Vol. 26, No. 33 August 15, 1983 EIJIN A CHINESE WEEKLY OF EW NEWS AND VIEWS

Deng Xiaoping on "Two Whatevers"

Military Leader's Works Published

Beijing Plans Urban Development Interestingly, when many mem- don't mean that there isn't room bers read the article which I for improvement. LETTERS brought to one of our sessions, a Alejandreo Torrejon M. desire was expressed to explore Sucre, Bolivia Retirement the possibility of visiting for the very purpose of sharing Once again, I write to commend our ideas with people in China. Documents you for a most interesting and, to We are in the midst of doing just People like us who follow the me, a most meaningful article that. Thus, your magazine has developments in China only by dealing with retirees ("When borne some unexpected fruit. reading your articles cannot know Leaders or Professionals Retire," if the Sixth Five-Year Plan issue No. 19). It is a credit to Louis P. Schwartz ("Documents," issue No. 21) is ap- your social approach that yQu are New York, USA plicable just by glancing over it. examining the role of profes- However, it is still a good article sionals, administrators and gov- with reference value for people ernmental leaders with an eye to Chinese-Type Modernization who want to observe and follow what they can expect when they China's developments. I plan to leave the ranks of direct workin~ The series of articles on Chi- read it over again carefully and people and enter the ranks of "re- nese-Type Modernization and deepen my understanding. Supple- tirees." It is not an easy transi- "Facts and Figures" are interest- mentary documents like this are tion, which many of our members ing. In recent years, your country easy" to keep and to excerpt. have learnt. has aChieved great results in eco- nomic, social and cultural devel- Choei Ishigawa However, it is important that opment due to the reforms that Kyoto, Japan retirees continue to make a posi- have been carried out in the tive, social contribution, even if it operation, management, planning means that they only broaden Sun Yefang's Economic Theory and implementation in various their own learning activities and undertakings. These achieve- As a student of Marxist eco- share their knowledge with their ments are supported by figures in nomics, I enjoy reading Beijing contemporaries. This our group is the series of articles (regarding Review and social sciences in doing, and doing well. this, the Western press, however, China. We are a large (100 members) is not always honest and sincere). Sun Yefang was quite right to organization, associated with a base his work on the law of value major university and consisting of Generally speaking, I enjoy ("A Brief Introduction to Sun Ye- people who have been in the pro- reading all your articles. My fang's Economic Theory," issue No. fessional or leadership ranks for friends also highly appreciate arti- 24). Without the surplus (profit) most of their working years. They cles on the international situation created by the productive study, they research, they share and those on how People's China worker there would be no civili- ideas and they maintain a "youth- marches towards modernization. zation. fulness" which makes their retire- ment years as rich as their work- Your layout, illustrations and What I feel to be lacking in Chi- ing years. photos are also very good. But I nese publications is any considera- tion of the work of Marxist econ- omists outside China. In some cases, their analyses are remark- ably close in method to those of Chinese scholars. Could you, or your colleagues on Just released by social sciences in China, spare some space to an analysis of, for A Small Town Called Hibiscus example, such a classic of Marx- ist economics as "Unequal Ex- by Gu Hua change" by Arghiri Emmanuel Translated by Gladys Yang (Monthly Review Press, 1972) or pp. 262, paperback (ISBN 0-8351-1074-5) other similar works? l.J. Kenna London, UK One of the best novels to appear in China in re- cent years, in December 1982 it was awarded one of Space Science the first Mao Dun Literary Prizes. It covers almost two decades from the early 1960s, through the chaotic I enjoyed very much the article years of the "," to the return to nor- entitled "China's Space Science and Technology" in issue No. 14, mality after 1976. 1983. I have had an interest in For those interested in this complex period of this field for a long lime. Not modern Chinese history, this novel is a must. long ago, I suggested you include such articles. The article, with much data, provided useful in- Order directly from China Publications Centre formation about Chinas. space (GUOJI SHUDIAN), P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino, or inquire at bookshops abroad. science and technology. Christian Leduc Paris. France HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK BEllING Hu on Qinghars Development During his recent inspection tour of Qinghai Province, Party General Secretary suggested that the REVIEW focus of construction work be shifted to at the turn of this century. He stressed the importance of developing agriculture and livestock breeding and the ap- propriate use of financial and material resources (p. 5).

Vol. :)6, No. 33 August 15, 1983 Crackdown on Economic Crimes CONTENTS Han Guang, secretary of the CPC's Central Commis- sion for Discipline Inspection, said at an informal meeting LETTERS NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 of the NPC Standing Committee that economic crimes had Safeguard workers' interests reached a record high since the founding of the People's EVENTS & TRENDS 5-9 Republic. He pointed out their causes and manifestations, Future development of Qinghai Province and measures being taken against future economic crimes Belling : urban construction (p. 7). plan Curb the scale of capital construction on "Two Whatevers" Crackdown on economic crimes Chinese leaders on Kampu- The Chinese leader explains the inconsistencies with chean problem Marxism in the slogan: "We will resolutely uphold what- Burundi Foreign Minister in China ever policy decisions Chairman Mao made and unswerving- China's growing economic re- ly follow whatever instructions Chairman Mao gave" lations (p. 14). INTERNATIONAL 10-13 South Asia : Regional co- operation strengthened Military Leader's Works Central America: Israel ex- pands its intervention The Selected Works of Zhu De which went on sale Sri Lanka: Roots of recent ethnic violence August 1 (Army Day) includes 65 articles written between Africa: Tensions rise in West- 1931 and 1965 dealing primarily with military theory, ern Sahara strategy and tactics (p. 26). Nigeria: General elections get underway The "Two-Whatever" Policy Does Legislative and Judiciary Work Not Accord With Marxism (May 24, 1977) -- Deng Xiao- Much progress has been made in China's legislative ping 14 and judiciary work since 1979. This feature presents a For Mutual Understanding and World Peace fairly comprehensive report of the achievements in the A Salute to USCPFA 16 last few years, together with 's various forms of A Testimony to Friendship !6 Mary Clark Dimond 18 publicizing the legal system and the working of an island FEATURE court (p. 19). Legislative and judiciary work in China New developments 19 Friendship Between Shanghai publicizes the Chinese and Americans legal system 22 An island court 25 A group of writings BOOKS 26-28 CULTUER & SCIENCE 29-30 ,prepared by Bei]ing Re- ART PAGE 31 view for the forthcoming Ninth National Convention Distributed by China Publications of the US-China Peoples Centre (GUOJI SHUDIAN), Friendship Association as P. O. Box 399, Beijing, China a tribute to its worthy Subscription prices ~1 year): work and a salute to its Austrolie ..... A.$12.00 USA...US$13.00 convention (p. 15). New Zeglanch.NZ. $14.00 UK...... £6.80 Canada...... Can.$15.00 New look of Beijing. Photo by Song Lianfcng NOTES FROM THE EDITORS session, the trade unions carry on day-to-day work as their working agencies. Safeguard workers' inleresls In March, in line with a Party Central Committee directive, What are the functions of vorcing themselves from the the All-China Federation of trade unions in socialist China workers. During the "cultural Trade Unions decided to further where the Communist Party is revolution," trade unions were eliminate the influence of "Left" already in power? Are they nearly paralysed. ideology in the work of trade officially run? What are the In October 1978, two years unions. It asked the trade main challenges they face today? after the arrest of the gang of unions and cadres to: These are questions constantly four, the Chinese trade unions raised by foreign visitors. • Concretely serve the in- held their ninth national con- terests of the workers; It is true that both the Chi- gress. A critical review of the nese Communist Party and the past "Left" mistakes was made • Protect the fundamental trade unions are identical in and trade union work was again interests of the workers, en- representing the interests of the put on the right track. In his courage healthy trends and Chinese working class. But, speech at the congress, Comrade check unhealthy ones; trade unions differ both from Deng Xi~oping said : "The • Develop close ties with the political parties and from gov- trade unions should educate all masses and listen to their de- ernment and economic organi- members to take an active part mands. zations. Though still accepting in managing enterprises .... Our Today, "To speak and work Party leadership, they are mass trade unions must work hard to ~or t~e workers" has become organizations set up and run by protect the welfare of workers. the motto for many trade union the workers themselves, with . . . They should urge and cadres. Trade unions are now their officials appointed or re- assist the authorities in enter- strengthening their contacts moved through elections and prises and localities to do every- with the masses and are gaining other democratic procedures. thing possible to improve the increasing trust. In the early days after the working and living conditions At present, many problems founding of the People's Re- of workers, their canteens and remain in the Party's style of public, trade unions were highly hygiene.... Trade unions work. Quite a few leading instrumental in ensuring demo- Should fight for the democratic bodies at various levels still cratic rights and material bene- rights of the workers and op- have tendencies towards bureau- fits for the workers and en- pose bureaucracy of every cratism and towards ignoring joyed high prestige among them. kind." the democratic rights of the At that time, leaders of the All- Since then, trade union work workers. Not enough attention China Federation of Trade has greatly improved..At pres- has been paid to workers' lives, Unions held that trade unions ent, all of the country's big and production safety or labour pro- should represent the ~l'ishes of medium-sized enterprises have tection. Therefore, if the trade their members. While taking workers' congresses which dis- union cadres really want to into consideration the long-term cuss and make decisions on all represent the interests of the interests of the state and the important issues in the enter- workers, they must fight whole society, one of their ma- prises (in small enterprises, all bureaucratism and other un- jor concerns was to serve the the workers discuss these healthy tendencies. To over- particular interests of workers. issues). Leaders of the enter- come the many difficulties, they This correct view, however, was prises are required to listen to must work hard and be coura- subjected to repeated criticism the opinions of the workers and geous. Nevertheless, they have as "economism." accept their criticism and super- the support of the Party Central Committee. This is not only Under the influence of "Left" vision. Workers' congresses conducive to the work of the ideology, the characteristics have become the main channel trade unions but also to the im- of the trade unions were through which trade unions provement in the Party's style ignored. They became append- voice and help meet workers' of work. ages to Party and administra- wishes and demands. When the tive organizations, thus cli- workers' congresses are not in --Political Editor An Zhiguo

4 Beijing Review, No. 33 CHINA EVENTS AND TRENDS

whole northwest are still very Future development of Qinghai Province backward. Hu Yaobang said that the shops. Furthermore, it was China's major economic con- development of Qinghai, to a plagued by disease and was struction efforts will be shifted great extent, Should rely on the educationally underdeveloped. to the northwest at the turn of key state construction projects the century, said Hu Yaobang, In the 33 years since the and that preparatory work will General Secretary of the Party founding of the People's Repub- be decisive• for this new drive. Central Committee, during a lic, the province has built more He suggested that the province recent 10-day inspection tour of than 1,300 kilometres of rail- concentrate its efforts on de- Qinghai Province. Earlier he way lines and 15,000-kilometre- veloping agriculture and live- visited Xinjiang. long highways. Its civil air stock breeding so that the prov- In the next 15 years, he urged, services cover more than 4,000 ince can become a major live- Qinghai should do everything kilometres. It has more than stock centre. The province, one possible to pave the way for the 1,300 industrial enterprises, of China's principal pastoral shift. with a 300-fold increase in its areas, has more than 33 million industrial fixed assets. The hectares of exploitable pasture- The northwest includes province's agriculture and live- land. Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai stock breeding also have made Provinces and the Ningxia and He also stressed the import- great headway. Xinjiang autonomous regions. ance of the appropriate use of It covers 2.5 million square In education, the province financial and material resources kilometres, more than one- now has seven colleges, more during the construction upsurge. fourth of the total area of than 30 secondary technical He suggested that in addition China. schools and numerous regular middle and primary schools, to agriculture and livestock Qinghai is at a high-altitude with a total enrolment of breeding, investments also and much of its land is arid, 750,000. should be made in the follow- which creates huge difficulties Public health services have ing four spheres: for development. been improved and living -- Energy resources. Partic- Before 1949, Qinghai had no standards have been raised. ular efforts should be devoted railways, nor any industry, Compared with other parts of to developing electricity. except eight handicraft work- China, however, Qinghai and the -- Transport. Local efforts should be combined with state assistance to build a transporta- tion network throughout the province. Helicopters will be used on the vast plateau area.

