), Samuel et al. (1978), and Freeman et al.

(1961), respectively. This study of gastrointestinal cestodes and nematodes from southeastern Illinois was undertaken to add to our knowledge of the ecology of an increasing coyote population east of the Mississippi River.

METHODS

Skinned and frozen coyote carcasses were obtained from two fur

buyers . 'lhese coyotes were considered to be representative of an area within 50-mile radii of the two buyers: Louisville (Clay County ) and

Nob'le (Richland County), Illinois. The area is composed of gently rolling hills with scattered woodlots, most wooded areas occurring in river

bottomland. Agriculture is the major land use.

Carcasses were thawed, and complete gastrointestinal tracts were

removed, placed in plastic bags, and refrozen. Tracts were thawed and

divided into sections- esophagus, stomach , duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and

1 2 cecum.and large intestine . Each section was opened , flushed, and scraped; contents were searched for parasites . All worms were stored in vials of alcohol-formalin-acetic acid (AFA).

Some cestode scoleces were stained with Grenacher's Alcoholic Borax­

Carmine, cleared with oil of wintergreen, and mounted on slides in

Permount. Cestodes not requiring staining for identification were stored in AFA. Nematodes were cleared in lactophenol and stored in 7afo ethanol,

3% glycerine . Identification of cestodes was based on works by Morgan and Hawkins (1951), Wardle and McLeod ( 1 952 ) , and Yam.a.guti (1959 ) .

Nematode identification was made by utilizing Morgan and Hawkins (1951),

Yam.a.guti (1961 ) , Yorke and Maplestone (1969), Chabaud (1975), and

Levine (1980).

Age of the coyotes was determined by the size of the canine pulp cavity . Mandible tips were macerated until the canines fell out . One canine per coyote was radiographed, with aging following the technique of Grue and Jensen (1976). Juveniles were separated from adults by applying the following characters: pulp cavity over � the width of tooth= juvenile; pulp cavity less than� the width of tooth = adult; pulp cavity approximately equal to � the width of tooth = animal caught early in second year (about 16 months ) .

Significance of relations between age and/or sex of coyotes and infection was tested by chi-square (with Yate's correction factor ) .

Although expected frequencies were often small, Harnett (1975) states that the chi-square test may still be used.

Representative specimens of parasites obtained in this study have been deposited in the National Parasite Collection (u.s.n.A.) at 3

Beltsville, Maryland.

RESULTS

Forty-five coyotes were collected from 20 December 1980 to 17

January 1981 . Coyotes were aged and sexed as follows: 11 juvenile male s;

9 adult males; 20 juvenile females; 5 adult females. Thirty-eight (84.4%) of the coyotes were infected with parasites from one genus of cestode and five genera and one family of nematodes ( Table 1). The only significant relation between infection and age and/or sex of the coyote s was that significantly (P

Ancylostoma sp. than were adults (0/14).

Multiple infections were found in 65.aofo (25/38) of the infected coyotes. Twenty coyotes had cestode-nematode infections, while four had only multiple nematode infections. One coyote contained repre sentatives of four parasite groups, Taenia sp., Physaloptera sp., Ancylostoma sp., and Uncinaria sp. No significant relations were found between infection and age and/or sex of the coyotes with re spect to multiple infections, three or more group infections, or the most common multiple infection

(11/25), Taenia sp. and Ihysaloptera sp.

DISCUSSION

Taenia sp. and Ihysaloptera sp . were the most prevalent parasites found in thi s and other midwestern studies ( Table 2). Taenia sp. utilize a variety of rodents and other kind� of herbivores as intermediate hosts

( Olsen 1974) . Andrews and Bogge ss (1978) show that rabbits and mice makeup a considerable amount of the coyote's diet-in Iowa . Ob servation of stomach contents in thi s study indicated the presence of many rabbits and mice . Other epidemiologic conditions being suitable , it is not Table 1. Incidence of Gastrointestinal Parasites by Sex and Age in Coyotes frM Southeastern Illinois

Incidence (%)

Sex Age Average Male Female Adult Juvenile Total Parasite Load (20)* (25) (14) (31) (45)

