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Tourism in the People's Republic of China: Policies and Economic Development

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Tourism in the People's Republic of China: Policies and Economic Development Universidade de Aveiro Secção Autónoma de Ciências Sociais, Jurídicas e 2001 Políticas Zélia Maria de Jesus Turismo na República Popular da China: Políticas e Breda Desenvolvimento Económico Universidade de Aveiro Secção Autónoma de Ciências Sociais, Jurídicas e 2001 Políticas Zélia Maria de Jesus Turismo na República Popular da China: Políticas e Breda Desenvolvimento Económico Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Chineses, realizada sob a orientação científica do Professor Robert Franklin Dernberger, Professor Emeritus de Economia da Universidade de Michigan e Professor Catedrático Visitante da Universidade de Aveiro i O Júri Presidente Professor Doutor Manuel Carlos Serrano Pinto Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro Vogais Professor Doutor Jacques Louis DeLisle Professor Catedrático da Universidade da Pensilvânia, EUA Professor Doutor Carlos Manuel Martins Costa Professor Auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro Professor Doutor Robert Franklin Dernberger Professor Catedrático visitante da Universidade de Aveiro ii Acknowledgements The present study was not possible to accomplish without the collaboration of several entities and persons, to whom I would like to address my deep thanks in virtue of their support and incentive to this work. To Professor Robert Dernberger, University of Aveiro, who supervised this thesis, patiently read it and offered suggestions and commentaries for its improvement, as well as always showed a supportive attitude helping to overcome some difficulties. Professor Carlos Costa, Coordinator of the Tourism Field in the University of Aveiro, deserves my special thanks for his incentive, and for his permanent and many-sided support; To Professor Pedro Vilarinho, Coordinator of the MA Degree in Chinese Studies of the University of Aveiro, for his availability and support; To Professor Wang Suoying, Chinese Lecturer in the University of Aveiro, for all her help and concern; To Professor Clem Tisdell, University of Queensland, Australia and to Dra. Julie Wen, University of Sydney, Australia for their collaboration and bibliography supply; To Professor Wang Yiran for his supervision and help in collecting data, and to Mister Mao Zhongming, Director of the Foreigner Affairs Office, University of Shanghai, China; To Dra. Li Xianhong, for her supervision and support, and to Mister Hu Zhengming, Program Coordinator of the International Programs Office, University of Zhejiang, China; To Mister Wang Zhifeng, Director of the Executive Department of the Hangzhou Tourism Administration, China, for his availability; To Professor Rui Martins, Vice-Rector of the University of Macao, for his receptivity and collaboration; To Dra. Virgínia Trigo, Director of the Tourist Formation Institute of Macao, for her availability; To all my teachers during the MA Programme for their encouragement; To my family, boyfriend, colleagues and all my friends for their support and understanding; To all these people, Thank You Very Much! iii Resumo O presente trabalho propõe-se a investigar o percurso da indústria do turismo na República Popular da China nos últimos 50 anos, desde a fase em que o país mergulhou numa política de completo isolamento em relação ao resto do mundo, até se ter tornado num dos principais intervenientes económicos e políticos a nível mundial. Paralelamente, o sector do turismo acompanhou essas mudanças que se foram desenvolvendo ao longo dos tempos, para passar a ser hoje um dos principais sectores da economia da China. O presente trabalho de investigação examina as principais mudanças ocorridas ao nível das políticas lançadas para o sector em questão, bem como o impacto que elas tiveram no desenvolvimento económico do país. Pretende-se, portanto, determinar até que ponto os resultados económicos desta indústria foram determinados pelas acções e programas lançados pelo Governo Chinês ao longo dos últimos 50 anos. iv Abstract This thesis researches the path that the tourism industry followed in the People’s Republic of China over the last fifty years, since the period when the country closed itself off from the rest of the world until it had become one of the big economic and politic players on the world scene. The tourism industry also followed the changes that were developing over time and became one of the most important economic sectors in China. This work examines the major policy changes that occurred within the sector, as well as the impact they had on the economy. It attempts to determine the extent to which the economic results accomplished by this industry were determined by the actions and programmes launched by the Chinese Government. v vi Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... ii Abstract ...................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... vii List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xv List of Charts ............................................................................................................. xviii List of Figures ............................................................................................................ xx List of Appendices ...................................................................................................... xxi List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xxii Glossary ..................................................................................................................... xxvi Introduction Problem Statement ..................................................................................................... 3 Content of this Study ................................................................................................. 4 Organisation of the Study ................................................................................. 6 Objectives and Methodology ..................................................................................... 8 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 8 Hypotheses ....................................................................................................... 9 Research Programme and Methods .................................................................. 10 Scope and Limitations of this Study .......................................................................... 11 Chapter I – Tourism Growth in the World: An Overview 1. Historical Development of Travel and Tourism 1.1. Ancient Times ........................................................................................... 17 1.2. The Roman Empire ................................................................................... 19 1.3. Middle Ages .............................................................................................. 20 1.4. From the Renaissance to Late Nineteen Century ...................................... 21 vii 2. International Tourism Patterns in the Late Twentieth Century ............................. 23 2.1. Inbound Travel 2.1.1. By Region ........................................................................................ 26 2.1.1.1. The East Asia and Pacific Region ......................................... 28 2.1.2. By Country ...................................................................................... 35 2.2. Outbound Travel 2.2.1. By Region ........................................................................................ 36 2.2.1.1. The East Asia and Pacific Region ......................................... 40 3. Forecasts on International Tourism Till the Year 2020.......................................... 42 3.1. Inbound Travel 3.1.1. By Region ........................................................................................ 43 3.1.1.1. The East Asia and Pacific Region ......................................... 45 3.1.2. By Country ...................................................................................... 46 3.2. Outbound Travel 3.2.1. By Region ........................................................................................ 46 3.2.1.1. The East Asia and Pacific Region ......................................... 48 3.2.2. By Country ...................................................................................... 48 Summary .................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter II – Tourism Development and Changing Policies in China 1. Discussion about the Role of Governments in Tourism Policy and Administration .................................................................................................... 2. Tourism Administration and Policies in China 53 2.1. Political Evolution of China’s Tourism .................................................... 56 2.2. The Administrative Organisation of Tourism............................................. 62 2.2.1. Travel Services ................................................................................ 68 2.3. The Change in Policy after 1978 ..............................................................
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