-- Developing medium-sized and small industries to serve people's daily needs. The prov- ince should strive to turn out some top-quality products in the next few years.

-- Training scientific and technical personnel. This will be achieved by increasing in- vestments as well as tapping in- tellectual resources.

Hu then listed some of Qing- Hu Yaobang with Qinghai Party, government and army officials. hal's strong points:

August 15, 1983 The province's hydropower potential is 20 million kw, in addition to abundant solar and wind resources. It also has large coal, petroleum and nat- ural gas resources. Its salt deposits top 50,000 million tons, of which the reserve of sylvite accounts for 97 per cent of the country's total, taking its place in the front rank of the world; and its long-fibre asbestos deposit is the largest in the country. Finally, Hu stressed the neces- sity of fostering among the young people an enterprising spirit, noble ideal and dedica- tion to the motherland and the people. 1--Erhuan (Second Ring} Road 3--Sihuan (Fourth Ring} Road 2--Sanhuan (Third Ring) Road 4--WMhuan (Outer Ring} Road

Beijing: urban Beijing's role as the nation's should accompany the construc- capital. tion of satellite towns on remote construction plan outskirts. By the year 2000 • Agriculture should serve wooded areas should be increas- the daily life of Beijitlg res- ed to 28 per cent of the capital's Recently the Party Central idents. The outskirts should be tetal as compared wfth 7.5 per Committee and State Council developed so that the city can cent today. approved a draft plan for Bei- become basically self-sufficient jing's overall urban construction. in the supply of major non-sta- • While gradually transform- The plan establishes the prin- ple foods such as vegetables, ing the old city, areas close to ciples for 17 basic issues con- milk, eggs, meat and north- the city propefl should be de- cerning the city's nature, size, China fruit. veloped, complete with needed environment and layout, satellite utilities and the remote outskirts towns, transformation of the • The size of the city, already should be actively developed. In old city, residential quarters and too large, should be strictly this way, over-concentration of service utilities, mass transit controlled. To limit the popula- construction in the urban areas system and transportation to the tion growth, the family plan- rest of the country, water and ning policy should be conscien- will be remedied and the layout of the city will become more energy supply and landscaping tiously carried out and the rational. and afforestation. population should be gradually dispersed. By the year 2000, • In urban construction, mod- The plan pointed out that Bei- the population of the municipal- ernization should be dovetailed jing's urban and other develop- ity should be no larger than 10 with the protection of historical ment should, embody the city's million and that of the urban relics and sites. The unique characteristics as the nation's areas should, be kept within style of the old city should be political and cultural centre. four million. retained for future generation. • Industrial construction • The mountains should be should be strictly limited and transformed and rivers harness- • The construction of a com- undertaken with skill and pre- ed, the land should be afforest- prehensive urban highway cision. The growth of heavy ed and pollution should be system should be accelerated so industry should basically be reduced. Trees should be plant- as to build up a network of belt brought to a halt and major ed throughout the 660,000 hec- ways crisscrossed by radial ones efforts devoted to developing tares of mountain area and (a radial pattern of main high- foodstuffs, electronics and other urban areas should be built ways leading outward from the light industries that conform to into a garden-city. Afforestation city centre).

6 Beijing Review, No. 33 CHINA EVENTS AND TRENDS

• The Beijing railway hub The trend of growth in the the Party. More than 24,400 should be expanded and a mod- scale of capital construction has people, influenced by the strug- ern postal service and telecom- continued unabated since 1982. gle and inspired by the Party's munications network should be China planned to reduce its policies, have voluntarily sur- built. total investment in capital con- rendered and confessed their struction this year by 4,800 mil- crimes. A commission for the planning lion yuan compared to last and construction of the capital These statisticswere revealed year. But instead, in the first was recently formed, with the in a report on economic crimes six mo~iths, the ~tal sum mayor as its chairman. The by Han Guang, Secretary of the increased by 17 per cent over commission will examine and Central Commission for Disci- that of the same period of last implement short-term and an- pline Inspection of the Chinese year. The primary cause for nual plans as components of the Communist Party, to an in- the increase has .been that many overall plan, organize the draft- formal meeting of the Standing projects outside the state budget ing of rules and regulations con- Committee of the National Peo- have begun, using bank loans cerning urban construction and ple's Congress on July 25. and self-collected funds. management and co-ordinate In his report, Han Guang di- the relations of the various If this trend is allowed to vided economic crimes into the fields of endeavour. developed unchecked, the scale following major categories: of investment in capital con- Large-scale smuggling, tax struction could far exceed the evasion, illicit trading in foreign Curb the scale of state plan. It could thus exchange and goods and mate- exacerbatethe strain on the rials by personnel of govern- capital construction supplies of energy and building ment agencies, enterprises or materials, causing competition institutions. In mid-July, the Chinese between ordinary and key pro- • Large-scale speculation and Government ordered a halt to jects for these resources. This fraud by unlawful elements. all capital construction projects phenomenon is extremely • Embezzlement, accepting that are not included in the harmful to the stability of the bribes and theft by state em- state plan for screening. national economy. ployees, including a few lead- In addition, projects which ing Party cadres. are included in the state plan Crackdown on • Organized smuggling of but have poor technology precious cultural relies, gold, without the conditions for con- economic crimes §ilver, rare gems and medicinal struction also will be stopped herbs out of China, as well as for screening. Economic crimes, including smuggling of large amounts of smuggling., graft, bribery, spec- industrial goods, narcotics, por- All capital construction pro- ulation and fraud, have grown nographic materials and reac- jects scheduled to begin this to a record high since the found- tionary publications into China. year that have not yet begun ing of the People's Republic in construction will be re-examin- 1949. • Economic crimes perpetrat- ed. ed by remnants of the The struggle against serious and counter-revolu- The order was announced by crimes in the economic field, tionary cliques and other recal- newly appointed State Coun- launched in January last year, citrant elements intended to dis- cillor and concurrently Minister has achieved marked results. rupt the socialist economy. of the State Planning Commis= By the end of April this year, sion Song Ping. He reiterated 192,000 crimes had ,been inves- • Indiscriminate hiring of in- that the decision taken at the tigated, and more than 131,000, veterate criminals by state and First Session of the Sixth Na- 71 per cent of the total, had been collectively run enterprises in tional People's Congress last resolved. the belief that they are good at June on a strict control over More than 30,000 offenders making money. the scale of capital construction have been sentenced and 8,500 Hart Guang said that some must be firmly put into practice. people have been expelled from serious economic crimes are

August 15, 1983 7 closely linked with unhealthy • Avoid making policy mis- rounds of talks, during which tendencies within the Party. takes and do not confuse legally they exchanged views on bi- permitted economic activities lateral relations, the Kam- "However," he said, "the with economic crimes. puchean problem and other in- overwhelming majority of our ternational issues of common Party members and cadres are • Carry out widespread and interest. good or fairly good. They per- regular anti-corruption educa- form their duties honestly and tion by citing typical cases. Wu stressed that the relevant serve the people wholehearted- • Sum up experience and resolutions of the UN General ly. Only a small handful defy perfect the various regulations. Assembly and the International laws and discipline." • Give concrete leadership to Conference on Kampuchea the struggle in line with its must be implemented. As the domestic and interna- development. tional, subjective and objective After the withdrawal of the factors which cause the serious • Strengthen the work of Vietnamese troops, Wu said, it economic crimes cannot be elim- public security departments, would be up to the Kampuchean the procuratorates and courts, inated overnight, the struggle people themselves to settle their customs offices and industrial against them must be carried internal problems including the and commercial administrative on, Han said. He listed the choice of their own social sys- organizations, as well as to the following measures against fu- tem and the form of govern- tax collecting departments, so ture economic crimes: ment to be set up in Kam- that they consider anti-crime puchea. • Concentrate on major cases, activities an important aspect He pointed out that China is especially recent ones. of their regular f,unetions. in favour of a political settle, merit of the Kampuchean issue. However, he said, he has serious Chinese leaders on Kampuchean problem doubts about the sincerity of Viet Nam in seeking such a solution. Wu said he consider- Premier Zhao ZJyang said Nam has insisted on linking any ed that a political settlement that the key to the Kampuchean withdrawal with international would be a very difficult and problem was the total and un- recognition of the fair accompli drawn-out task. conditional withdrawal of Viet- of its invasion of Kampuchea, China does not object to dia- namese troops from the coun- and has refused to pull back its logue being conducted by any try. troops. country with Viet Nam, he Zhao said this when he met On bilateral issues, he told added. If Viet Nam genuinely with Australian Foreign Min- Hayden that there had been wishes to withdraw from Kam- ister William Hayden, who "new developments" Since he puchea and is prepared to arrived in China on July 30 at visited Australia in April, which undertake practical measures to the invitation of Foreign accorded with the mutual in- do that, Wu said, it would not Minister Wu Xueqian. terests of the two countries and be difficult for Viet Nam to were conducive to peace and Zhao accused Viet Nam of improve relations with China. stability in the Asia-Pacific playing "tricks" on the Kam- region. Hayden said that the major puchean issue and that it had threat to peace and stability ,in not changed its basic position Zhao said he hoped Australia the Asia-Pacific region was the on Kampuchea. He quoted a and China would make further continuing problem in Indo- Chinese proverb as saying, efforts to improve their rela- china, aggravated by the Soviet "Whoever started the trouble tions. Union's involvement in Viet should end it." The Australian Foreign Minis- Nam and Viet Nam's continued Zhao said that if the Viet- ter said that the friendship be- occupation of Kampuchea. namese made up their minds to tween Australia and China has The Australian Foreign openly announce a withdrawal a firm foundation, and is very Minister said he considered it and really pulled back the first valuable. We will continue our an unhealthy situation for Viet group of their troops, the settle- efforts to strengthen this friend- Nam to remain isolated from ment of other issues involving ship, he said. the international community Kampuchea would not be dif- The Chinese and Australian and become even more reliant ficult. However, he said, Viet Foreign Ministers had two on the Soviet Union.