Cestodes

Taenia sp. 75.0 68.0 64.3 74.2 71 .1 6.6**

Nematodes � Fhysaloptera sp. 45.0 60.0 42.9 5a.1 53. 3 3.a

Ancylostoma sp. 25.0 16.0 o.o 29.0 20.0 3.3

Ascarididae 10.0 12.0 1 4.3 9.7 11.1 6.2

Thelazia sp. o.o 4.0 o.o 3.2 2.2 1.0

Trichuris sp. o.o 4.0 o.o 3.2 2.2 14.0

Uncinaria sp. 5.0 o.o o.o 3.2 2.2 1.0

*Sample size.

**Based on scoleces. Table 2. Comparison of Incidence of Parasites Found in this Study, Excluding Thelazia sp., to Other

Midwestern Studies.

Incidence {%)

c IL IAa KSb KS (45)* (144) (1142) (1850)

Cestodes

Taenia sp., 71.1 86.8 92.8 95 V1 Nematodes

Physalo-ptera sp. 53.3 66.7 60. 4 51

Ancylostoma sp. 20.0 50. 0 19.s 25

Ascarididae 11.1 3a.9 19.3 33

Trichuris sp. 2.2 6.9 11. 2 6

Uncina.ria sp. 2.2 o.o o.o 0

a-Franson et al. 1978; b-Ameel 1955; c-Gier and Ameel 1959.

*Sample size. 6 surprising that Taenia sp. is prevalent in the coyotes studied. Fhysaloptera sp. utilize insects of the Orders Orthoptera and Coleoptera as intermediate hosts and the amphibians, birds and mammals that feed on these insects may serve as transport hosts (Petri and Ameel 1950). Coyotes include the transport hosts in their diet and probably a considerable number of appropriate insects as well, so the likelihood of transmission i.s great.

One female Thelazia sp., a parasite of the eye, was found in one coyote's gastrointestinal tract. Possible hosts of Thelazia sp. in Illinois are cattle, horses, dogs, coyotes, man , cats, and wild birds (Olsen 1974).

Presence of the worm in the gastrointestinal tract must be considered accidental. It may have been ingested by the coyote or it may represent

an unusual site for the parasite in its host.

Ancylostoma sp. was found in significantly more juveniles than adults.

Adult coyotes may have been partially immunized by prior infections and are therefore more resistant, as is the case with dogs ( Levine 1980).

Also Miller (1 965) has demonstrated that true natural age immunity in

canines may exist. These immunologic factors coupled with the opportunity

for very young animals to acquire prenatal and transmamma.ry infections

(Clapham 1962; Stone and Girardeau 1968) , in addition to the more common

infections by skin penetration and ingestion, may account for the numbers

of juveniles infected.

The small average parasite load of Illinois coyotes ( Table 1) suggests

that their health is not being severely affected. Personal observation

also indicated that the coyotes appeared healthy, i.e. no ulceration or

blood in the tracts was seen. Low parasite loads also resulted in the

presence of few male nematodes which inhibited identification beyond genus. 1

LITERATURE CITED

Ameel, D. J. 1955. Parasites of the coyote , Canis latrans Say, in

Kansas. J. Parasit. 41: 325.

Andrews, R. D. , and E. K. Boggess. 1978. Ecology of coyotes in Iowa.

Pages 249-265 !B,M. Bekoff, ed. Coyotes: biology, behavior, and

management. Academic Press, New York.

Berg, W. E., and R. A. Chesness. 1978. Ecology of coyotes in northern

Minnesota. Pages 229-247 !!!, M. Bekoff , ed. Coyotes: biology,

behavior, and management. Academic Press, New York.

Butler , J. M., and A. W. Grundmann . 1954. 'llle intestinal helminths of

the coyote Canis latrans Say in Utah. J. Parasit. 40: 440-443.

Chabaud, A. G. 1975. Keys to genera of the order Spirurida. Part 1.

