UNEP ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: EXPO ASSESSMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL UNEP 2010—, 2010—SHANGHAI, ­

UNEP ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT SHANGHAI, CHINA

www.unep.org United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi 00100, Kenya tel: +254 20 762 1234 fax: +254 20 762 3927 e-mail: [email protected]

Job Number: DCP/1209/NA UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME UNEP ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT EXPO 2010 SHANGHAI, CHINA

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME Chongming Dongping National Forest Park. Source: Shanghai EPB

Cover photograph: Keren Su / GettyImages 3. Transportation ...... 2. Air Quality 2. Air...... 1. Introduction ...... Contents . a rwhRsrcinMaue ...... 48 3.3 CarGrowthRestrictionMeasures ...... 3.2 NewEnergy Vehicles 43 ...... 3.1 Public Transport...... omnsadRcmedtos...... 30 2.4 CommentsandRecommendations ...... nulTed nArQaiy...... 25 ...... Quality in Air Trends 2.3 Annual . hnhisArPluinCnrlMaue ...... 21 2.2 Shanghai’s Air PollutionControlMeasures ...... hn’ i ult tnad...... 19 2.1 China’s Air QualityStandard...... eerhMtoooy...... 16 1.5 ResearchMethodology ...... cp fteRpr ...... 1 1.4 ScopeoftheReport ...... 1.3 ShanghaianditsEnvironmentalGovernance 12 ...... 1.2 GreenExpo ...... 1.1 UNEP andExpo2010 10 ...... Foreword...... Acknowledgements ...... New Energy Vehicles 46 inthe World Expo2010 ...... Hybrid buses ...... yrgnfe-elvhce ...... 45 Hydrogen fuel-cellvehicles ...... atr-uecpctrEeti u ...... 44 Battery- ElectricBus ...... uecpctrTolyu ...... 43 Supercapacitor ...... Public BusesandBRT 41 ...... ai rni ytm...... 39 Rapid TransitSystem ...... Prioritization ofPublic 39 Transport ...... rmtn oioigEprec ...... 36 Promoting MonitoringExperience ...... non mrvmn fmntrn tnad n cp ...... 34 Ongoing improvementofmonitoringstandardsandscope ...... einlClaoain...... 33 Regional Collaboration ...... Expo asacatalyst ...... eopigDvlpetadPluin...... 30 Decoupling DevelopmentandPollution ...... utadCntuto ...... 24 Dust andConstruction ...... Transport Sector ...... Industrial Sector ...... Energy Structure,Ef niomna oenne...... 12 Environmental Governance ...... ai nomto bu hnhi...... 12 Basic informationaboutShanghai ...... The ConceptofaGreenExpo ...... 11 The Theme ofExpo2010:BetterCity, 10 BetterLife ...... ol xo n h niomn ...... 10 World ExposandtheEnvironment ......  inyadFe ...... 21 ciency andFuel ...... Expo 2010Shanghai,China .....18 ...... 9 ...... 37 ...... 7 ...... 10 ... .46 .. .38 .23 33 23 4 6