8 Beijing Review, No. 33 He said that the search for bility on all sides,, he said, he However, he said, it is also a flexibility does not mean that was talking only of flexibility fact that " things are getting one side alone has to compromise about means rather than ends. better. "What is more impor- or to be flexible about its basic tant is that the open policy national interests or its funda- Hayden stressed that on the China now pursues to attract mental principles. Indochinese issue Australia is foreign capital and technology not attempting to play a role of to help develop its resources is There can be no question of negotiator or mediator. Rather, a long-term, unswerving policy, being flexible about the principle it is trying to facilitate discus- rather than something ex- of the withdrawal of Vietnamese sions and dialogues and to pedient," he stressed. forces, Hayden said. When he stimulate a search for a solu- talked about the need for flexi- tion, he added. The seven foreign oil compa- nies are the Occidental Petro- leum Corporation of the United States, Elf-Aquitaine Chine of Burundi Foreign Minister in China France, Tricent~'ol P.L.C. of Britain, Hispanica de Petroleos During a meeting with ghanistan, Central America, and S.A., Total Chine of France, Laurent Nzeyimana, Minister of on North-South relations and Ampol Exploration Ltd. of Foreign Affairs and Co-opera- found that their countries Australia and Oil and Gas Divi- tion of Burundi, Premier Zhao shared similar views on the is- sion of CSR Ltd. of Australia. Ziyang said that the friendly sues. They also expressed their relations as well as the scientific opposition to foreign occupa- and technological cooperation tion and big-power interference China and Belgium on July between China and Burundi are in the internal affairs of other 30 .signed an agreement for a satisfactory. He also said that countries. Belgian loan to China and con- ]China attaches great impor- tracts to set up a joint venture tance to developing its relations to manufacture the S1240 stor- With Burundi and will continue ed control digital telephone ex- to make efforts in this regard. China's growing change equipment and the direct supply of such equipment Premier Zhao spoke highly of economic relations to China. the Burundi Government's poli- cies in international affairs and Seven foreign oil companies According to the loan agree- ment, the Belgian Government in developing its national econ- on August 6 signed contracts will provide the Chinese Gov- omy. He praised Burundi for with the China National Off- ernment with a long-term, in- its success in becoming self-suf- shore Oil Corporation for pe- terest-free loan of 300 million ficient in food grains. troleum exploration, develop- BF in 1983. It will be used to ment. and production in two cover part of the expenses for Laurent Nzeyimana visited areas in the Zhujiang (Pearl) equipment and labour services China from August 4 to 9 at the River mouth basin in the South provided by Belgian enterprises invitation of Foreign Minister China Sea. Wu Xueqian. In the talks be- and to improve China's tele- tween the two foreign ministers, Premier Zhao on August 6 phone exchange system. the two sides reiterated their assured the oil companies that China became the 95th mem- support for the Namibian peo- China is faithful to the con- ber state of the Customs Co- ple's struggle for independence tracts it signs. operation Council on July 18. and the struggle of the people The General Administration of in South Africa against racism. "Although China's laws have Customs said that China's appli- They also voiced their support yet to be perfected," Zhao said, cation to join the Brussels-based ~for the people of Chad, and "the political situation is stable international governmental stressed that the Chad question and there will be continuity in customs organization was for- should be settled in line with our policies." warded to the Belgian Govern- the stand of the Organization of Zhao said that it is true, as ment, which keeps the "Con- African Unity. some foreign friends have said, vention Establishing a Customs The two sides exchanged that China's legal system is in- Co-operation Council," by the views on the situation in the complete, its efficiency is low Chinese Embassy in Brussels Middle East, Kampuchea, Af- and services are poor. that day.

August 15, 1983 9 INTERNATIONAL REPORTS AND COMMENTS

South Asia Zhao Ziyang has expressed China's hope that through friendly consultations based on Regional co.operation strengthened equality and mutual benefit, re- lations among the South Asian countries will improve and co- HE conference of the foreign mote and strengthen collective Operation will gradually be real- T ministers of seven South self-reliance. This is clearly the ized. This will contribute Asian countries-- Bangladesh, best way to seek common pros- greatly to the prosperity and de- Bhutan, India, the Maldives, perity. velopment of tile countries con- Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka The third world countries cerned and will help maintain --adopted a Declaration on have waged a long and persis- the peace and stability of the re- South Asian Regional Co-opera- tent"struggle for the establish- gion. tion (SARC), an Integrated Pro- ment of a new international gramme and a joint communique economic order. Past experience m Ren Yah after two clays (August 1-2) of demonstrates that to change the deliberation in New Delhi. old irrational international eco- This shows that these countries nomic order it is necessary, first Central America intend to actively pursue re- of all, to strengthen unity and gional co-operation in economic co-operation among the develop- Israel expands and social development. It is ing countries, that is, to stress a big event in the history of South-South co-operation. Re- its intervention South Asian relations and will gional co-operation among the help promote the prosperity seven South Asian countries is a SRAEL, which has long serv- and development of each coun- concrete examPle of South- I ed US interests in the Mid- try and consolidate peace and South co-operation and is a dle East, is now shipping arms stability in the region. practical step towards the es- to pro-US insurgents in Central Since May 12, 1980, when the tablishment of a new interna- America, at the specific request President of Bangladesh, the tional economic order. of the US Government. late Ziaur Rahman, suggested Although problems and dis- A senior officer of the Reagan to the leaders of South Asian putes remain in their bilat- administration was quoted by a countries that a South Asian eral relations due to the colo- US newspaper on July 21 as say- summit conference be held' to nialist legacy and hegemonist ing that at the request of the discuss ways of increasing co-- intervention, the countries of United States Israel has agreed operation among them, a series South Asia want to live in har- to ship weapons captured during of negotiations have produced mony and, with the develop- its incursion into Lebanon last decisions to co-operate in a ment of regional co-operation, year to anti-government ele- wide range of fields covering the peoples of these countries ments of ~icaragua. agriculture, rural development, will enhance mutual under- health and population control, Israeli arms supply to Central standing and trust in each telecommunications, communi- America can be traced back to other and will solve their dis- cations and transport, science 1976, when it began to sell its putes through consultations in and technology, meteorology, Merkara! tanks and Kfir C2 the interests of .regional peace sports and culture. Organiza- aircraft to the region. In an ar- and stability. tions to facilitate co-operation ticle early this year, Lebanon's hhve also been established. China and the South Asian French-language weekly Nou- The declaration adopted by countries are all third world veau Magazine said the Israeli this foreign ministers' confer- countries and close neighbours. arms supply to Central America ence outlines the following ob- China has friendly relations "plays a supplementary role to jectives of SARC: To promote with these countries and has US actions" and Israel "will pro- the welfare of their peoples;to expressed appreciation and sup- vide support when Washington, accelerate economic growth, so- port for the efforts of the seven for political reasons, finds it in- cial progress and cultural devel- countries to strengthen their convenient to support a (pro-US) opment in the region: to pro- mutual co-operation. Premier regime."

IO Beijing Review, No. 33 With the present escalation of support to Nicaraguan rebels. employment in state organs military involvement in Central decreased sharply. However, This expansion of Israeli mili- America, the US Government they are still strong in business tary intervention from the Mid- has found a new role in the re- and finance and this rankles the dle .East to Central America gion for its old friend, Israel. A Sinhalese. The Tamils, on the must be watched closely. These US government official made other hand, complain that they actions will certainly be con- no bones about it when he said are discriminated against in the demned by world public opinion that what prompted the United country. and will further isolate both States to ask Israel to assume Israel and the United States this role is the Reagan adminis- from the world community. Separatist Movement tration's desire to circumvent Following the growing activi- congressional vetoes of secret -- Tang Tianri ties of the Tamil Tiger guerrilla organization in May, the call Sri Lanka for a separate Tamil state in the north of the country has Roots of recent ethnic violence become louder and louder. The Tamil Tiger has engaged in IDESPREAD ethnic riots by the British colonialists to guerrilla attacks on the govern- W have recently plagued Sri work the British rubber plan- ment, and the government has Lanka, including Colombo, the tations on the island. In the announced a state of emergency capital. Rioters have burned 1950s, the descendants of the and implemented a policy of and looted shops and houses, Indian Tamils numbered 1 mil- chasing and capturing guerrilla most of which belong to the lion, accounting for about 60 members. On July 23, a mili- minority Tamil people. Incom- per cent of the country's total tary truck was ambushed and 13 plete reports list nearly 300 work force and 80 per cent of Sinhalese soldiers were killed dead in the clashes between the the plantation workers. in Jaffna, an attack believed to two ethnic groups, Sinhalese After independence, the Sri have been carried out by Tamil and Tamils. Thousands of Lankan Government granted guerrillas fighting for a homeless and huge economic citizenship only to those Taraiis separate state. Members of the losses have made the govern- who had lived in the country majority Sinhalese population ment's task of restoring order for more than two generations. sought revenge for the ambush, difficult. Later, India and Sri Lanka triggering off riots throughout Similar riots in 1977 left 200 signed two agreements to re- the country. dead. In 1979 and in 1981, the patriate about 500,000 Indian Since Junius Jayewardene country was twice brought to Tamils to India. However, the became President in 1977, he the brink of ethnic violence. agreements have not been car- has pursued a policy of national The ethnic problem in Sri ried out completely and there concord. He declared that Sin- Lanka has deep historical rootsl are still half a million Tamils in hala and Tamil were to be the Sri Lanka who remain stateless national languages of Sri Lanka Tamil Minority today. (though Sinhala remained the Roughly 70 per cent of Sri Long-term contradictions official language) and he Lanka's 15 million people are have existed between the Sin- abolished the official distinc- Buddhist Sinhalese, and 20 per halese and Tamils in employ- tion between citizens by descent cent are Hindu Tamils who are ment, wages, housing and edu- and citizens by registration, originally from southern India. cation. A major source of Sin- thus removing the stigma of More than half of the latter halese hostility was the fact second-class citizenship attach- came to the island in ancient that although the Tamils were ed to the latter. However, the times. These indigenous Tamils, a minority, they occupied high internecine antagonism between or Sri Lankan Tamils, mainly positions in the admi.nistrative the two ethnic groups has never live in the northern and eastern agencies and in business during stopped. parts of the country with Jaffna the rule of Britain. After the na- Early last month, President as their informal capital, also a tion's independence from Brit- Jayewardene finally hinted that centre of recent disturbances. ain in 1948, special considera- he would take resolute meas- The remainng Tamils, or Indian tion was given to Sinhalese em- ures to eliminate the terror4sts. •Tamils, were brought from the ployment in government posi- Calling for an end to the na- sub-continent in the early 1900s tions. On the contrary, Tamil tionwide division and violence,

