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Sedimentation Rates in Relation to Sedimentary Processes of the Yangtze Estuary, China

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Sedimentation Rates in Relation to Sedimentary Processes of the Yangtze Estuary, China 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 71 (2007) 37e46 Sedimentation rates in relation to sedimentary processes of the Yangtze Estuary, China Taoyuan Wei a, Zhongyuan Chen b,*, Lingyun Duan a, Jiawei Gu a, Yoshiki Saito c, Weiguo Zhang b, Yonghong Wang d, Yutaka Kanai e a Department of Geography, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Rd. 3663, Shanghai 200062, China b State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Rd. 3663, Shanghai 200062, China c IGG, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Central 7, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan d College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China e RCDME, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Central 7, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan Received 9 August 2006; accepted 10 August 2006 Abstract Radioisotope analysis and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) method were combined to examine sedimentation rates and associated sedimen- tary processes in the Yangtze River Estuary. The major depocenter is validated at the delta front sedimentary facies above the normal wave base (NWB), where accumulation exceeds erosion. This alternated sedimentation does not accommodate Pb-210 and Cs-137 measurement, although sedimentation rates of less than 0.2e5.0 cm yrÀ1 were recorded in the fine-grained (silty) sediments, which were interbedded with coarse- grained (sandy) sediments. However, historical DEM data provide more detailed information on sedimentation in the delta front facies, where accumulation is dominant in the sandy shoals (1.73e8.30 cm yrÀ1) and delta front slope (5.22 cm yrÀ1) facies. The DEM data also show that erosion (1.61e7.32 cm yrÀ1) dominates in the northern estuarine distributaries, and accumulation (3.01e4.97 cm yrÀ1) prevails in the southern ones, primarily owing to the superimposed runoff and ebb tidal currents. Pb-210 and Cs-137 measurements reveal sedimentation rate from 2.0 cm yrÀ1 to 6.3e6.6 cm yrÀ1 in the delta front slope facies, which progressively decreases to <0.8 cm yrÀ1 in the prodelta facies and is un- measurable in the delta-shelf transition zone. DEM analysis detects minor erosion in the delta front slope and prodelta facies, although accumulation predominates there. The present sedimentological database will be useful for estuarine environmental assessment after the Three-Gorges Dam is completed in 2009. Ó 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: DEM; radioisotope measurement; deltaic depocenter; sedimentation rate; Yangtze Estuary 1. Introduction mouth area and are dispersed further offshore in the form of freshwater plumes (Milliman et al., 1985; Chen et al., 1988, The Yangtze River delivers more than 470 Mt of sediment 1999; Shen et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2003). Previous studies annually into its estuary to build a huge delta system have shown that sediments in the river mouth area (<10 m wa- (>40,000 km2, including subaqueous parts) that presently sus- ter depth) are mostly fine sand, silty sand, and silt, and sedi- tains intensifying human activities (Chen et al., 2001, in ments off the river mouth (10e60 m water depth) are silty press). Fluvial sediment discharge into the estuary consists clay and clayey silt (Chen et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2003; mainly of fine-grained particles that accumulate in the river Wang et al., 2005). Further offshore, relict sand of the late Pleistocene dominates (Niino and Emery, 1961; Chen et al., 2000). Milliman et al. (1985) and Shen and Pan (2001) esti- * Corresponding author. mated that about 70% of the annual sediment load is deposited E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Chen). near the coast, with about 30% being carried further offshore, 0272-7714/$ - see front matter Ó 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.08.014 转载 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 38 T. Wei et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 71 (2007) 37e46 of which a large proportion of the suspended sediment even Vibrocores were collected in PVC tubes with 6-cm in diame- approaches the nearshore areas off Zhejiang and Fujian prov- ter. Five vibrocores (C1eC3, C8, and C9), ranging from 20 to inces of southeastern China, driven by the Chinese Coastal 590 cm long, were collected from the upper tidal flat of the Current (Liu et al., in press). southern delta coast. C4eC6, C7, and C10, ranging from 48 Processes of sediment transport from estuary to continental to 135 cm long, were collected from the eastern upper tidal shelf have largely shaped the coastal topography, and are a sig- flat on Chongming Island. C11 and C12, 56 and 104 cm nificant mechanism of coastal environmental change at human long, respectively, were collected from the estuarine distribu- and global dimensions (Syvitski et al., 2005). To examine ac- tary. Y4, 220 cm long, was collected from the delta front mar- cumulation and erosion of subaqueous sediments in relation to ginal slope at about 10 m water depth, which is contiguous the sediment transport pattern, measuring sedimentation rates seaward with the prodelta facies. Vibrocores Y5eY8, from in the river mouth area and along the coast is an effective 200 to 400 cm long, were collected at the water depth of means of gaining a better understanding of these processes. 