UNEP Environmental Assessment 3 4 UNEP Environmental Assessment 6. Water ...... 5. Solid Waste ...... 4. Energy ...... eaeTetet...... 90 6.3 Sewage Treatment ...... 6.2 WaterQuality ...... 6.1 Water 87 Sources& Their Protection ...... omnsadRcmedtos...... 83 5.4 CommentsandRecommendations ...... 5.3 Waste intheExpo Venues 82 ...... aadu at ...... 8 5.2 Hazardous Waste ...... oetcSldwse...... 77 5.1 DomesticSolidwaste ...... omnsadRcmedtos...... 72 4.5 CommentsandRecommendations ...... eeal nry...... 65 4.4 RenewableEnergy ...... 4.3 Energy Ef 58 4.2 DependencyonCoalforElectricity ...... 55 4.1 ImprovingtheEnergy Structure ...... omnsadRcmedtos...... 51 3.5 CommentsandRecommendations ...... 3.4 49 Vehicle EmissionControl ...... ra eaeTetet...... 91 Urban Sewage Treatment ...... drsigudrcpct su ...... 85 Addressing under-capacity issue ...... xo21 n at euto taey...... 85 Expo 2010and Waste ReductionStrategy ...... raiepbi naeet...... 84 Creative publicengagement ...... eeoigtwr eowsescey...... 83 Developing towardazero-wastesociety ...... at ramn aiiis...... 79 Waste TreatmentFacilities ...... 78 Waste Treatmentstrategy ...... ihrRnwbeEeg miin...... 75 Higher RenewableEnergy Ambition ...... 74 Data onClimate-friendly Technologies ...... eadsd aaeet...... 73 Demand-side management ...... oa hra etr n oa tetLms...... 69 Solar Thermal HeatersandSolar StreetLamps ...... Solar PV ...... Wind Power ...... eodSaga ...... 52 Beyond Shanghai ...... eomnain o ute mrvmns...... 51 Recommendations forFurtherImprovements ...... re rnpr iin...... 51 Green Transport Vision ...... eilsIseto n aneac ...... 50 Vehicles InspectionandMaintenance ...... cesRsrcin...... 5 Access Restriction ...... Obsolete Vehicle 50 Phasing-out ...... eil msinSadrs...... 49 Vehicle EmissionStandards ...... Car-free Day ...... utoigo a ies ...... 48 Auctioning ofCarLicense ......  iny...... 64 ciency ...... Expo 2010Shanghai,China ...... 86 ...... 54 ...... 76 ...... 68 .... . 89 ... .49 .. .65 2 0 8. The ExpoSite ...... 101 7. Green CoverageandProtected Areas ...... 10. PublicParticipation ...... 9. ClimateNeutrality ...... Bibliography ...... ieSlcinadPann ...... 109 8.1 SiteSelectionandPlanning ...... 107 7.4 CommentsandRecommendations ...... 7.3 Protected Areas ...... 7.2 Rural Areas ...... 7.1 Urban Areas ...... 03Cmet n eomnain ...... 141 10.3 CommentsandRecommendations ...... 140 10.2 NGOEngagement ...... 01Cmuiain n apin ...... 139 10.1 CommunicationsandCampaigns ...... 136 9.4 CommentsandRecommendations ...... 136 9.3 Shanghai World Expo2010andcarbonneutrality ...... 135 9.2 ExperienceoftheBeijingOlympics ...... 135 9.1 ClimateNeutralityandMajorEvents ...... 133 8.7 CommentsandRecommendations ...... 128 8.6 Green Visions ofParticipants’ Pavilions ...... 123 8.5 UrbanBestPractices Area ...... 8.4 Expo Axis andPermanentPavilions ...... 117 8.3 GreentechnologiesandmeasuresintheExpoSite ...... 114 8.2 EnvironmentalManagement ...... 112 . omnsadRcmedtos...... 99 6.6 CommentsandRecommendations ...... 98 6.5 Eutrophicationand Algae Blooms ...... 95 6.5 ResultsofCleanUpEfforts ...... 6.4 RiverCleanUp ...... nentSucs...... 1 Internet Sources ...... rmtn re iiesi ...... 143 Promoting GreenCitizenship ...... ciaigNO atcpto ...... 142 Activating NGOsParticipation ...... Cleaning-up of The Site ...... 111 opeesv omnctosSrtg ...... 142 Comprehensive CommunicationsStrategy ...... Preservation andUtilizationofOldFactoryBuildings ...... 111 Furthering CurrentEfforts100 ...... Post-Expo UtilizationofFacilities ...... 111 euigFriiest eraeEtohcto ...... 99 Reducing FertilizerstoDecreaseEutrophication ...... nacn einlCoeain...... 99 Enhancing RegionalCooperation ...... Creek ...... Constructed Wetland forRural 92 Areas ...... Expo 2010Shanghai,China ...108 ...... 144 ...... 103 .... . 102 ... .105 .. .134 .. 138 . . 94 ... 46 94