Camallanoidea, Dracunculoidea, Gnathostomatoidea , Hlysalopteroidea,

Rictularioidea, and 'lllelazioidea. In cm keys to the nematode

parasites of vertebrates. Com • .Agric. Bur., Farnham Royal, Bucks.,

Eng;tand.

Clapham, P. A. 1962. Pre-partum infestation of puppies with Ancylostoma

caninum. Vet. Rec. 74: 754-755·

Conder, G. A., and R. M. Loveless. 1978. Parasites of the coyote in

central Utah. J. Wldl. Dis. 14: 247-249.

Erickson, A. B. . 1944. Helminths of Minnesota canidae in relation to food

habits and a host list and key to the species reported from North

America. Amer. Midl. Nat. 32: 358-372. -

Esch , G. W. , and J. T. Self. 1965. A critical s·tudy of the taxonomy of

Taenia pisiformis Bloch, 1780 ; Mu.lticeps multiceps { Leske , 1780);

and H.vdatigera taeniaeformis Batsch, 1786. J. Parasit. 51: 932-937. 8

Franson, J. c., R. D. Jorgenson, E. K. Boggess, and J. H. Greve. 1978.

Gastrointestinal parasitism of Iowa coyotes in relation to age.

J. Parasit. 64: 303-305.

Freeman, R. S•, A. Adorjan, and D. H. Pimlott. 1961. Cestodes of wolves,

coyotes, and coyote-dog hybrids in Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 39:

527-532.

Gier, H. T. 1968. Coyotescin Kansas. rev. ed. A.gric. Exp. Sta. Kans.

State Univ. Agric. and Appl. Sci., Manhattan, Kansas, Bull. 393.

118 pp.

Gier, H. T., and D. J. Ameel. 1959. Parasites and diseases of Kansas

coyotes. Agric. Exp. Sta. Kans. State Univ. Agric. and Appl. Sci.,

Manhattan, Kansas, Tech. Bull. 91. 34 PP•

Grue, H., and B. Jensen. 1976. Annual cementum structures in ca.nine

teeth in arctic foxes (Alopex 1§!.gOpus (L.)) from Greenland and

Denmark. Dan. Rev. Game Biol. 10(3): 1-12.

Ha.matt, D. L. 1975. Introduction to statistical methods, 2nd ed.

Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., Reading, Massachusetts. 522 PP•

Holmes, J. c., and R. Podesta. 1968. The helminths of wolves and coyotes

from the forested regions of Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 46: 1193-1204.

Levine, N. D. 1980. Nematode parasites of domestic animals and man,

2nd ed. Burgess Publ. Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota. 477 pp.

Miller, T. A. 1965. Influence of age and sex on susceptibility of dogs

to primary infection with Ancylostoma caninum. J. Parasit. 51: 701-704.

Morgan, B. B. , and P. A. Hawkins. 1951. Veterinary helminthology.

Burgess Publ. Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota. 400 pp. 9

Olsen, O. W. 1974. Animal parasites: their life cycles and ecology,

3rd ed. Univ. Park Press, Baltimore , Maryland. 562 pp.

Pence , D. B., and w. P. Meinzer. 1979. Helminth parasitism in the

coyote, Canis latrans, from the Rolling Plains of Texas. Int. J.

Parasit. 9: 339-344.

Petri , L. H., and D. J. Ameel., 1950. Studies on the life cycle of

Ih:ysaloptera �Hall and Wigdor, 1918 and Physaloptera praeputialis

Linstow, 1889. J. Parasit. 36(sup.):· 40.

Samuel, w. M., s. Ramalingam, and L. N. Carbyn. 1978. Helminths in

coyotes, wolves, and red foxes of southwestern Manitoba. Can. J.

Zool. 56: 2614-2617.

Self', J. T., and T. J. McKnight. 1950. Platyhelminthes from fur bearers

in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, with especial reference to

Oochoristica spp. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43: 58-61.

Stone , w. M., and M. H. Girardeau. 1968. Transma.mmary passage of

Ancylostoma caninum larvae in dogs. J. Parasit. 54: 426-429.

'lhornton, J. E., R. R. Bell, and M. J. Reardon. 1974. Internal parasites

of coyotes in southern Texas. J. Wldl. Dis. 10: 232-236.