15e40 m from the prodelta facies, and Y9, 360 cm long, For example, Liu et al. (in press) have quantitatively defined was from the delta-shelf transition zone, at about 50 m water the sediment budget with respect to sediment transport from depth. Sediment logging applied to all vibrocores, while split- the Yangtze River mouth southward to the coasts of Zhejiang ting in the laboratory, to record sediment texture and structure, and Fujian provinces. Kuehl et al. (1989) corroborate sediment organic matter distribution, the presence of plant roots, and the bypassing from river-delta to the Bengal fan in the light of sed- occurrence of biogenesis, etc. imentation rate by radioisotopic measurement. Grain size was determined for 282 samples taken from the To clarify the sedimentation rate in the Yangtze Estuary is 18 vibrocores at intervals based on changes in sediment lithol- vital, considering the need to determine the fate and flux of the ogy. The grain-size distribution in these samples was exam- river-derived sediment discharged to the coast and the close ined using a laser particle analyzer (Beckman Coulter linkage between fine-grained riverine sediment and geological LS13,320). In the present study, sand particles are those and biological processes. Recent studies of nutrient (including >63 mm; silt, 63e2 mm; and clay, <2 mm; and mean grain pollutants due to human activity) delivery highlight the rela- size (Mz, 4) is also reported. tionship between the fine-grained sediment flux and associated An independent set of 237 samples was taken at 0.5 to the food chain in the coastal zone and shelf area (Liu et al., 7.0 cm intervals for radioisotope analyses (Pb-210 and Cs- 2003; Tsunogai et al., 2003). However, sedimentation rates, 137). From vibrocores C1eC12, 129 samples were prepared in particular in the delta front facies, and their changes in re- for Pb-210 measurement in the State Key Laboratory of Estu- lation to sediment dynamics and sources, must still be con- arine and Coastal Research (SKLEC), East China Normal Uni- firmed, despite numerous studies in the Yangtze River mouth versity. From Y4eY9, 108 samples were analyzed for both area during past decades (e.g., Mckee et al., 1983; Liu et al., Pb-210 and Cs-137 at the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), 1984; DeMaster et al., 1985; Xia et al., 1999; Chen et al., Tsukuba. 2004; Xia et al., 2004). From these studies, we know that SKLEC sample preparation procedures were as follows: most sedimentation rates were given in the prodelta muddy ca. 10 g wet sediment of each sample was dried in an zone, a few were in the delta front sandy zone (Fig. 1A). Sed- oven at 105 C for 2 h; 2e5 g dried sample was ground, imentation rate of the topset sediments has been a long puzzle sieved through 0.150 mm mesh to remove plant roots, and for coastal scientists, primarily due to strong erosional pro- wax-sealed in a tube for 3 weeks. Then, the Pb-210 radioac- cesses occurring seasonally in the nearshore face above tivity was determined with a High-Purity Germanium NWB (Coleman, 1981; Yan and Xu, 1987; Stanley and Warne, Gamma Detector (ORTEC, GWL-120210-S). The ratio of 1993), and coarser (sandy) sediment unsuitable for radioiso- dry to wet sample (%) was determined for some samples tope measurement (Appleby and Oldfield, 1978; Xiang, 1997). (vibrocores C2eC4; C6eC8), and then bulk density The objectives of the present study were through the in- (g cmÀ3) was calculated (Black, 1965). The peak height tegration of Pb-210 and Cs-137 measurements and a Digital at 46.5 KeV was considered to represent the total Pb-210 Elevation Model (DEM) to: (1) conduct a thorough exami- activity in the sediments, that at 351.92 KeV the supported nation of sedimentation rates in the proximal to distal sub- Pb-210 activity (background radioactivity of Pb-210), and aqueous delta; (2) determine the controls on sedimentation the difference between them the excess Pb-210 activity rates in the subaqueous delta facies; and (3) establish a sed- (Bq gÀ1). Both the Constant Initial Concentration (CIC) imentological database that will highlight later studies of model and the Constant Rate of Supply (CRS) model the impacts of the Three-Gorges Dam, scheduling to be were used to calculate the sedimentation rates (cm yrÀ1) completed in 2009. in the upper tidal flat, estuarine distributary, and delta front slope subfacies (cf.
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