UNEP Environmental Assessment 5 6 UNEP Environmental Assessment Yong Yi, ProgramOf Nature Wang Limin,DeputyConservationDirectorofOperations,BeijingOf Zhang Jianyu,Director, ChinaProgram, EnvironmentalDefenseFund of EnvironmentalSciences Wu Dongwen,Engineer, InstituteofEnvironmentalManagement& Technology, Shanghai Academy Su Jinghua,Engineer, NaturalConservationInstitute,Shanghai Academy ofEnvironmentalSciences Wang Min,Engineer, NaturalConservationInstitute,Shanghai Academy ofEnvironmentalSciences Wei Haiping,DeputyChiefEngineer, Shanghai Environment MonitoringCenter Environmental ProtectionBureau Xu Zhanguo,DeputyChief,Of Environmental ProtectionBureau Bai Guoqiang,DeputyChief,Of Bureau Wang Jue,Chief,Science, Technology &StandardsDivision,ShanghaiEnvironmentalProtection Coordination Wu Chengjian,Chief,EnvironmentalProtectionDivision,BureauofShanghai World Expo Sarah LiaoSau-tung,FormerSecretaryfortheEnvironment, Transport and Works ofHongKong, Tang Xiaoyan,ProfessorofPekingUniversity, MemberofChinese Academy ofEngineering Sun Jian,DeputyDirector, ShanghaiEnvironmentalProtectionBureau Zhang Quan,Director, ShanghaiEnvironmentalProtectionBureau With specialthanksto: Printing: UNON,PublishingServicesSection,Nairobi,ISO14001:2004-certi Layout andDesign:EnidNgaira Oben Coordinator: Theodore Director ofPublication:SatinderBindra Produced bytheUNEP DivisionofCommunicationsandPublicInformation Meister, Pan Wenjing, JamieChoi, Yang Ailun, EdwardChan, Wu Kaming Naomi Poulton,PascalOuandji, Vered Ehsani,PatriciaKim,Mia Turner, Wang Zhijia,Isabelle Hartmut Stahl,ElizabethKhaka,SuryaChandak,NiclasSvenningsen,JamesKagai,MarkRadka, Reviewed by: and PublicInformation,UNEP Author: LoSzePing,ExpertonMajorEventsandtheEnvironment,DivisionofCommunications ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Li Bing,BoardChair, ShanghaiOasisecologicalConservation Center Nicole Kang,ExecutiveDirector, ShanghaiOasisecologicalConservation Center  cer, ShanghaiProgramOf Expo 2010Shanghai,China   ce ofShanghaiEnvironmentalProtectionCommittee, ce ofShanghaiEnvironmentalProtectionCommittee,  ce, World Wide Fundfor Nature  ce, World Widefor Fund  ed. other partsoftheworld. This Expowillsurelyactasaninspirationforgreen urbandevelopmentbothinChinaandmany a fewmonths,theExpowillalsoqualifyas“green project”. environmental strategies.Byensuringthetemporary structuresdonotbecomewastefuldebrisafter demonstrated inandbythepavilionswillhelptoset newagendasforgreenarchitectureandurban sustainability vision. The vastamountofgreenideasandtechnologiesthatwillbeextensively buildings andthepreservationrenovationofoldones,wascarriedoutwithaclearlyarticulated The selectionoftheExpositeanditstransformation,aswelladditionnewgreendesign Shanghai, acityofover20millionpeople. estimated 70millionvisitors,butalsoleavealastingenvironmentallegacyfortheresidentsof transition toagreeneconomy. The ‘GreenExpo’ willnotonlyprovideauniqueexperiencetoits With thetheme–‘BetterCity, BetterLife’ –theorganizers areusingExpo2010topromotethe authorities toseekwaysofaddressingthischallenge. though, thedependencyoncoalforelectricityisstillhighandreportencouragesShanghai building-integrated solarpowerPV plantinChinaontheExposite.Despitetheseachievements, be fullyfunctionalbeforethestartofExpo2010. The cityhasalsopioneeredthesetupoflargest In otherinitiatives,Shanghaihasconstructed Asia’s hybrid buses. energy-ef plan involvestheconstructionofaworld-classrapidtransitnetworkandexperimentingwithnew The reporthighlightsseveralaccomplishmentsincludingthegreentransportvisionofShanghai. This and energy-ef the city’s infrastructure,strengtheneditspollutioncontrolmeasuresandintroducedmorerenewable for the2010 World Exposition(Expo2010)commenced, the municipalgovernmentbeganupgrading Shanghai’s commitmenttoa‘GreenExpo’ goesbeyondthefairitself.Since2000,when preparations FOREWORD  cient vehiclessuchasthesupercapacitortrolleybusesandelectric,hydrogenfuel-cell  cient technologies. United NationsUnder-Secretary-General infrastructure ofthecity. those thatarebeingundertakenbyShanghaitorevamptheoverall measures relatedtopreparationsforExpo2010and,ingeneral, This UNEP assessmentreviewstheeffectiveness oftheenvironmental fast becomingabeaconofhopeinthe powerful abilityofExpostocreateawarenessandinnovate,are case. With risingemissionsinmostsectorsofoureconomies,andthe Expos mayhavebeenperipheralatonetime. That isnolongerthe The ideaofmonitoringandmanagingtheenvironmentalfootprint Expo 2010Shanghai,China Executive Director, UNEP Achim Steiner  rst offshore windfarm,which isexpectedto  ght againstclimatechange.