Voge, M. 1955. A list of cestode parasites from California mammals .

Amer. Midl. Nat. 54: 413-417.

Wardle, R. A. , and J. A. McLeod. 1952. The zoology of tapeworms. Univ.

Minn. Press , Minneapolis, Minnesota. 780 PP•

Yamaguti , s. 1959. Systema helminthum. Vol. II.- The cestodes of

vertebrates. Interscience Publ., New York. 860 PP•

Ya.maguti, s. 1961. Systema helminthum. Vol. III. The nematodes of

vertebrates. Parts 1 and 2. Interscience Publ., Inc., New York. 10

Yorke, w., and P. Maplestone. 1929. The nematode parasites of vertebrates.

(Reprint 1969) Hafner Publ. Co., New York. 536 PP• 11

LITERATURE REVI:EM

The coyote (Canis latrans ) has been surveyed for cestodes and nematodes in several states west of the Mississippi River in the United States and some Canadian provinces. Seven genera and 20 species of cestodes have been identified, as have 17 genera and 1 7 species of nematodes, and 2 genera and 2 species of Aca.nthocephala ( Table 1).

Table 1 contains specific studies of gastrointestinal parasites of coyotes. These reports indicate that a number of parasites are commonly found in coyotes, yet the effect of these parasites on the coyote has not been well determined. This review sumroa.rizes available knowledge on the more common parasites presented in Table 1. The descriptions include work from coyotes and domestic dogs (.Q.. familiaris).

Taenia pi siformi s is a tapeworm often found in coyotes . Gravid proglottids from mature worms pass in the coyote ' s feces. If eggs containing larvae are eaten by the proper intermediate host, such as a rabbit, squirrel, rat, or other rodent, development to cysticeri continues in the visceral cavity. After several weeks of development , these larvae are capable of infecting coyotes when the host is eaten ( Olsen 1974).

The infected coyote may have diarrhea for two or three days after the

initial infection. Abdominal irritation is sometimes apparent, as the

animal will roll or drag its abdomen over the ground. Anal irritation

from passing gravid proglottids is presumed wh en the animal assumes a

sitting position and drags its a.nus over the ground. If tremendous

numbers of worms are present, intestinal blockage and rupture may occur.

This information was compiled from Morgan and Hawkins (1 951).

The hookworm most commonly reported from coyotes in the southern Table 1. Gastrointestinal Helminths, Excluding Trematodes, Previously Found in Coyotes

Helminth* Location** Incidence Type of Report and*** Author (%) Geographical Location

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Eucestoda

Order Dilepididea

Dipylidium caninum SI 1. 3 case rept., UT Butler and Grundmann 1954

II II KS Ameel 1955

..... II II II Gier and Aineel 1959 I\.)

gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971

II II Gier et al. 1978

*Classification based on Wardle et al. (1974) for cestodes and Levine (1980) for nematodes.

**Abbreviations used: Ce-cecum; Es-esophagus; In-intestines; LI-large intestine; SI-small intestine;

ST-stomach.

***Abbreviations used: case rept.-case report or survey; gen. rev.-mentioned in general review of

diseases; sp. rev.-review of t:b.at specific disease or a specific parasite description. Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) G€ographical Location

Order Mesocestoididea

Mesocestoides carnivoricolus SI - sp. rev. Grundmann 1956

case rept., UT Grundmann 1958

gen. rev. Yamaguti 1959

!:!• corti SI - gen. rev., CA Voge 1955

case rept., KS Gier and .tuneel 1959

II " . ,...... Gier 1968 '-" .

gen. rev. J,eiby and Dyer 1971

" " 3ekoff 1977

" II Gier et al. 1978

57. ·5 case rept., TX Fence and :'leinzer 1979

M. kirbyi SI - sp. rev., CA Chandler 1944

gen. rev. :i!irickson 1944

10. 7 case rept., 'JT 3utler and Grundmann 1954

gen. rev., CA Voge 1955 Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

D.• kirbyi SI - gen. rev. , CA Ya.1laguti 1959

1 case rept., Alberta Holmes and Podesta 1968

!I 18 II UT Conder and Loveless 1978 tl• lineatus SI - gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971