August 15, 1983 11 INTERNATIONAL REPORTS AND COMMENTS

the President said the Sri Lanka taken to control the situation colonialist struggle of its p~o- Government has decided that in Jaffna District, and later, ple. The. Polisario, formed in the separatist movement not be sent its Foreign Minister Nara- May 1973, actively opposed allowed to spread. He an- shimha Rao to Sri Lanka to Spain's colonial rule in its early nounced that those who advo- exchange views with Sri Lan- days. cate the division of the country kan leaders. India's Prime Under the pressure of the in- would be stripped of their "civil Minister Iadira Gandhi sought ternational decolonization rights. to ease the tension when she movement, Spain signed a tri- told a news conferencei "We The government then issued partite agreement with Morocco are against any secessionist a decree banning three political and Mauritania in Madrid in movement in any sovereign parties, the People's Liberation November 1975, ending Spanish country. India ... does .not Front, the Nava Lanka Sama rule in Western Sahara. Samaja Party and the Com- want to interfere in the in- munist Party of Sri La.nka. A ternal affairs of any other coun- Both Morocco and Mauritania minister of state declared that try." But in Madras, capital of have claimed sovereignty over "the present situation in the southern India's Tamil Nadu this area. After Spain withdrew country is not merely a Sin- State, demonstrations have its last troops from Western hala-Tamil riot. It is a deeper taken place demanding that the Sahara, the two countries dis- conspiracy, part of a major plot Indian Government intervene. patched their troops to ~the to overthrow the government" Resolution of the Tamil prob- northern and southern parts of of which the chief planners lem which has led to blood- this region. Algeria opposed were "foreign elements" and shed on several occasions will the division of Western Sahara certain political parties. take time and will need support by Morocco and Mauritania, and supported independence for In New Delhi, the Indian and understanding both at home and abroad. Western Sahara through self- Government earlier expressed determination under the Poli- its concern over the measures -- Ren Wenhu~ sario. Under the leadership of the Polisari0, the Saharan Arab Africa Democratic Republic was found- ed on February 27, 1976, with the support of Algeria. This Tensions rise in Western Sahara resulted in frequent fighting between the Polisario and Mo- IGHTING between the of its tanks and 41 of its rocco and Mauritania, and both F Moroccan Royal Army and military vehicles. Morocco and Mauritania sever- the guerrilla forces of the West- ed diplomatic relations with Observers believe that Poli- ern Sahara People's Liberation Algeria. sario guerrillas reopened attacks Front (Polisario) has erupted on the Moroccan'. army in the again since early July. A re- When the Daddah govern- hope of forcing Morocco to hold ported 3,000 Polisario guerr{lla ment was toppled by a military direct talks with them on the force launched a large-scale coup in July 1978, Mauritania Western Sahara issue. attack on Moroccan positions in abandoned its claim to sov- M'sied, north of Smara, on July ereignty over Western Sahara, 10. This was the biggest con- Background and withdrew its troops. The flict since July 1982. The. Moroccan troops rapidly oc- Maghreb Arab Press reported The Western Sahara issue is cupied the whole of Western that Polisario guerrillas in 150 a historical question left over Sahara. military vehicles and tanks late from long years of colonial rule. last month attacked Moroccan In 1884, Spain occupied West- The fighting in Western positions in M'sied. The pres~ ern Sahara and in 1958 annexed Sahara has caused g1~eat losses release said that Moroccan it as a Spanish province. Mo- to all parties concerned. Many troops had repulsed Polisario rocco, Mauritania and Algeria African and Arab countries attacks and had destroyed three have all supported the anti- have made great efforts to seek

12 Beijing Review, No. 33 a reasonable settlement of some African countries worry stepped up their efforts to the Western Sahara question about the future of the region. settle this issue. through peaceful negotiations. Leaders of many countries and The UN and the OAU have also parties concerned recently have -- Zhong Tai supported self-determination for the Western Saharan people. Nigeria A resolution on the Western Sahara issue was adopted in June at the 19th OAU Summit General elections get under way in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The resolution urges the parties to HE Nigerian general elec- of a Senate and a House of Rep- the conflict, Morocco and the T tions began on August 6 and resentatives, and the president Polisario Front, to undertake thousands of voters flocked to is directly elected from among direct negotiations to achieve a polling stations throughout the the presidential candidates of ceasefire and create the neces- country to elect one of the six legal parties. sary conditions for a peaceful presidential candidates. This There are six registered polit- and fair referendum for self- year's elections, including the ical parties in Nigeria at pres- determination in Western Sa- election of president, governors, ent, but the competition is ac- hara. senators, members of the house tually between Shagari, the of representatives and state presidential candidate of the assemblies, will be completed Deadlock ruling National Party, and on September 3. This is the Obafemi Awolowo, the candi- However, no progress has first general election held by date of the biggest opposition been made on implementing the the civilian government since party, the Unity Party. OAU resolution in the past six 1979 when the military junta weeks. A meeting on imple- returned power to the citizens. The National Party has a wide menting the OAU resolution foundatk n throughout the scheduled for July 20 failed to N~geria won its independence country and exercises the power materialize, and the Western on October 1, 1960, and the Fed- of the government so it has an Sahara issue remains unsolved. eral Republic of Nigeria was advantage in the elections. The proclaimed on October 1, 1963. Unity Party, the People'.s Party Morocco still refuses to recog- However, the Federal Republic and the factions of the Greater nize the Polisario or hold talks was overthrown by the military Nigeria People's Party and the with it. Before visiting Algeria, only two years after it was People's Redemption Party Tunisian President Habib Bour- formed. Military juntas then which opposed the party in guiba announced in May that controlled Nigeria for 13 years. power last year have formed Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria On October 1, 1979, the military an alliance which makes the would hold a summit, but the government ledby Olusegun outcome of this election uncer- meeting has not been convened. Obasanjo voluntarily handed tain. In a recent TV speech Moroc- over power to the government As the elections progressed, can King Hassan II Said that of the National Party which won frequent conflicts among the to solve the Western Sahara is- the general elections, and A1- parties have occurred. In mid- sue, a referendum will be held haji Shehu Shagari was elected June President Shagari called in Western Sahara at the end president. Thus emerged Ni- the leaders of the six parties to of this year, but he stressed that geria's second Federal Republic. a meeting and worked out con- no matter what the results crete measures to guarantee were, no one could force Mo- In accordance with the current peaceful, free and fair elections. rocco to hand Western Sahara Constitution of Nigeria, the over to the Polisario. His English-style parliamentary de- The outcome of the elections speech aroused strong resent- mocracy of the first Federal will not only have a significant ment from the Polisario, which Republic has been replaced with effect on Nigerian society and led to the recent armed clashes a presidential system. The the economy, but is likely to between the Polisario and legislative, judicial and execu- make some impact on the Afri- Moroccan troops. tive powers are separate. Leg- can countries south of the The deadlock over the West- islative powers are vested in Sahara. ern Sahara issue has made a National Assembly consisting --A Q~

August 15, 1983 13 The "Two-Whatever" Policy Does Not Accord With Marxism

(May 24, 1977)

Deng Xiaoping

A FEW days ago, when two leading comrades question, a question of whether or not we can of the General Office of the Party Central persevere in historical materialism. One should Committee came to see me, I told them that approach this qu~tion in the way advocated by the "two-whatever" policy 1 will not do. In ac- Comrade if one is a thoroughgoing cordance with this doctrine, my rehabilitation materialist. Marx and Engels did not put for- is unjustifiable, and it is likewise unjustifiable ward any "whatever" doctrine, nor did Lenin to affirm that the activities of the broad masses and Stalin, nor did Comrade Mao Zedong him- of people at Tian An Men Square in 1976 were self '~. I told the two leading comrades of the "reasonable ''2. For us to apply what Comrade Central Committee's General Office that, in my Mao Zedong said on one particular question to letter to the Central Committee of April 10 this another, to apply what he said in one particular year, I proposed that "from generation to place to another, to apply what he said at one generation, we guide our whole Party, whole particular time to another, or to apply what army and the people of the whole country with he said under one particular condition to the accurate and comprehensive Mao Zedong another--all this certainly will not work! Thought, so as to push forward victoriously the Comrade Mao Zedong himself said on several cause of the Party and socialism and the cause occasions that some of his own statements were of the international communist movement." It wrong. He said that no one can avoid making was after lengthy consideration that I made mistakes so long as he works, and that Marx, this proposal. Mao Zedong Thought is an ideo- Engels, Lenin and Stalin all made mistakes, for logical system. Comrade Luo Ronghuan ~ and I otherwise why did they often revise their waged struggles against Lin Biao, criticizing manuscripts time and again? The reason they him for vulgarizing Mao' Zedong Thought in- did so was precisely that some of their original stead of regarding it as a system. When we say viewpoints were not completely correct, not we should hold aloft our banne r , we mean pre- so perfect or not so accurate. Comrade Mao cisely that we should study and apply this ideo- Zedong also said that he himself had made logical system of Mao Zedong Thought. mistakes too, that there has never been a person whose statements are all correct or who is ab- NOTES solutely correct all the time. He said that if. one 1. The "two-whatever" policy refers to the is given an assessment of 70 per cent for achieve- statement that "we will resolutely uphold whatever ments and 30 per cent for mistakes, that will policy decisions Chairman Mao made, and un- be quite all right; and that he himself would be swervingly follow whatever instructions Chairman very glad and satisfied if future generations Mao gave," a statement contained in the joint editorial, entitled "Study the Documents Well and could give him such a "70-30 evaluation" after Grasp the Key Link," of Renmin Ribao, the journal his death. This is an' important theoretical Hongqi and Jiefangjun Bao on February 7. 1977. 2. This is a criticism of , then Excerpts from a talk with two other central Chairman of the CPC Central Committee, for his leading comrades. Here is an unofficial translation. mistake of sticking to the "two-whatever" policy

14 Beijing Review, No. 33 in his speech at the central working conference of verdicts' was carried out according to the great March 1977. In 1975, Deng Xiaoping, with the leader Chairman Mao's decision, and the criticism support of Mao Zedong, took charge of the work was indispensable," and that "there were indeed of the Party Central Committee and began straight- a handful of counter-revolutionaries" who "fabri- ening things out in the various fields, thus bring- cated the counter-revolutionary Tian An Men ing about a marked turn for the better in the Incident." However, he had to say that it was domestic situation. But, Mao Zedong, who could necessary to "let Comrade Deng Xiaoping come out not bear to accept Deng Xiaoping's systematic cor- to work at an opportune moment," and that "it rection of the mistakes of the "cultural revolution," was reasonable that the masses went to Tian An launched late that year the so-called movement Men Square during the Qingming Festival to mourn "to criticize Deng Xiaoping and counter the Right for the late Premier Zhou." Here, Deng Xiaoping deviationist trend to reverse correct verdicts." In pointed out the inconsistencies in Hua Guofeng's January 1976, passed away. Around the speech and criticized the mistake of the "two- Qingming (Clear and Bright) Festival, April 4 of whatever" policy, In July 1977, the Third Plenary the same year, mass movements broke out in Bei- Session of the 10th Party Central Committee jing and many other cities to mourn for the late adopted a resolution, restoring Deng Xiaoping to Zhou Enlai, oppose the and show dis- aI1 his posts inside and outside .the Party. In approval of the criticism of Deng Xiaoping. The December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the gang of four did their utmost to suppress the revolu- llth Party Central Committee criticized the mistake tionary activities of the masses. On April 5, large of the "two=whatever" policy, decided to cancel the numbers of people took action in protest at Tian erroneous documents issued by the Central Com- An Men Square in Beijing. At the time, the mittee on the movement to "counter the Right Political Bureau of the Party Central Committee deviationist trend to reverse correct verdicts" and and Mao Zedong made a wrong assessment of the on the Tian An Men Incident, and solemnly an- Tian An Men Incident, regarding it as counter- nounced the rehabilitation of Deng Xiaoping and revolutionary, and dismissed Deng Xiaoping from the reversal of the assessment of the Tian An Men all his posts inside and outside the Party. After Incident. the smashing of the gang of four, the masses of 3. This sentence means that none of them people, inside and outside the Party, strongly Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin and Mao Zedong ~ said demanded that Deng Xiaoping be rehabilitated and that whatever he said or did was absolutely correct that the assessment of the Tian An Men Incident and could never be altered. be reversed. Hua Guofeng stuck to the "two- 4. Luo Ronghuan (1902-63), native of Heng- .whatever" policy in his speech at the central work- shan, Hunan Province, was at the time Member of ing conference of March 1977, stating that "the the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee movement 'to criticize Deng Xiaoping and counter and Director of the General PoIitical Department the Right deviationist trend to reverse correct of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.