UNEP Environmental Assessment 7 8 UNEP Environmental Assessment

Photo: courtesy vyonyx.com Expo 2010Shanghai,China Shanghai's cityflower The Magnaolia strengthen environmentalinitiativesforandbeyondtheExpo2010. and analyzedrecommendationsaremadetoassisttheShanghaimunicipalgovernment and organizing anenvironment-friendlyExpo.Measuresandachievementsaredocumented provide anobjectiveappraisaloftheefforts ofShanghaiinimprovingitsenvironmentalquality its preparationforthe World Expositionin2010(Expo2010)Shanghai,China.Itaimsto This reportisanindependentassessmentoftheenvironmentalinitiativestakenbyShanghaiin INTRODUCTION Expo 2010Shanghai,China

UNEP Environmental Assessment 9 10 UNEP Environmental Assessment while thoseinthe20 Achievements oftheindustrialrevolutionweredominantthemesExposin19 Since theinaugurationof The historyof World Expositionsre World ExposandtheEnvironment 1.2 GREENEXPO 2007 andFebruary2009respectively). follows twopreviousUNEP reportsontheBeijing2008OlympicsGames(publishedinNovember This Expo2010assessmentisthethirdenvironmentalofamasseventinChinaand „ „ „ „ support thegreeningofExpo2010infollowingareas: 2009 betweentheBureauofShanghai World ExpoCoordination andUNEP. UNEP agreedto series ofdiscussionsandvisitsledtothesigningaMemorandumUnderstandinginMarch 2007, thecurrentExecutiveDirectorofUNEP, Achim Steiner, paida visittotheExpoSite. A Executive Directoratthetime,becameanenvironmentadvisortoMayorofShanghai.InMay UNEP’s involvementwithExpo2010inShanghaistarted2004whenKlaus Toepfer, theUNEP 1.1 UNEPANDEXPO2010 living ina and asustainablefuture.Itrepresentsthecentralconcern ofourtimes:thesustainabilityurban faced bycitiesaroundtheworldandneedtostrike abalancebetweenurbandevelopment the cityandenvironment.Exhibitionsevents willbeorganized toexplorethechallenges The themeofExpo2010is“BetterCity, BetterLife”,whichfocuses ontherelationshipbetween BetterLife The ThemeofExpo2010:BetterCity, renewable technology, andthewondersofnature. The ShanghaiExpo2010followsthistrend. wasorganized aroundthethemeof“Nature’s Wisdom”, expressingecologicalco-existence, Technology –anewworldarising”asoneofthemajorthemes. The Aichi Expo2005in Aichi, put evenmoreemphasisontheenvironment. The HanoverExpo2000took“Humankind-Nature- sustainable developmenthasgraduallybecomemoreprominent. The Exposinthenewmillennium with thetheme“Celebrating Tomorrow’s FreshNewEnvironment”.Sincethen,theconceptof Environmental concernswere progress withoccasionalcallsforapeacefulworld. Expo relatedissues Facilitating anexchangeofviewsbetweentheExpoBureauandinternationalNGOson Jointly organizing withtheExpoBureauahighlevelforumduring2010; report oftheassessment; Conducting anenvironmentalassessmentofthepreparationsExpo2010andreleasinga Provision ofexpertiseandsupportfordevelopinga‘GreenGuide’ for2010Expo;  nite world. th centuryfocusedprimarilyoneconomicprosperityandtechnological  rst ExpoinLondon1851,morethan40fairshavebeenorganized.  Expo 2010Shanghai,China rst introducedtoexpos,in1974Spokane,UnitedStates,  ects theprogressofhowhumansocietiesrelatetonature. th century, making citiesmoresustainable. leaving agreenlegacyforthecitizensofShanghaiand contributingtoworldwideinitiativesof The ideaofaGreenExpoaimsatnotonlybene utilize cleanerandmoreenergy-ef efforts havebeeninitiatedtoupgradeurbaninfrastructure,strengthenpollutioncontrolmeasures, is beingmodernizedtobecomeagreenexamplefor urban developmentinthefuture.Extensive government hasscaledupandaccelerateditsenvironmental initiatives. The hundred-yearoldcity Shanghai’s commitmenttoa GreenExpogoesbeyondthefairitself.Since2000,municipal „ „ „ „ „ „ They alsocarriedoutthefollowingmeasurestoreducenegativeenvironmentalimpacts: The organizer chosethetheme“BetterCity, BetterLife”topromotetheGreenExpoconcept. for asustainablefuture;and3)makethecitygreener. has endeavouredto:1)minimizenegativeenvironmentalimpacts;2)showcasegreensolutions Preparation fortheShanghaiExpo2010startedin2000.CommittedtoaGreenExpo,organizer The ConceptofaGreenExpo The emblemofExpo2010isinspiredbytheshapeChinesecharacter embrace theworld. the nature-lovingcharacterofhumanbeingsandreadinessChinesepeopleto “people”). Intheformofawaterdropwithcolourocean,Haibaosymbolizes The mascot, me, holdinghandstogether, andsymbolizestheunityofhumanrace. meaning “theworld”).Itdepictsanimageofthreepersons,representinghe/she,youand International cooperationandpublicparticipation Taking responsibilitytomitigateclimatechange Post-event utilizationofvenuesandfacilities Development anddemonstrationofgreentechnologieseco-designs Environmental managementthroughouttheExpo Sustainability considerationsinsiteselectionandplanning Haibao , ismodeledaftertheChinesecharacter Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cient technologiesandpromoterenewableenergies.  ting the70millionexpectedvisitors,butalso ren ( 人 , literallymeaning shi ( 世 , literally

