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Unep Environmental Assessment: Expo Assessment: Environmental Unep 2010—Shanghai, China 2010—Shanghai, ­ UNEP ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: EXPO 2010—SHANGHAI, CHINA UNEP ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT EXPO 2010 SHANGHAI, CHINA www.unep.org United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi 00100, Kenya tel: +254 20 762 1234 fax: +254 20 762 3927 e-mail: [email protected] Job Number: DCP/1209/NA UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME UNEP ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT EXPO 2010 SHANGHAI, CHINA UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME Chongming Dongping National Forest Park. Source: Shanghai EPB Cover photograph: Keren Su / GettyImages Expo 2010 Shanghai, China Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 6 Foreword............................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 UNEP and Expo 2010 ...................................................................................................10 1.2 Green Expo ................................................................................................................... 10 World Expos and the Environment ................................................................................. 10 The Theme of Expo 2010: Better City, Better Life .........................................................10 The Concept of a Green Expo ..........................................................................................11 1.3 Shanghai and its Environmental Governance ...............................................................12 Basic information about Shanghai .................................................................................. 12 Environmental Governance .............................................................................................12 1.4 Scope of the Report ...................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Research Methodology ................................................................................................. 16 2. Air Quality .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.1 China’s Air Quality Standard........................................................................................ 19 2.2 Shanghai’s Air Pollution Control Measures ................................................................. 21 Energy Structure, Efciency and Fuel ............................................................................ 21 Industrial Sector ..............................................................................................................23 Transport Sector .............................................................................................................. 23 Dust and Construction .....................................................................................................24 2.3 Annual Trends in Air Quality ....................................................................................... 25 3 2.4 Comments and Recommendations ............................................................................... 30 Decoupling Development and Pollution ......................................................................... 30 Expo as a catalyst ............................................................................................................ 33 Regional Collaboration ................................................................................................... 33 Ongoing improvement of monitoring standards and scope ............................................ 34 Promoting Monitoring Experience ..................................................................................36 3. Transportation .................................................................................................................... 37 3.1 Public Transport............................................................................................................38 Prioritization of Public Transport ....................................................................................39 Rapid Transit System ...................................................................................................... 39 Public Buses and BRT .....................................................................................................41 3.2 New Energy Vehicles ....................................................................................................43 Supercapacitor Trolleybus ...............................................................................................43 Battery-Supercapacitor Electric Bus ............................................................................... 44 Hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles ............................................................................................ 45 Hybrid buses .................................................................................................................... 46 UNEP Environmental Assessment New Energy Vehicles in the World Expo 2010 ............................................................... 46 3.3 Car Growth Restriction Measures ................................................................................ 48 Expo 2010 Shanghai, China Auctioning of Car License .............................................................................................. 48 Car-free Day .................................................................................................................... 49 3.4 Vehicle Emission Control ............................................................................................. 49 Vehicle Emission Standards ............................................................................................ 49 Obsolete Vehicle Phasing-out ..........................................................................................50 Access Restriction ........................................................................................................... 50 Vehicles Inspection and Maintenance ............................................................................. 50 3.5 Comments and Recommendations ............................................................................... 51 Green Transport Vision ................................................................................................... 51 Recommendations for Further Improvements ................................................................ 51 Beyond Shanghai ............................................................................................................ 52 4. Energy ................................................................................................................................. 54 4.1 Improving the Energy Structure ................................................................................... 55 4.2 Dependency on Coal for Electricity ............................................................................. 58 4.3 Energy Efciency ......................................................................................................... 64 4.4 Renewable Energy ........................................................................................................65 Wind Power .....................................................................................................................65 Solar PV .......................................................................................................................... 68 Solar Thermal Heaters and Solar Street Lamps .............................................................. 69 4.5 Comments and Recommendations ............................................................................... 72 Demand-side management .............................................................................................. 73 Data on Climate-friendly Technologies .......................................................................... 74 Higher Renewable Energy Ambition .............................................................................. 75 4 5. Solid Waste ......................................................................................................................... 76 5.1 Domestic Solid waste ................................................................................................... 77 Waste Treatment strategy ................................................................................................ 78 Waste Treatment Facilities .............................................................................................. 79 5.2 Hazardous Waste .......................................................................................................... 82 5.3 Waste in the Expo Venues .............................................................................................82 5.4 Comments and Recommendations ............................................................................... 83 Developing toward a zero-waste society .........................................................................83 Creative public engagement ............................................................................................ 84 Expo 2010 and Waste Reduction Strategy ...................................................................... 85 Addressing under-capacity issue ....................................................................................
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