For Mutual Understanding and World Peace

These are not easy times for the relations between nations. The many and complex unsettled issues have set in motion a constant, queasy un- certainty about what the future will bring. Yet however high tensions may mount in state relations, the peoples share a common desire ]or mutual understanding and for peace. So it is for the enduring ]riendship that has been ]orged between the peoples of China and the United States on both sides of the Pacific. The US-China Peoples F~iendship Association goes to its Ninth Na- tional Convention in Los Angeles in early September with a proud record o] signi]icant contributions to people-to-people friendships. In the present turbulent world situation and political climate, it ]aces many new problems and challenges.

We have great con]idence that. the USCPFA will continue to be an essential link between our two peoples. As a tribute to its work and a salute to its convention, we are publishing a message from Wang Birtgnan, President of the Chinese People's Association for Friendghip With Foreign Countries, a story about a specific 35-year-old US-China friendship, and a tribute to the late Mary Dimond, president of the Edgar Snow Fund. m Ed.

August 15, 1983 15 A Salute to USCPFA

by Wang Bingnan

HE US-China People's Friendship Associa- associations also have helped establish friendly T tion (USCPFA) is the largest American na- relations between American states and China's tional people's friendship organization with provinces or between the two countries' cities. China. After friendly contacts between the These activities help an increasing number of peoples of China and the United States were Americans to keep abreast of events in China initiated in 1971, scores of US-China friendship and enhance friendship between the two peo- societies were organized across America. At ples. the end of August 1974, th~se organizations Since its founding, the USCPFA ha~, estab- convened the First National Convention in Los lished contacts with the Chinese PeQple's As- Angeles and founded the USCPFA. The na- sociation for .Friendship With Foreign Coun- tional organization has embodied the friendship tries. For more than a decade, close contacts and sincere sentiments of the American people and co-operation have existed between our two towards the Chinese people and played a posi- organizations, and friendly ties have grown tive role in the promotion of friendship and steadily. mutual understanding between the two peoples. The Chinese people and the American peo- The USCPFA has accomplished a great ple are great peoples who have a tradition of deal. It has sponsored many educational activ- friendship. Prior to the normalization of re- ities in the United States about China such as lations between the two countries, our two peo- showing of Chinese films and slides, conducting ples surmounted numerous difficulties to find symposiums and lectures, holding exhibitions channels for contact and to promote mutual and publishing journals and pamphlets. understanding. We are extremely pleased to see It has organized many kinds of delegations that contacts between the two peoples have to China, thus enabling the Americans to gain greatly developed in recent years and have personal knowledge of China; it also has helped played an increasingly important role. No China's visiting scholars and students studying matter what happens in the future, contacts and in the United States to solve the difficulties friendship between our two peoples will con- they encounter. tinue to develop. The USCPFA, in co-ordination with other The USCPFA will convene its Ninth Na- organizations, often receives visiting Chinese tional Convention in Los Angeles on September delegations as well as recommending teachers 3 to 5 this year. We wish the convention success. or experts to work in China. Some regional []

A Testimony to Friendship

by Our Correspondent Zhou Zheng

HIS fading picture was taken 39 years ago. College. He was an interpreter at the time, T Some people in it are long dead. But those and he told me the whole story. who are still'alive, both Chinese and Americans, On August 20, 1944, an armada of US B-29 cherish an unforgettable memory of that past Superfortresses were returning to base in experience. .I chanced to see this picture at Chengdu, China, after a daylight raid on Yama- the home of Liu Yang, second from the left, ta, the "Pittsburg of Japan." One B-29 had whose name now is Cao Yifeng, a senior re- been showing signs of trouble, but the crew search officer of the Chinese People's Air Force thought the plane was in good enough shape

16 Beijing Review, No. 33 William Savoie (fifth from left) and Liu Yang {second from left), then interpreter.

to make the trip back. Then, after nightfall, and men. Nevertheless no efforts were spared the B-29 caught fire, and Lieutenant Colonel for the well-being of the American friends. Savoie, the pilot, ordered his crew to bail out. Eggs, chicken and bacon were bought from the Five of the 12 crewmen landed safely in one peasants, and what was more difficult, milk of the Liberated Areas. Six were missing and powder and coffee were bought from the Jap- one was captured by the Japanese. At dawn anese occupied cities. Even such ':luxuries" some militiamen found the 5 red-faced big- as a basketball and playing cards were found nosed foreigners in haystacks and paddy-fields, for them. Division Commanders Su Yu and and escorted them to a local New 4th Army Zhang Yunyi paid them a courtesy call in base. person.

Liu Yang recalled that stitched on the On Oct. 14 of that year, they were handed backs of their flying-jackets were Chinese over to the 's 5th Army, after nego- characters saying: "We are Americans who tiations between the 's came to China to join the fight against the Central Committee in Yanan and the Kuomin- Japanese. Please give us your help." Being tang government in Chongqing had been com- a remote area in the northern part of pleted. When they said farewell, the Ameri- Province, the place had rarely seen any for- cans expressed their desire to visit China again eigners. But people turned out in large num- some day in the future. bers to greet the foreign guest~, bringing with them whatever food they had. An old peasant This desire was fulfilled over 30 years woman brought with her all the eggs she had later. In 1979 two .of the men, William Savoie saved for her daughter to eat after childbirth. and Ernest Brundage, came to China for the second time with a tourist group. In requesting After they rested for two weeks, the five Chinese visas for the trip, they said they hoped lucky survivors were escorted to the General they could meet anyone connected with their HQs of the New 4th Army, where they were 1944 rescue. I really marvel at how the China accommodated in several newly white-washed international Travel Service managed to locate rooms in the homes of the local peasants. Two Liu Yang, now using his own name, Cao Yi- orderlies, two bodyguards and an interpreter feng. When the American guests landed at were assigned to look after them. Beijing Airport. Liu Yang was in a small group At that time, the New 4th Army was fight- of Chinese who greeted them. So deep were ing the Kuomintang blockade as well as the the impressions left by the five-week-long Japanese. Life was very hard for both officers friendship 35 years earlier that they immediately

August 15, 1983 17 recognized each other, even though the then 1944 and made many new friends. During their strapping young men now had greying temples stay in Beijing, Yue Daiheng, then chief of the and white Streaks in their hair. China International Travel Service, gave a banquet in their honour, which was highlighted The two foreign friends were cordially re- by the presence of the commanding officers of ceived once again. They travelled the length the Chinese People's Air Force, Gen. Cao "Li- and breadth of the country, were able to meet huai, Deputy Commander, and Gen. Huang seven people connected with their rescue in Liqing, Deputy Political Commissar. []

Mary Clark Dimond (1918--1983)

The news of the untimely death of Mary Clark Dimond on June 9 in Kansas City, Kansas, was received with great sadness by many people in China. Those who knew her personally were deeply grieved at the loss of a long-standing,' loyal friend of the Chinese people. Huang Hua, now Vice-Chairman Of the Standing Committee of the National People's Con- gress, and Wang Bingnan, President of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship With Foreign Countries, were among those who sent condo- lences to her family. Mrs. Dimond was the president oJ the Edgar Snow Fund Inc., at the University of Missouri~Kansas City and initiated a programme for Chinese scholars to do research and teaching at the university. She also establish- ed the university's Edgar Snow collection honouring the Kansas Cit~ journalist of worldwide fame who wrote about the Chinese revolution in progress. Mrs. Dimond accomplished many other things in her active life. In her later years, she developed her skills as a versatile photographer. The following poem was submitted to us by Cecile M. Franking, a writer and wife of the noted American neurosurgeon, William Q. Wu. The Wus have long been active in the USCPFA. ~ Ed.

"Mary Clark Dimond has done more for US-Chiaese understanding than all the ambassadors put together." --Leonard Woodcock, first US Ambassador to the PRC

Her endless vision she handled reality M encompassed the world images exact diffuse as sunlight, as her stark photographs- its force was love composing events, its goal was peace. trusting world leaders, In the path of her father, who came at her call with her hand in her husband's, to attest to her goal she bridged US and China and affirm her world vision. softly in manner She cannot be dead. the essence of grace.

Mary Clark Dimond. Yet with steely precision --Cecile M. Franking 18 Beijing Review, No, 33 FEATURE/LEGAL SYSTEM

Legislative and judiciary work in China

by Our Correspondent ZhangZhiye

The following three articles give a general Civil Procedure, the new Elec- description of China's legal system. Future develop- toral Law, the Organic Law Of ments in this field will be covered by our later issues the LocalPeople's Congresses from time to time. b Ed. and People's Governments, the Organic Law of the People's Courts, the Organic Law of the New developments People's Procuratorates, the new Marriage Law and the Na- tionality Law: C HINA'S legal system has vide a series of laws to govern been strengthened since social behaviour. In 1979 the People's congresses and their 1979. The new Constitution Committee of Legislative Af- standing committees at the pro- adopted by the Fifth Session of fairs was established under the vincial level also have formu- the Fifth National People's Standing Committee of the Na- lated local laws and regulations. Congress in 1982 represented an tional People's Congress to cqn- important step towards the sider legislative matters. Since A number of new laws are establishment of a complete then, the National People's being drafted, including one On Congress and its Standing Com- socialist legal system. In the the inheritance Of property. meantime, legislative and judi- mittee, the State Council and its cial work also entered a new ministries and commissions have Acting on the provisions of period of development. enacted or approved 700 laws, the recently adopted Constitu- decrees and regulations. tion, the legislative department Legislation They include the Criminal has made amendments or added An important function of a Law, the Law of Criminal Pro- new Stipulations to laws govern- socialist legal system is to pro- cedure, the Provisional Law of ing state agencies such as the

The Beijing Municipal Intermediate People's Court hears a criminal case.

August 15, 1983 19 FEATURE/LEGAL SYSTEM

Song Sufeng (handcuffed) was sentenced to 18 months of im- prisonment for libel by the Hangzhou City People's Court for publicly slandering a young woman to prevent the woman, who subsequently drowned herself in a river, from marrying her son.