UNEP Environmental Assessment 11 12 UNEP Environmental Assessment communication, inspectionandevaluationofenvironmental initiativesinthemunicipality. This Committee (SEPC),ahigh-levelcross-departmental bodyresponsibleforthecoordination, A uniquefeatureofenvironmentalgovernanceistheShanghaiEnvironmentalProtection respective areas. and planning,thedistrictagenciesareresponsiblefor ensuringtheenvironmentalqualityoftheir all 19districtsinthemunicipality. While themunicipalEPBisresponsibleforoverallpolicies the planningandimplementationofenvironmentalprotection. Ithasenvironmentalagenciesin The ShanghaiEnvironmentalProtectionBureau(SEPB)istheleadingagencyresponsiblefor Environmental Governance of China.Ithasatotalarea6,304km Located inthedeltaregionof River, Shanghaiisoneofthemajoreconomiccentres Basic InformationaboutShanghai 1.3 SHANGHAIANDITSENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE Figure 1.1: Annual GDP andper capitaGDP ofShanghai friendly city”. government hasrecentlycommittedtodevelopShanghaiintoa“resources-savingandenvironment- development-at-all-cost modelandputssustainabilityhighupontheagenda. The municipal Against thisbackground,itisimperativethatShanghaireorientsitselffromtheconventional 1.1). Product (GDP)tripledbetween2000and2008,whileitspercapitaGDP alsodoubled(SeeFigure Shanghai iscurrentlyoneofthefastestgrowingeconomiesinworld.ItsGrossDomestic people werelivinginthisdenselypopulatedcity. With acentury-longhistoryofindustrialization, Expo 2010Shanghai,China 2 and isdividedinto19districts.In2008,18.9million Source: ShanghaiMunicipalStatistics Figure 1.2: The CoordinationMechanismfor Environmental Protection inShanghai of theenvironmentalprotectioninitiatives. across departmentstoa)alignresources;b)enhancecoordination;andc)increasetheeffectiveness up undertheSEPBtofacilitatedailyoperations. Various issue-focusedtaskforceswereformed environmental projects. An executiveof vice mayors,ensurestheauthorityandresourcesneededforcomplexmulti-departmental innovative governingbodycameintobeingin2003. The Committee,headed bythemayorand investment reachedRMB42billion(US$6billion),three timesthatof2000. of theaccumulatedtotaloverRMB225billion(US$32.1 billion). The 2008environmental for morethan3percentofthecity’s GDP. Publicexpensesaccountedforabout60percent after winningtheExpobid.From2000to2008,annual environmentalinvestmentaccounted consistent The Shanghaimunicipalgovernmentensuredthattheambitiousinitiativeswouldbebackedby districts andhasover150full-timestaff monitoringthequalityofair, waterandsoil. The ShanghaiEnvironmentalMonitoringCentre(SEMC)runsmonitoringcentresinall19 (2009-2011) willhave260projectswithatotalinvestmentofRMB82 billion(US$11.7 billion). to improvethecity’s environmentfortheExpo. The fourththree-yearEnvironmental Action Plan have beencarriedoutinthe is responsibleforcoordinating,reviewingandrealizingtheseactionplans.Hundredsofprojects Plans consecutively, themainplatformtoimplementvariousenvironmentalinitiatives. The SEPC Since 2000,theShanghaimunicipalityhasinitiatedseveralthree-yearEnvironmental Action  nancial investment. The cityinvestedheavilyinenvironmental protection,especially  rst threeroundsof Action Plans(2000-2002,2003-2005,2006-2008) Expo 2010Shanghai,China Green production y y y y y y y X-Project TaskForce Ecological protection Agriculture/ economy/Recycling Industrial pollution Noise/Solid waste Atmosphere Water  ce oftheSEPC,functioningasasecretariat,wasset Committee/Office Other authorities Other /County Source: ShanghaiEPB Bureau