Mesocestoides sp. SI - sp. rev . , KS ',food and F..aldiman 1957

case rept., Ontario .?ree�an et al. 1961

...... gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978 �

Order Taeniidea

Schinococcus r:r-an�oGus SI 0.5 case :!'.'ept., Jntario Freenan et al. 1961

" " 8 Alberta �olLles and Podesta 1968

" ,, 4 C1\. Liu et al. 1970

gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971

r• II Clc:r- et al. 1978

a ./ case rept., ?fani toba Sa.�uel et al. 1978 s. mul�iloculaLis SI 4.09 s p • rev. , IA, MN, : IT, Lei'::iy e-t al. 1970 '7'TT'1 -·�, :3D Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

�· multilocularis SI gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971

" II Gier et al. 1978

23 case rept., Hani toba Samuel et al. 1978

Hydatigera lvncis SI gen. rev., CA Voge 1955 li• taeniaefo::::mis SI sp. rev., OK Esch and Self 1965

Nulticens sp. SI 11.4 case re pt., MN Erickson 1944

..... gen. rev. Erickson 1944 \.J1

Taenia crassicens SI case rept., Ontari o Freeman et al. 1961

n II o.o Manitoba Samuel et al. 1978

!• hydatigena SI 31.1 case rept., HN Erickson 1944

gen. rev. Erickson 1944

2.6 case rept., lJT Butler and Grundmann 1954

" " " Grundmann 1958

" " Ontario 7reeman et al. 1961

II II Alberta Holmes and Podesta 1968 Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

:r_. hydatigena SI - gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971

case rept., UT Conder and Loveless 1978

gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978

7 case · rept. , Hani toba Samuel et al. 1978

:;g_. krabbei* SI 3.2 case rept., YllI Erickson 1944

gen. rev. Erickson 1944

case rept., TJT :Butler and Grundmann 1954 _.. O'\ II " Ontario FTeeman et al. 1961

II 1 " Alberta Holmes and Podesta 1968

gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971

case rept., U'J.' Conder and Loveless 1978 l• laticollis SI - gen. rev. Zrickson 1944

case rept., Ontario Freeman et al. 1961

gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971

oy (1974) as *Listed \:l2Xd2.e et al. -T. ��-ovis ------kraobei. Helm inth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

!• laticollis SI - gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978

!• macrocystis* SI - gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971

!• ovis SI - gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978

!• pisifomis SI - gen. rev. Hall 1914

II " Hall 1929

39.3 case rept., HN Erickson 1944

..... gen. rev. Erickson 1944 -.J

100 case rept., OK Self and McKnight 1950

11 tr� 92.s " 1\.0 P..meel 1955

11 II \J-r:L' Grundman..'1 1958

It " 95 KS Gier and Ameel 1959

gen. rev. Yamaguti 1959

case rept., Ontario Freeman et al. 1961

spo rev., OK Esch and Self 1965

95 case rept., KS Gier 1 c;68

*Listed by \�ardle et al. (1974) as Eydatigera macrocYstis. Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

:f.• pisif omis SI 31 case rept., Alberta Holmes and Podesta 1968

gen. rev. Leiby and Dyer 1971

case rept. , KS Hirsch and Gier 1974

gen. rev. Bekoff 1977

case rept., UT Conder and Loveless 1978

gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978

� 67 case rept., r·lani toba Samuel et al. 1978 CD

38.7 " " TX Fence and Meinzer 1979

!• pseudolaticollis* SI gen. rev. Gier et alo 1978

i1 � � .=_. rueyi** SI 4 . ')/ case rept., '.·I;; Erickson 1944

gen. rev. Erickson 1944

2.7 case rept., T.JT :Butler and Grundmann 1954

gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978

!· serialis SI sp. rev. Eall 1911

*Not listed as ;-l, sriecies oy Yamaguti (1959) or ·:!ardle et al. (1974).