Organic Law of the National legal system, and the work of An important duty of the peo- People's Congress, the Organic lawyers and notaries. ple's court is to handle appeals Law of the State Council, the and protect the citizen's right The principles governing the Organic Law of the Local Peo- to appeal through passing judg- judicial organs in China are: ple's Congresses and People's ment. China's courts have heard The people's courts exercise Governments and the Electoral many appeals--180,600 in 1982 judicial power independently Law for the Na.tional People's alone~ and the people's procuratorates Congress and Local People's exercise procuratorial power in' For a while, it was not un- Congresses. These laws were dependently. The public security common for people from all amended only when it ~ was departments, the procuratorates over ihe country to travel to necessary so that the overall and the courts work in close coo Beijing to plead their cases. stability of the law is main- ordination~ and check on each Consequently, the Supreme Peo- tained. other's work. In this way ef- ple's Court convened a meeting ficiency is raised, miscarriages in April 1982, at which opinions of justice prevented and the were worked out on such cases The Judiciary correct implementation of the before forwarding them to the law ensured. local courts concerned. Judicial organs have been Since 1978, the people's courts With the improvement of the established at all levels. The have re-examined 1.2 million legal system and judicial work, number of judicial workers in- criminal cases mostly from the the number of appeals contest- creased from 90,000 in 1978 to "cultural revolution" period ing the judgment of first 300,000 in 1982. Economic (1966-76) and have reversed the instance has dwindled. tribunals have been set up by verdicts on 31,000 of them. The .people's procuratorates, the Supreme People's Court, the while handling cases forwarded higher people's courts and nearly During the same period, the by public security bureaus, now 300 intermediate people's courts. courts also have tried 620,000 counter-revolutionary and other also directly accept and inves- tigate more cases than before. Lawyers and notaries and criminal cases, passed Their achievements in investiga- their organizations have been judgments on 1.77 million civil tion are particularly striking in restored. Central, provincial, cases and settled 16,000 the drive to crack-down on prefectural and county govern- cases of economic disputes. serious economic offences. ments have'set up departments These cases were generally comq of justice to take care of legal pleted within the period of time In the first 10 months of education and publicizing the prescribed by law. lg82, people's procura-

20 Beijing Review, No. 33 FEATURE/LEGAL SYSTEM torates at the provincial level Protecting the Economy (2,630 mm in a few places) in and special procuratorates of the the 45 years between 1921 and military and railways accepted A saliant feature in China's 1965, an average of 40 mm a 55,300 cases of corruption and efforts to develop its legal year. Two laws were enacted bribery, 35,500 of which have system is the employment of in 1961 and 1963 to govern the been filed for investigation. Of legal means to boost and pro- tapping of subterranean water, the 20,200 cases that have been tect the economy. Since !979, and two more were added in investigated, 12,300 have been China has enacted 260 economic 1979 and 1982 to limit the forwarded to the people's courts laws and regulations. Eleven of amount of water tapped, which for prosecution. In this process, them were adopted and promul - basically • ended the subsidence. they retrieved 76.2 million yuan gated by the National People's Now sinking of ground has been of losses for the state. Congress and its Standing Com- reduced to • 3-5 mm and in some mittee. They include the Law places the ground has risen Publicizing the legal system is on Joint Ventures Using Chi- slightly because of the increase seen as a means to prevent nese and Foreign Investment, of subterranean water. crime. Some people's procura- the Law .Governing Economic torates take no legal proceeding Contracts, the Income Tax Law Legal means have also pro- against those who commit minor Concerning Foreign Enterprises, m0ted economic reforms. In the offenses that do not constitute the Law Governing the Protec: Shenzhen Special Economic criminal offenses, but instead tion of Marine Environment and Zone in Guangdong Province, give them a chance to reform the Trade Mark Law. the laws on the construction of themselves through education. special economic zones guided At present some new laws are systematic reforms in the man- In the 1980-82 period, 289 being drafted, including the law agement of foreign exchange, people in Wuxi in the south on planning, the law governing foreign affairs, the market, the China province of Jiangsu were mineral resources, the land law, border area and transport and treated leniently because their the labour law, the grasslands communications. These have misdeeds were not terribly law, the customs law, the patent curbed smuggling and trade in serious or because they had law and the regulations govern- contraband goods among some shown repentance. Of these, ing state industrial enterprises. enterprises and individuals. 209 were not arrested, 53 were exempted from prosecution and The Economic Law Research In 1982, despite the recession no charge was filed against 27. Centre of the State Council has of the world economy, Shenzhen Some of them were placed in a developed a plan for more eco- imported 19.4 per cent more programme for regular educa- nomic laws in the 1982-86 foreign investment projects tion and examination. As a re- period. The economic legislation than in the previous year. Com- sult, 44 per cent of them con- is intended to shore up the pared with 1981, investment by fessed and improved their be- state's leadership, organization foreign businesses rose 163.5 per haviour; 45.5 per cent began to and management of the socialist cent; total industrial output take their own misconduct economy. It is also designed to value increased 47.8 per cent; seriously but sometimes waver- enable state agencies to better total agricultural income rose ed; 8per cent did not really ac- use objective economic laws in 8.6 per cent; and foreign ex- cept that they had done anything guiding economic construction, change income shot up 77.6 per wrong or even committed other consolidate the results gained cent. small offenses; and 2 per cent during restructuring economic went on to commit crimes and system, facilitate China's eco- were arrested. nomic exchanges with foreign Training Judicial Personnel countries and speed up the At present China has 11 To prevent crimes, the judicial development of economic con- schools that provide on-the- departments help local people struction. draw up codes of conduct and job-training for judicial cadres. rules for maintaining social Economic laws have helped Ten mo.re such schools will be order, and make suggestions to solve many problems in eco- established. In the last few government agencies and enter- nomic construction. For exam- years, 70,000 judicial cadres prises to improve their manage- ple, due to increasing tapping across the country have reo ment. They also help the units of subterranean water for in- ceived professional training, where crimes have taken place dustrial use, Shanghai's ground 11,000 are currently being to adopt remedial measures. sank an average of 1,760 mm trained, and more are enrolled

August 15, 1983 2! FEATURE/LEGAL SYSTEM in correspondence and TV train- Ministry of Education, this some sought both counsel and ing programmes. group has put together 54 text- aid. books and related reference In the 1950s, China had four books, totalling 17 million One septuagenarian, for institutes of political science and words, on the fundamentals of example, was having trouble law in addition to four univer- jurisprudence, the history of paying his bills because his two sity law departments. Today legal system, and criminal law, sons refused to provide for him. the China University of Political law of procedure, civil law and He poured out his grievances to Science and Law offers a wide international law. Based on a lawyer at one of the booths range of courses. The Zhongnan these textbooks, 14 concise ver- and asked anxiously what he Institute of Political Science and sions have been edited for should do. The lawyer told him Law will soon be established, secondary law education and that his sons' actions were in and law departments have been the training of judicial staff. violation of the Marriage Law. opened in 22 universities. The lawyer suggested that his Moreover, a number of secon- The textbooks provided vir- first step should be to approach dary law schools and spare-time tually all the major teaching the leaders of his sons' work- law schools have sprung up. materials needed by both re- places and ask for assistance in quired and elective courses in getting them to comply with the A group of 300 experts began law departments. One-third law. "If that fails, you can sue in July 1980 to compile teaching of the textbooks were edited for them," he said. materials for legal education. the first time since the found- Under the co-leadership of the ing of the People's Republic in Street publicity work is but Ministry of Justice and the 1949. one of the many forms Shang- hai uses to disseminate know- ledge of the law. According to a leader of the Shanghai Munic- ipal Bureau of Justice, most Shanghai publicizes the legal system criminal cases involve mainly larceny (there are only a small number of cases of murder and N April 17 this year, 500 publicize the socialist legal robbery) and tragic results of judicial workers-- police- system. O intensified contradictions among men, judges, procurators and the people. He concluded that lawyers--took to the streets of Of the 3,500 people received through preventive work these Shanghai where they set up in that single day, many asked crimes can be vastly reduced. more than 30 advisory booths to informational questions, but The publicity of legal system aimed, said the official, at helping the citizens observe the law, prevent crimes and super- vise the correct law enforcement.

Showcases and Exhibitions

Glass-front wooden showcases are another popular form used in Shanghai to publicize the legal system. Set up in front of public security bureaus, courts and procuratorates of the Shanghai municipality and its various districts and counties, these showcases display ex- planations of laws and criminal cases, and include photos and illustrations and sometimes self- critical articles by law-breakers. Beijing legal workers give advice to citizens on the street. Similar showcases also line the

22 Beijing Review, No. 33 FEATURE/LEGAL SYSTEM major streets. All told, Shang- hai has 230 such public bulletin boards. It is not uncommon to see people crowding before them avidly reading the dis- played materials. In the neighbeurhoods, state law is explained on "black- board newspapers" while vil- lagers on the outskirts of Shang- hai learn the meaning of law through public address net- works. Exhibitions are often held in parks, cultural palaces and li- braries focusing on one particu- lar topic. They usually include pictures, explanations and Students of the 245 inmates of the Shanghai Munic- ipal Penitentiary who received middle school diplomas on objects. July 30 for studying while serving their terms. Not long ago, Shanghai held an exhibition entitled "Learn themselves in. A sock mill dissuade her father. The uncle's This Lesson Taught by Blood manager, for example, confessed action of maltreating grandma How Contradictions Within the to the local procuratorate that violated the law, she told him, People, When Running Beyond he had taken 3,000 yuan in but on no account should the Control, Can Result in Murders bribes. family, physically attack him, and Injuries." for that is a violation of the law. The right thing to do Aided by 200 photographs, the Law Courses in Schools was to sue him at the court, she display explained 58 criminal Education in law has become said. The father did what his cases caused by "little misun- part of the curricula of middle daughter said and the court derstandings," or "petty bicker- schools in Shanghai. Similar les- duly punished the uncle. ing" that arose from strained sons are taught on an experi- marriages, or from love, family Law classes have enabled mental basis in a number of or neighbourhood relations. students to take an interest in primary schools. The courses Some 400,000 people visited the law. In one middle school provide a basic introduction to display. A number of delin- several students formed a law the legal requirements of good quents who attended it told the study group and over 100 teen- citizenship. For instance, some police that they would remem- ages became regular partici- students thought that fighting, ber for ever how their ignorance pants in the!r forums. Some cursing and gambling had noth- of law had led them astray. students already plan to major ing to do with law, the school in law after graduating from An exhibition on opposing used crimes that resulted from middle school. corruption and bribery jointly fights and gambling to show the relationship between law and sponsored by the Shanghai Peo- Publicity Geared to ple's Procuratorate and the morality. Court Trials Shanghai Municipal Trade Some students take their les- Union Council received 430,000 Trials are not merely design- sons to heart. One good ex- viewers in three months from ed to punish criminals but to ample is a 14-year-old junior 3,900 factories, enterprises, educate the public. middle school girl. Her uncle government organizations and abused and maltreated her All trials in China are open schools. Citizens from neigh- grandmother. Her father (her to the public except when state bouring cities such as Suzhou, uncle's brother) was so angry secrets or privacy are involved. Wuxi and Hangzhou also at- th'at he thought of inflicting an Sometimes loudspeakers are in- tended it. injury on him by way of punish- stalled in the suburbs of Shang- Some law-breakers were so ment. The girl used what she hai to broadcast the court pro- inspired by it that they turned had learnt from the law class to ceedings.

