Development and Planning in Seven Major Coastal Cities in Southern and Eastern China Geojournal Library
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GeoJournal Library 120 Jianfa Shen Gordon Kee Development and Planning in Seven Major Coastal Cities in Southern and Eastern China GeoJournal Library Volume 120 Managing Editor Daniel Z. Sui, College Station, USA Founding Series Editor Wolf Tietze, Helmstedt, Germany Editorial Board Paul Claval, France Yehuda Gradus, Israel Sam Ock Park, South Korea Herman van der Wusten, The Netherlands More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6007 Jianfa Shen • Gordon Kee Development and Planning in Seven Major Coastal Cities in Southern and Eastern China 123 Jianfa Shen Gordon Kee Department of Geography and Resource Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies Management The Chinese University of Hong Kong The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Shatin, NT Hong Kong Hong Kong ISSN 0924-5499 ISSN 2215-0072 (electronic) GeoJournal Library ISBN 978-3-319-46420-6 ISBN 978-3-319-46421-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46421-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016952881 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface China’s economic and social development is growing by leaps and bounds since the introduction of reform and open door policy in the late 1970s. Cities, coastal cities in particular, play very important roles not only in the process of industrialization and wealth accumulation, but also in the unprecedented pace of urbanization and regionalization. Numerous studies have focused on various dimensions of the development in the coastal cities, especially Shanghai and Shenzhen. The first 30 years of opening and reform was a period of capital, knowledge, and skill accumulation for the Chinese cities to catch up their counterparts in the developed economies and go back to the global economic platform. Fruitful achievements were found but problems and challenges emerged at the same time. Unsustainable way of development, the need of economic restructuring at both local and national levels, and the better way to intervene the further growth of cities per se are the examples. Thus there is no wonder that, in the next 30 years of opening and reform, sustainability, competitiveness, transformation, and so on should be the goals and focuses of development. From a British colony to a special administrative region of China, Hong Kong has been playing a crucial role in China’s rise. With rapid development in mainland cities, Hong Kong is facing both challenges and oppor- tunities. Chinese cities are now in a brand new spatio-temporal context, as well as new domestic and global circumstances. Therefore, the new directions and goals of development need special attention. While numerous research efforts on individual Chinese cities can be found, there are not many special research projects dedicated to Chinese cities in general in recent years. For this reason, the authors are interested to examine the latest development of the selected seven leading coastal cities from three regions in Southern and Eastern China. They are Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong from Greater Pearl River Delta region, Fuzhou from the Taiwan Strait West region, and Shanghai, Hangzhou and Nanjing from the Yangtze River Delta region. The authors will empirically investigate the direction of socio-economic and urban development of the coastal cities in question, and will also theoretically analyze the approaches, courses, and models of urban and regional development. While major socio-economic plans and urban plans of the six mainland cities are studied, v vi Preface Hong Kong is examined by a case study of the challenges and responses of its logistics industry in the context of rising mainland cities. Thanks are due to Prof. Xiaolong Luo at the Department of Urban Planning and Design, Nanjing University for his help in the preparation of Chap. 7 on Nanjing. Ms. Ting Jin provided needed research assistance in the research of the logistics industry in Hong Kong for the Hong Kong chapter (Chap. 8). Dr. Lei Wang has helped to read the draft of the whole book. The project is supported by the Research Centre for Urban and Regional Development of Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies (HKIAPS), the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Jianfa Shen June 2016 Gordon Kee Contents 1 Introduction.............................................. 1 1.1 The Rise of Cities and the Roles of Cities in China ............ 1 1.2 The Rise of Chinese Cities ............................... 7 1.3 Characteristics and Challenges of Coastal Cities’ Development ... 10 1.4 The Seven Selected Coastal Cities: A Brief Introduction ........ 20 References................................................ 24 2 Guangzhou: The Road to Regaining Its Central City Status ....... 29 2.1 Studies on Central Cities ................................ 29 2.2 A Brief History of Guangzhou ............................ 30 2.3 Characteristics and Dynamics of Guangzhou’s Development ..... 33 2.4 Regional Development, Networks, and the Central City Status of Guangzhou ................................... 37 2.5 Development Strategies and Plans ......................... 42 2.5.1 Problems ....................................... 42 2.5.2 Goals.......................................... 43 2.5.3 Strategies....................................... 44 2.6 Discussion ........................................... 47 2.7 Conclusion ........................................... 55 References................................................ 56 3 Shenzhen: Innovation and Governments’ Roles in Reform and Development.......................................... 61 3.1 Introduction .......................................... 61 3.2 The Tale of Shenzhen’s Development ...................... 64 3.3 The Innovative and Trial Nature in Development Strategies...... 70 3.3.1 The Establishment of a New Market System............ 71 3.3.2 Modernized Planning and Regional Development ........ 73 3.4 The Role of Governments and Shenzhen’s Future Development ......................................... 77 3.4.1 The Role of Governments .......................... 77 3.4.2 The Future of Shenzhen ........................... 80 vii viii Contents 3.5 Conclusion ........................................... 85 References................................................ 87 4 Fuzhou: Re-energizing Regional Economic Development and the Changing Urban Functions ........................... 93 4.1 Introduction: Political Economy of Urban and Regional Development ......................................... 93 4.2 Economic and Urban Development of Fuzhou ................ 96 4.3 Major Development Strategies and Plans of Fuzhou............ 104 4.3.1 Economic Development ........................... 105 4.3.2 Urban and Regional Development.................... 106 4.4 Discussion: Regional Economic Development and the Changing Urban Functions......................... 109 4.4.1 Changing Urban Functions ......................... 109 4.4.2 Fuzhou-Taiwan Relationship ........................ 113 4.4.3 Intra-provincial Relationship ........................ 114 4.5 Conclusion ........................................... 114 References................................................ 115 5 Shanghai: Urban Development and Regional Integration Through Mega Projects .................................... 119 5.1 Introduction: Mega Projects and Its Impacts.................. 119 5.2 The Start-up Mega Project of Shanghai’s Development Under Globalization .................................... 122 5.3 Characteristics and Dynamics of Urban and Regional Development ......................................... 124 5.4 Recent Mega Projects and Their Impact on Urban Development and Regional Integration ...................... 134 5.4.1 Goals and Positioning ............................. 134 5.4.2 Development of Mega Projects ...................... 135 5.4.3 Impact of the Mega Projects on Urban Development and Regional Integration ........................... 144 5.5 Discussion and Conclusion ............................... 145 References................................................ 147 6 Hangzhou: Raising the Urban Competitiveness with New Socio-Economic Strategies and Spatial Roles ........... 153 6.1 Introduction .......................................... 153 6.2