**Listed as a species by Yanaguti (1959). Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

!• serialis SI - sp. rev. Hall 1912

1.6 case rept., MN Erickson 1944

gen. rev. Erickson 1944

5.3 case rept., UT 3utler and Grundmann 1954

gen. rev., CA Voge 1955

case rept., UT Gru...'1.d.mann 1958

gen. rev. Yamagiti 1959 � '° sp. rev., CK 3sch ar.d. Self 1965

4 case rept., AlbeYta Ifolrr:es and Podesta i}68

/ gen .. ev. -:: --ueioy ·- an d �fy er 1°ri

;;rp 47 case rept., J ... Ccnder and Loveless 1978

gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978

�,.r 4.0 case rept., ...... \. ?ence and Heinze-r 1979

!• twi tchelli* SI 1 case rept., ·\lberta �i:ol:nes anC. Podesta 1 c;6a

gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978

*Linted by '•ia-rc:'...e et al. (1974) as Multicens -twitchelli. Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) GeogTaphical Location

Taenia sp. SI 4.9 case rept. , MN Erickson 1944

gen. rev. ::!:rickson 1944

II II IA Andrews and Boggess 1978

76 case rept., UT Conder and Loveless 1978

II II e6.s IA FTanson et al. 1978

" 9 11 Nanitoba Samuel et al. 1978

I\) Class Cotyloda 0

Order Diphyllidea

.�.,- DiPhyllobothrium 3p. ;) l. 5 case rept., Alberta �olmes and Podesta 1968

Phylum Nematoda

Class Secernentasida

Order Strong::,rlorida

Family Ancylostaraatidae

Ancvlostorna caninum SI gen. rev. Hall 1914

3.2 case re pt., I-TN Erickson 1944 Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

- Ancylostoma caninum SI gen. rev. Erickson 1944

19.s case rept., KS Arneel 1955

25 " " " Gier and Arneel 1959

II II " 28 Gier 1968

" II 1 Alberta Holmes and Podesta 1968

" . " KS Hirsch and Gier 1974

" " 89.3 TX Mitchell and Beas om 197 4 I\)..... " " 100 II Thornton et al. 1974

gen. rev. 3ekoff 1977

" " IA Andrews and 3oggess 1978

12 case rept., U'I' / Conder and Loveless 1978

" 50.0 II IA �anson et al. 1978

gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978

89.3 case rept., TX Pence and Meinzer 1979

gen. rev. Levine 1980 Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

Uncinaria stenocephala SI 16 case rept., Alberta Holmes and Podesta 1968

g-en. rev. Gier et al. 1978

28 case rept., Manitoba Samuel et al. 1978

Family Trichostrongylidae

Molineus patens SI - gen. re''• Erickson 1944

II II Gier et al. 1978

Order Ascaridorida fl.) fl.) F2.mily Ascarididae

Toxascaris leonina .J�'�T - g-en. rev • Erickson 1944

37.3 case rept., UT Butler and Grundrr.anr: 1954

II " :9.3 KS .;.meel 1955

" II U1I' Grundmann 1957

II II 33 KS Gier and Ameel 1959

g-en. rev. -f'amaguti 1961

� 'Z ,;_, case rept., t

II " 52 Alberta 2olmes and Podesta·1968 Helm inth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

!• leonina SI - case rept., KS Hirsch and Gier 1974

gen. rev. Bekoff 1977

II II Hi. Andrews and 3oggess 1978

29 case rept., 'J� Conder and Loveless 1978

II II 38.9 IA Franson et al. 1978

gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978

case re pt., Manitoba Sa;:iuel et 1978 I\) 65 alo \.)'j

II " 1.3 TX Fence and Heinzer 1979

gen. rev. Levine 1980

'?oxascaris sp. - gen. revo Erickson 1944

To:rncara canis SI - gen. rev. 28.ll 1914

1I.) ' case rept., TjT ::3utler and Grundmann 1954

" 1 " ....\lberta ::olir.e:.; and Podesta 1'.?'68

" II 6 TjT Conder and Loveless 1?78

gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978 Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