August 15, 1983 23 FEATURE/LEGAL SYSTEM

In the course of handling of knowledge about the legal system in shambles," he ex- criminal cases, judiciary work- system. Operas and dramas are plained. "That is why I feel ers often present formal propo- often staged, and slides shown obligated to use stories to help sals to help departments to plug before a movie starts, to publi- the public understand the law the legal loopholes in their rules cize the law. and regulations. During a rob- and prevent history from re- bery trial, a district court found Law also has become a pop- peating itself." that four such cases had occur- ular topic for local perform- With a total circulation of one red in the same factory in two ing arts such as pingtan (story- years, involving 10,000 yuan. million, the 48-page Minzhu Yu telling and ballad singing in the Investigations showed that the Fazhi (Democracy and the Legal factory management was in Suzhou dialect), Shaoxing opera, System) is a popular magazine disarray and that neither cadres Shanghai opera, comedies and which reports on legal activities nor the workers knew much cross-talks. and related topics. It features about the law and that they did Many cultural palaces present several columns such as "Case not think it was a serious prob - criminal cases as vivid stories Studies," "Forum," "Investiga- lem when factory property was to entertain and educate au- tive Reports," "Notes From stolen. diences. One story teller is a Lawyers" and "Mail Box." bank staff member. Since the The court made a judicial Readers often write to Min- promulgation of the new Con- proposal that the factory should zhu Yu Fazhi for legal advice. stitution, he has developed revamp itself, tighten up its The magazine has solved prob- several new stories such as management and emphasize lems for many a man frustrat- "Saving Money for Young," fostering a strong sense of law ed by a legal dispute. Numerous "An Uncalled-for Lawsuit" and among all those on its payroll. delinq, uents have been per- "1,300 Yuan." Couched in live- The court dispatched its staff suaded by the magazine ar- members to the factory to make ly, humorous language, his ticles to give up crime and have stories spell out the new Con- reports and answer workers' mailed stolen money and ob- questions about law. As a re- stitution from different angles. jects to the editorial depart- sult, theft was basically ter- In three months he spoke at ment, usually with a message minated in that factory. neighbourhoods and schools on promising to turn over a new 45 occasions, entertaining 3,400 leaf. Legal columns also have begun to appear in Shanghai Other Media people. Usually he speaks 12 times a month without asking newspapers. Wen Hui Bao, for In Shanghai, performances for pay. "Like my fellow coun- example, devotes one of its Fri- and publications also serve as trymen, I had enough of the day pages to legal information vehicles for the dissemination gang of four who left the legal and reports.

.... :~ ~it~ ~

A law class at the Nan- yang Model Middle School in Shanghai.

24 Beijing Review, No. 33 FEATURE;LEGAL SYSTEM quarters, her request was deni- An island court ed because her husband refused to agree to end the marriage.

T began as fist fight. Yu, a doings. By a court ruling, Yu's The issue could have been I peasant on Hengsha Island opponent was requested to re- settled at the faraway Baoshan at the estuary of the Chang- turn Yu the money and pay for County court but the wife was jiang River, kicked one of his his own laziness. •too shy to go there. "I couldn't fellow islanders in a furious This case not only saved Yu stand seeing so many strang- quarrel. No permanent injury from going bankrupt but also ers," she said. She even at- was inflicted, but Yu was to boosted the prestige of the tempted suicide. suffer from his impetuous act. court among the islanders. The advent of the island court Today it is handling an increas- His opponent, with the back- gave her hope. She pleaded her ing number of cases. In 1981, it ing of a production brigade case with the court soon after heard twice as many cases as cadre, stayed out of work for its establishment. On the basis had been filed by the islanders six months while demanding with the court ashore in the of fact-finding studies, the "compensation" from Yu. previous year. In 1982, it tried court explained the law to the At the time, Hengsha Island 90 cases, 50 per cent more than man and granted the divorce. had no court. For many years, in 1981. The increase is actual- "The court saved my life," said when anything really serious ly a good thing, showing that the woman. happened, islanders had to go the court has become more ac- some distance ashore to seek The court's good reputation cessible and peasants have set- justice, which was both time- is partly a function of its two tled many long-standing issues. consuming arid costly. staff members' diligent work For example, one peasant Yu knew he had been wrong- style. Transport on the island ed. He felt he had no alterna- woman had been compelled by is primitive and the best means tive but to go to the cadre to her parents to marry a man are bicycles. When they go out protest the latter's decision. she did not love. The marriage to make investigations, they "You should pay," came the soon went sour when it turned often miss meals. They keep answer. So at the end of that out that the man was impotent. receiving clients as late as nine year, 600 yuan was docked from The wife requested a divorce. Yu's income from collective in the evening. Late nights distribution. But when the matter was often find them mediating dis- brought to the commune head- putes among islanders. [] That did not end the story. Yu's opponent, whose greed seemingly knew no bounds, stayed home doing nothing for r~early another year and still insisted that Yu should pay for his "losses." But this time things did not go the way he wished.

It was early 1981 and a court had just been established on the island to serve both Heng- sha and a neighbouring island. Yu lost no time in filing a law- suit.

Before the court, both the other man and the brigade Court staff members in Shanghai's Putuo District handling cadre had to admit their wrong- a neighbourhood dispute.

August 15, 1983 25 raise their pro}etarian conscious- BOOKS ness and unite with the masses for the joint struggle of seizing political power and emancipat- Introduction to ing the proletariat and all other labouring people politically and "Selected Works economically.

of Zhu De" It says the Red Army must Selected Works of Zhu De (in strengthen political training, Chinese) improve military skills and en- force strict discipline.

Published by the People's Pub- "The Course and Lessons to lishing House, Be Drawn From the Great Vic- tories in Huangpi and Dongpi Distributed by China Publica- Battles" was written in May tions Centre (Guoji Shudian), 1933 after the central revolu- P.O. Box 399, tionary base conducted a suc- Price: paperback RMB 1.60 cessful campaign against the yuan, hardcover RMB 4.20 fourth "encirclement and sup- yuan. Zhu De reads out the order of the pression." They adopted the headquarters of the Chinese People's principle of concentrating Liberation Army on October 1, 1943 Selected Works of Zhu De at the founding ceremony of the troops on wiping out enemies edited by the Editorial Com- People's Republic of China. one by one in mobile warfare. mittee on Party Literature The "encirclement and sup- under the.Central Committee of from reality to action. Many of pression" campaign ended in the Chinese Communist Party the articles emphasize the need failure, with three enemy divi- went on sale throughout China to have confidence in the sions wiped out. on August 1 (Army Day). masses, rely on them and be- The article focuses on the come one with them. Comrade Zhu De (1886-1976) tactical reasons for victory and was one of the founders of the points out the Red Army's Chinese people's army and the Second Revolutionary Civil weak points in commanding People's Republic of China. He War (1927-36) and lessons to be drawn. made great contributions to the During the 10 years from "Telegrams on the Battle In- victory of the Chinese people's the Nanchang Uprising in Au- liberation and the cause of volving Four Crossings of the gust 1927 to the end of the Chishui River" contains some socialism. He also made out- Agrarian Revolutionary War in telegrams sent during the battle standing contributions to the 1936, Zhu 'De, together with after an enlarged meeting of formation and development of Mao Zedong, made invaluable the Political Bureau of the Mao Zedong Thought, Mao Ze- contributions to the founding Communist Party Central Com- dong's military thinking in par- and development of the people's ticular. mittee in January 1935 at Zun- army and revolutionary bases. yi in Guizhou Province. At The book contains 65 articles the meeting, the leading posi- Six articles Zhu De wrote --32 published for the first tion of Mao Zedong in the Party during the period are included time -- written between 1931 and in the army was establish- in the Selected Works. and 1962. Many of the articles ed with the election of a new deal with military affairs: the "How to Create an Iron- Central Committee headed by theory of the people's army, Willed Red Army" was written him. Zhu De and other com- people's war and strategy and in July 1931 prior to the third rades assisted Mao Zedong in tactics. Other works present his campaign by the central revo- commanding the battle, which, views on economic work and lutionary base to counter the at a crucial juncture in the Party building. Chiang Kai-shek "encirclement Long March, helped the Red These works are an expres- and suppression" campaign. The Army extricate 'it.s~f from a sion of the spirit of seeking article calls on all commanders dangerous situation and regain truth from facts and proceeding and men of' the Red Army to the initiative.

26 Beijing Review, No. 33 War of Resistance Against iat of the Central Committee of able experience for later assaults Japanese Aggression (1937-45) the Chinese Communist Party on heavily fortified cities. and Commander-in-Chief of Zhu De was the Commander- "A Letter to the Party Cen- the Chinese People's Liberation in-Chief of the Armed Forces of tral Committee and Comrade Army. Together with Mao Ze- the Liberated Areas during the Mao Zedong" was written in dong, and Zhou En- eight-year war of resistance December 1947. Among the lai, he commanded the national against~ Japanese aggression. major points it raises is the people's liberation war. He also Zhu De went to the north Chi- need for military democracy. offered some concrete proposals na front to command battles Drawing on the experience of after making investigations and worked out the strategy several battles by the Shanxi- about economic construction. and tactics of the guerrilla war Chahar-Hebei army units, Zhu The book includes 16 articles against Japanese aggression. De proposes that full prepara- written in this period. He gave instructions on estab- tions be made before a battle lishing and expanding the anti- "On Cadres" was part of a and that commanders must be Japanese base areas behind the speech delivered in June 1947 :the first to st.udy and join the enemy's rear and for enlarging at a meeting attended by cadres rank-and-file ir~ devising tac- the people's armed forces. of the central Hebei military tics. A successful assault on a Among the 17 articles is "On area. While in command of strongly defended installation Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War- battle operations, Zhu De paid requires collective wisdom fare" written in 1938. It attention to building the ranks and efforts, plus full material says wide-spread anti-Japanese of cadres for the army and local preparations, Zhu De wrote. guerrilla war behind the en- governments. The article emy's rear is inevitable and of stresses the importance of "Four Speeches at a Report great significance. It discusses training new cadres and assign- Meeting on the Military Situa- the basic conditions for waging ing them to leading posts. tion by the Opei~ations Bureau such a war and the tactics for Under the Headquarters of the it. The article guided and en- "Telegrams on the Shijia- Chinese People's Liberation couraged the people in initiat- zhuang Campaign" and "On Army" was delivered between ing and expanding the guerrilla the Significance of the Capture August and November 1948. war. of Shijiazhuang and Lessons to In the light of the operations Be Drawn" were written be- principle set by the Party Cen- "On the Front of the Liberat- tween October and December tral Committee, Zhu De, Mao ed Areas" is a military report 1947. Shijiazhuang was the Zedong and other Party and delivered at the Seventh Na- first well-defended major city army leaders made overall dis- tional Congress of the Chinese captured by the People's Libera- positions for the Liaoxi-Shen- Communist Party in April tion Army during the liberation yang, Huaihai and Beiping- 1945. war. The victory provided valu- Tianjin campaigns at the stage It reviews the opening and expansion of the front of the liberated areas and sums up the experience of the liberated areas in waging the resistance war. It discusses in detail the military line of the Chinese people in this war, the princi- ple for the establishment of a people's army and the way te maintain, train, command and deploy troops. Mao Zedong's theories on people's war and on the people's army pervade the article.