UNEP Environmental Assessment 13 14 UNEP Environmental Assessment initiatives byShanghaifortheExpo. the consistencyof Environmental Action Plan,theadvancednetworkofenvironmentalmonitoringstations,and The cross-departmentalShanghaiEnvironmentalProtectionCommittee,therollingthree-year made onstrengthening Shanghai inde-couplinggrowthwithworseningpollution isconsidered.Recommendationsare sulphur dioxideemissionisanalyzedagainstthegrowing electricityconsumption. The successof level ofcarbonmonoxide,inhaleableparticulates,and nitrogenoxides. The gradualchangeof from SEMCareusedtodepictstabilizationandreduction trendsoftheambientconcentration Chapter Two appraisal ofthegreeninitiativesintheseareas. other citiestolearnfrom. The experience ofShanghaiinhandlingtheseproblemsprovidesvaluableexamplesandlessonsfor fresh air, cleanwater, sustainableenergy, ef Like manyotherrapidlydevelopingcities,Shanghaifacesenormouschallengesinensuring Coverage andProtected Areas, ClimateNeutrality, theExpoSite,andPublicParticipation. Shanghai’s efforts onninekeyaspects: Air Quality, Transport, Energy, Solid Waste, Water, Green ones goingbeyondthesiteaspreparationsforExpostartedin2000. The reportdiscusses This assessmentlooksatboththespeci 1.4 SCOPEOFTHEREPORT compounds, smallerparticulates,heavymetalsand persistentorganic pollutants. suggested thescopeofairpollutantsmonitoring shouldbeexpandedtovolatileorganic Figure 1.3: Annual Environmental Protection InvestmentinShanghai reviewsthemeasuresundertakeninvarioussectorsforimprovingairquality. Data  nancial supportarekeyfactorsforthesuccessfulimplementationofgreen regional cooperationandimprovingmonitoringstandards. Itisalso  rst Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ve chaptersofthereportoffer in-depthanalysisandcritical  c measuresrelatedtotheExpoandmoregeneral  cient transport,wastereductionandtreatment. The Source ShanghaiEPB Shanghai’s greeningefforts arediscussedin the overuseofchemicalfertilizersinagriculture. systems. Recommendationsaremadetoreduceorganic pollution fromupstream,especially positive impactsofthesemeasures,itpointsouttheneedtotacklenitri rate, andcleaninguppollutedriversarereviewed. While acknowledgingthescale,intentionand efforts inensuringdrinkingwatersafety, improvingwaterquality, increasingthesewagetreatment Chapter Six the solution. address environmentalimpactsresultingfromunder-capacity, andmotivatethepublic aspartof safe disposal.Recommendationsaremadetodevelopacomprehensivewastereductionstrategy, core ofShanghai’s wastestrategy, municipalefforts wereweakenedbyanimbalancedfocuson also discussed.Itpointsoutthatalthough“Reduction,Utilization,andSafeDisposal”areatthe incinerators andmechanical-biologicaltreatmentplants. The handlingofhazardouswasteis Chapter Five enhancing demand-sidemanagement. solar-PV powerplantandoffshore windfarmsinChina,furtherimprovingenergy ef Shanghai tokeepscalinguprenewableenergies asdemonstratedinitspioneeringMW-level highlighted andrecommendationsaremadetoaddressthechallenges. The reviewencourages energy ef Shanghai. Itdiscussesandaf Chapter Four across Chinaandbeyond. transport visionofShanghai,suggestsfurtherimprovements,andrecommendsitswiderpromotion new energy vehiclesarehighlightedasremarkableaccomplishments.UNEP applaudsthegreen over 400kilometresoftracksintwentyyearsandthediversi and d)tighteningofvehicleemissions. The constructionofaworld-classrapidtransitnetwork experiments ofnewenergy vehicles,c)theinnovativevehiclelicenseauctioningmechanism, a) thedevelopmentofrapidtransitsystems,b)strengtheningpublicbusnetworksand Chapter Three participation andpromoting greencitizenship. to developapro-activecommunication planonthegreeningofExpo,encouraging NGO The seriously atachievingalow-carbonExpo. Chapter Nine in thenewlybuiltlandmarks,nationalpavilionsand theUrbanBestPractice Areas. the Expositeanditsvenues.Itdocumentsgreen concepts andtechnologiesextensivelyused Chapter Eight are madetoconsolidatetheenvironmentalgainsoftheseefforts. the protectionofenvironmentally-sensitiveandhighconservationvalueareas.Recommendations increase inpercapitaurbangreenspaces,b)theambitioustree-plantingpledgeofcity;andc)  nal chapter,  ciency andpromotingrenewableenergies. The dependencyoncoalforelectricityis studieswaterqualityandthemeasurestoreducepollutioninbodies.Shanghai’s examinestheoverallwastestrategyandtreatmentfacilitiesincludingland discussestheissueofclimateneutralityandrecommends thattheorganizer looks reviewshowsustainabilityandenvironmentalconcerns aretakenintoaccountat looksatenergy consumptionanditssubsequentenvironmentalimpactsin discussesthepublictransportationprioritizationstrategyofShanghai.Itexamines Chapter Ten  , examinespublicparticipationtodate.Itadvisesthe organizer rms theimprovementsmadeinenergy structure,inincreasing Expo 2010Shanghai,China Chapter Seven  . Ittalksabouta)theimpressive cation strategyofexperimenting  cation oftheriver  ciency and  lls,