Toxocara canis SI - gen. rev. Levine 1980

Family Subuluridae

Subul u....� sp. SI 28 case rept., TX Pence and !1einzer 1979

Family 0x'JUridae

DennatOX" � veligera SI - case rept., UT Butler and Grundmann 1954

II o.6 II TX Pence and Meinzer 1979

f\) Passalurus nonannulatus SI - gen. rev. Erickson 1944 �

case rept., UT Butler and Grundmann 1954

gen. rev. Ya.maguti 1961

II II Gier et al. 1978

3yphacia sp. St o.6 case rept., TX Pence and 'Neinzer 1979

Ox<.[Uridae St 15 case re pt., ·u '"Ohornton et al. 1974

Order Spirurorida

Family Spi!."Uridae

Easto:phorus ;-;:uri::: SI - gen. rev. Zrickson 1944 Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (''/)/'O Geographical Location

Hastophorus muris SI - gen. revo Yamaguti 1961

!I II Gier et al. 1978

Protosnirura numidica SI - gen. rev. Erickson 1944

1.3 case rept., UT "Butler and Grundmann 1954

gen. rev. Ya..11aguti 1961

II II Gier et al. 1978

I'\) ?a.mily 'I'helaziidae \,JI

'Rictularia cahirensis SI - sp. rev., CO l-Iall 1914

gen. rev. Erickson 1944

" " Yamaguti 1961

36.6 case rept., :::'X Pence and M einze r 197S·

Spiroce:r."ca luni Es 23 case rept., I'X 'I'hornton et al. 1974

gen. rev. 3ekoff 1977

" " Gier et al. '.978

7 case :r."ept., 3( Pence and 1·1einzer 1 ':79 Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

- Spirocerca luni Es gen. rev. Levine 1980

Family PJ1ysalopteridae

- I'hYsalol'tera fe'J.idis St and SI gen. rev. Ya.maguti 1961

- f• praenutialis St case rept. , KS Ameel. 1955

- f. pseudoprC?.epqtialis St gen. rev. Yamaguti 1961 f·� St 4.6 case rept., NN ;;:;rickson 1944

gen. rev. �rickson 1944 I'\) O'\ case rept., XS Am.eel 1955

gen. rev. "lanaguti 1961

•r.-. 50.0 case rep.,.,+ i�:J Gier 1968

gen. rev. :.::ckoff 1977

" " G:ie:::- et al. 1978

J.. rrl "" "' 60 case rep v• , lA Fence and I1einzer 1979

. g-en. rev. Levine 1980

.. ,...... Physaloptera sp. St 12.3 case rep +"o, .·,�i T:ri�kson 1944 Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

Ph.ysaloptera sp. St gen. rev. Erickson 1944

60.4 case rept., KS A.'r!eel 1955

II 51 II !I Gier and Ao.eel 1959

II II II Hirsch and Gier 1974

II II 23 TX �ho:rnton et al. 1974

gen. rev., L\ Andrews and Boggess 1978

6 case rept., UT Conder and Loveless 1978 I\) -l

II II 66.7 u _,_-·::-ar.son et al . 1978

'7 II II i i-lanitoba :�c::n-riel et al. 1978

Class )_denc;horci.sids.

Order Dor:,rlai.":lorida

Family .='richuridae

') Capillaria sp. LI c. case rept., r1:ani toba �-�a::-�uel et al. 1978

"70 '::richuris vul TJL Ce 1:.2 case rept., ,\.o.j ..;\..::t0JCl 1955

"Z (") II 11 II ,/. 11.IDeel / Gier and 1 �'59 Helminth Location Incidence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

-

Trichuris vulpis Ce 6 case rept., KS Gier 1968

gen. rev. Bekoff 1977

II " IA Andrews and Boggess 1978

6.9 case rept., IA Franson et al. 1978

gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978

II It Levine 1980

I\) Trichuris sp. case rept., TX Pence and Meinzer 1979 CX>

Family Trichinellidae

Trichinella spiralis 12�5 sp. rev. , AK Rausch et al. 1956

II 0.5 II CQ Olsen 1 9 60

" 4.3 II IA Zimmerman and Hubbard 1969

gen. rev. Zimmerman 1971

case rept., British Schmitt et al. 1 976 Colombia

gen. rev. Gier et al. 1978 Helminth Location Inc1d.ence Type of Report and Author (%) Geographical Location