Third Revolutionary Civil War (1946-49) During this period Zhu De was a member of the Secretar-

August 15, 1983 27 of decisive battles to determine a national training programme struggle over the previous few the destiny of the country. for all land forces. Zhu De dis- years, saying that the target of cussed the same subject on dif- attack in the movements was ferent occasions for the air not as narrow as it should have After the Founding of the force, navy and armoured corps been, and sometime~ the strug- People's Republic of China as well as military academies. gle had been confused with They also are included in this eliminating counter-revolution- From the founding of the book. aries. He urges people to use People's Republic in 1949 to correct methods of criticism 1976, Zhu De was a Party and "Strengthen Unity to Build and self-criticism, that is, the state leader. Although he was Socialism" is Zhu De's speec h in manner of "a gentle breeze and getting on in years, he fre- September 1956 a~ the Eighth a mild rain," to solve problems quently went to grass-roots National Congress of the Chi- within the Party. nese Communist Party. Talk- units to make inspections, of- So long as leading cadres fering suggestions on army and ing about how to avoid serious mistakes, he says the Party dare to make self-criticism Party building as well as eco- when they make mistakes, nomic construction. The Se- leadership should draw lessons from the past, adopt the meth- complaints at the lower levels lected Works includes 26 of his can be solved easily, he said. articles during this period. ods used in the rectification of the Party style, combine theory The initiative of the people should focus on agricultural, "Strengthen Party Inspection with practice and oppose sub- industrial and handicraft pro- of Discipline" was a May 1950 jectivism, combine leading cad: speech at a conference of Party res with the masses to oppose duction. Provided the Party discipline inspectors at various bureaucracy, combine democrat- learns to act in accordance with levels. Showing great concern ic centralism, collective leader- objective laws, it will be able for the development of the Chi- ship and individual responsi- to hold its. ground and continue nese Communist Party after it bility to oppose decentralism, to develop. came to power in 1949, Zhu De ultrademocracy and arbitrary "From the Nanchang Upris- stressed on many occasions that decision-making by individ- ing to the Jinggang Mountains" leading cadres should be sub- uals, develop a democratic is a summary of his talk in ject to supervision by the style of work and conduct crit- June 1962. Zhu De recalls the masses and should guard against icism and self-critici~m to pre- course of the Northern Expedi- becoming arrogant because vent the suppression of democ- tion, the Nanchang Uprising of past deeds of merit. In this racy and criticism. On the and the Southern Hunan Upris- speech; Zhu De criticizes Party struggle within the Party, he ing and the serious losses to the cadres who operate counter to says that the principle of revolutionary cause brought by Party policy and discipline, "curing the ailment to save the "Left" and Right opportunism. analysing the root-causes of patient" should be adopted and He points out that it was under %hese n'~istakes and proposing the formula "unity, criticism, the leadership of Comrade Mao ways to correct them. He also unity" applied towards erring Zedong after the Red Army had criticizes those who look down cadres; liberalism towards mis- joined forces in the Jinggang upon non-Party personages and takes and mechanical, crude or Mountains that the main force the masses and ignore Party excessive inner,Party struggle of the Red Army gradually grew organizations, the government should be opposed. He stresses and the struggles in the revolu- and the law. the need for unity by the entire tionary bases achieved signifi- cant success. "Unify Training Programmes Party and people and opposes and Speed Up the Building of sectarian tendencies. a Modernized and Regularized "Correct the 'Left' Deviation CORRECTIONS: . In our last issue on Army" is a speech made in Sep- and Restore and Develop Pro- page 20, the first column of the Table tember 1951 at a military train- 'Area (3 hectares)" should read "Area duction" is a summary of Zhu (10.000 hectares)." ing meeting called by the Peo- De's talk at a panel discussion ~On page 27, the name of the woman ple's Revolutionary Military during an enlarged working Living Buddha should be "Sanding Commission of the Central Peo- conference of the Communist Ooje Phagmo." ple's GoVernment. The meeting Party Central Committee in On page 31, the caption of the scroll should read "A Business Centre in was held after the Party Cen- February 1962, He discusses Xinjiang." tral Committee had worked Out excesses in the inner-Party

28 Beijing Review, No. 33 CULTURE AND .SCIENCE

which would cause the lake to Lop Nur Lake had never dried SCIENTIFIC migrate to another lower-lying up during the 20,000-30,000 location. years before it went dry about S U RVEY 10 years ago. In the meantime, he suggest- ed, erosion over the years would The Chinese scientific explor- Lop 1gur's mystery etch away the exposed lake ation team last saw the Lop floor to prepare it for the return Nur with water when it arriv- unveiled shift. Sven Hedin estimated the ed there in 1959. The scientists shifting cycle to be about 1,500 went boating in the lake and years. Not a few earth scientists caught a fish the size of a man. Scientific controversies about accepted his theory. Although Only in the last decade did the the ancient Lop Nur Lake have some others challenged it, they Lop Nur completely dry up as been settled at last by a thesis remained silent due to lack of irrigation work began at the to be carried in the Scientia Ci- conclusive proof. upper reaches of the Tarim and nica magazine. The article was Konqi Rivers, which cut short crystallized from five field stud- In recent years, an explora- its water supply. ies into the Lop Nur area on the tion team from the Xinjiang eastern rim of the Tarim Basin branch institute of the Chinese In their investigations, scien- in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Academy of Sciences carried tists studied the formative cause Region. It verifies that the lake out five successive investiga- of the Lop Nur depression, its was located on the very bottom tions at the Lop Nur. They ver- landforms, deposited salt re- of the Tarim Basin and hence flied that the Lop Nur Lake sources, fauna and flora of the could not possibly have shifted and Kara-koshun Lake both are area. They found 127 kinds of elsewhere. depressions in the Tarim Basin. animals and conducted close But the lake floor of the former studies of rare wild camels. Yet, for many years Lop Nur stands 778 metres above sea They observed camel hordes was as mysterious as the moon level while that of the latter is and took pictures of them in once was to human beings. Re- 10 metres higher at 788 metres. action. moteness, scorching heat, arid- Therefore, the Lop Nur could ity, sandstorms and' salt crust not flow upwards to the Kara- all added to its inaccessibility koshun without good reason. and its mystique. EDUCATION Scientists argued that the Lop It was not until 1900 that the Nur's water supply from the Lop Nur Lake was correctly Tarim and Konqi Rivers carry located when Sven Anders He- Summer >a ation little siltand do not produce din (1865-1952), a Swedish geog- sufficient deposits to raise the rapher on an investigative trek One day in late July, 150 Bei- lake floor. Furthermore, where around Central Asia, ventur- jing junior middle school stu- the lake water dries up, the ex- ed along the lower reaches dents boarded coaches armed posed floor is encrusted with a of the Tarim River and came to with overnight bags and wear- hard layer of salt which defy a lake which he determined ing sunshades and blue badges, steel hammers. This makes ero- bound for three days of camp- rightly to be the Lop Nut Lake. sions not so easy. He further concluded that the ing in the Western Mountains take emptied its water into the Convincing evidence was on Beijing's western outskirts. Kara-koshun Lake on the south brought to light when sample More than 13,200 youths from and the two lakes evolved into soil was bored from the de- China's 29 provinces, municipal- each other in an ever-shifting posits. Scientific tests show that ities and autonomous regions movement. the pollen of water plants like (excluding Taiwan) attended all cattail and nutgrass flatsedge is the 137 national geology camps According to Hedin, the floor contained in every stratum of this summer. Ministerof Geol- of the Lop Nur Lake would rise the sediment of the recent ogy and Mineral Resources because of silt deposits from the 20,000-30,000 years. All these Sun Daguang was the honorary river water feeding into the lake led to the conclusion that the director of the camps.

August 15, 1983 29 have been involved in camp activities.

VETERINARY MEDICINE

Infectious horse disease controlled

China has developed a vaccine to control equine infectious anemia (EIA), a malignant Members of the first youth water resources camp at the Beijing Miyun Reservoir. disease which afflicts horses, mules and donkeys, according The Western Mountains have and landforms of the rift valley to senior research fellow Shen rich deposits of varied mineral in Longmen Gully and an un- Rongxian of the Harbin Veteri- resources including coal, other derground karst cave. nary Research Institute, a non-metals and metals. Chi- branch of the Chinese Academy nese geologists who explored The camp activities enriched of Agricultural Sciences. China, the area in 1916 compiled the the youngsters' knowledge and the only country to use the vac- book Geology of Western Moun- widened their vision. When cine, has employed it success- tains, one of' China's earliest the camp ended, each of them fully for the past six years, he geological works. wrote a paper about what he or said. she had learnt. "I have obtained It was there that geologist Li more perceptual knowledge Shen's remarks came at an in- Siguang discovered the traces of about nature," a girl named ternational symposium on EIA the Quarternary glacier period Chen Hongmei wrote. "The immunity in Harbin last June. which are still easily seen in magnificent scenery of our coun- He and other researchers suc- the area between the ancient try has kindled my patriotism. cessfully cultivated the vaccine Tanzhe Temple and Jietai Tem- I have become more determined from white blood cells of don- ple. Thus the Western Moun- to dedicate myself to geology." keys in 1976. Tests of the vac- tains won its name "the cradle cine found that its reliable im- of China's geological science." Chinese students, from pri- munity rate for horses ap- mary schools to colleges, began proaches 80 per cent and the The campers were all excel- their one month summer vaca- rate is higher for donkeys and lent students who either had tmns in late July, when most of mules. His report, "Develop- good marks in scientific subjects the country was under a heat ment and Use of an EIA Donkey or had shown a keen interest wave. In response to the gov- Leucocytes Attenuated Vaccine," ~n geology. With a geological ernment's call that the whole attracted much attention from engineer as the director of each society care for the youth and symposium participants from group of a dozen or so, they contribute to their growth, the rest of the world. observed and studied the moun- scientific and educational de- EIA has a recorded history of tains' geological phenomena. partments organized camps on more than 130 years and still Youths from capital Beijing various subjects including occurs in 40 countries of Asia, felt as free as birds and close petroleum, forestry, biology, Europe and America. Specialists to nature. They walked the astronomy , communications, throughout the world began, to mountains and valleys, went water resources, electronics, study it in 1904. Two sympo- down into the mines and inves- optics, earth science, coal min- siums on EIA were held in the tigated the formation of ore ing, surveying and drawing. past decade in Braziland Vene- deposits as well as the terrain Tens of thousands of students zuela.

30 Beijing Review, No. 33 _l WANT AN ~'f

W~NT TO .~ STUdy A~o~D.I

A Hero Capitulates. by Ying Tao

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What a Parallel! by Duan Jifu Transformation of Two Opposite Aspects. by Ma Tingkui

New Interpretations of "Making the Past Serve the Present." by Lin Qin

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