Ihylum Acanthocephala

Oncicola canis SI - sp . rev. , TX Price 1928

gen. rev. Erickson 1944

sp. rev. Van Cleave 1953 gen. rev. Yamaguti 1963

11 II DeGuisti 1971 I\) II II Bekoff 1977 \.0

II II Gier et al . 1978 26 case rept. , TX Pence and Meinzer 1979

Pachysentis canicola In 22.7 case rept., TX Pence and Meinz er 1979 30 half of their range is Ancylostoma caninum. The life history is relatively simple (Olsen 1974). Infection may occur in several ways, such as by ingestion of larvae directly or in food, skin penetration,

.fetal infection, or from the colostrum or milk, but ingestion is the most frequent manner of infection. Partially embryonated eggs hatch on the soil and undergo a series of molts for about a week resulting in the third stage infective larvae . If swallowed by the coyote, the larvae molt in the stomach and shortly thereafter migrate to the small intestine where the final molt occurs and rimatu ty is reached in about five weeks.

The major problem with hookworms is that the adults feed on blood. Levine (1980) reports a mean blood loss of 0. 07 ml/worm/day with a maximum of 0.12 ml./worm/day. Young dogs and dogs on inadequate diets seem to be most susceptible to the worms; there is some evidence that dogs gain imnrunity as they grow older (Morgan and Hawkins 1951 ).

Necrosis may occur at the point of hookworm attachment. Blood loss continues after the worm has moved to a new location because of the presence of an anticoagulant ( Olsen 1974). Levine (1980) lists anemia, emaciation, edema, weakness, li stlessness, rough hair coat, foul breath, and diarrheic feces which are bloody or tarry as signs of hookworm infection.

Toxascaris leonina is an ascarid commonly found in coyotes. As

Levine (1980) indicates , coyotes can be infected by ingesting eggs

- containing second stage larvae. The eggs hatch and the larvae spend about 10 days in the intestinal wall, after which they return to the lumen and mature . If an infected mouse, a conunon transport host, is eaten, digestion of the mouse releases larvae, usually third stage , 31 which develop in the intestinal lumen. Animals with :;r_. leonina infections often show re stlessness and twi tching. Infected pups may show unthriftiness, enlargement of abdomen, digestive disturbances, dull hair coat , alternating periods of diarrhea and constipation , vomiting, and sweetish breath. If enough worms are present , intestinal blockage and/or rupture may occur.

Members of the genus Ihysaloptera, especially P. m_, are spiruroids often found in coyotes. The intermediate hosts of Physaloptera sp . are sectsin of the Orders Orthoptera and Coleoptera. The intermediate hosts for f• m, are the German cockroach (Blatella germanica) , the field cricket (Gryllus assimilis) , the flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) , and ground beetles (Harpalus sp. ) . Development of the worms in coyotes is the same regardless of whether the infective third stage larvae are acquired by swallowing infected insects or by eating parasitized pa.ratenic hosts such as frogs, birds , or mice . Adults develop in the stomach, duodenum, or both ( Olsen 1974) . As these worms attach to the mucosa, they may cause small erosions , gastritis, enteritis, and mucus formation

(Levine 1980). Gier and Alneel (1959) report that these spiruroids feed largely on blood, and that laboratory infections of coyote pups with 50 or more P. rn regularly caused anemia and poor growth .

Whipworms, Trichuris sp. , are parasites of the coyote cecum. Levine

(1980) reports that coyotes become infected by directly ingesting eggs containing infective first stage larvae . Larvae hatch in the small ihtestine and spend eight to ten days in the intestinal mucosa before returning to the lumen and passing to the cecum. Most infections are

light and cause little , if any, damage although it is believed that 32

!• vulpis is a blood sucker. Affected animals with heavy in.fections ·may be unthrifty , lose weight , have diarrhea, dysentery, or anemia. 'lli.e colon and cecum may become in.flamed and even hemorrhagic .

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