UNEP Environmental Assessment 15 16 UNEP Environmental Assessment „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ collection andorganized the visits.Staff atSECP andSAESfacilitatedmeetingswithotherparties,assisted ininformation The ShanghaiEnvironmentalProtectionCommittee(SEPC)wasthemaincontactpointduring pavilions underconstruction. green spacesandnaturereserves,subwaystationsnewenergy vehicles,theExpoSiteand coal powerstationsandwindfarms,industrialparks,environmentalmonitoringstations,urban The authormade conducted. government of were usedtocompareandcontrastwithof by relevantgovernmentagenciesonrequest.Mediareports,academicpapersandinternetresearch The reportwritingwasprimarilybasedoninformationpubliclyreleasedaswellthatprovided Environmental Sciences(SAES)providedgeneroussupportandassistanceduringthesevisits. July 2009. The ShanghaiEnvironmentalProtectionBureau(SEPB)andthe Shanghai Academy of The authormadefourvisitstoShanghaiforatotalstayofabouttwomonthsbetweenMarchand impacts andconsequencesoftheinitiativesexamined. inter-connected withsocialandeconomicissues,thisreportfocusesstrictlyontheenvironmental the ShanghaimunicipalgovernmentforExpo2010. Acknowledging thatenvironmentalissuesare information collectedinShanghai. The reportfocusesontheprojectsand measures developedby This studywasconductedbetweenMarchandJuly2009. The analysisincludesdataand 1.5 RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY „ „ Ministry ofScienceand Technology Chinese Academy ofEngineering Shanghai ResearchInstituteofBuildingSciences Trade Association ofShanghaiCommunicationsand Transportation TES-AMM Corporation(China)Ltd. Shanghai World ExpoLangHolding Co.Ltd. Shanghai GreenEnvironmentalProtectionEnergy Co.Ltd. Shanghai ChemcialIndustryPark Administration Commission Shanghai Waigaoqiao No3.PowerGenerationCo.Ltd. Shanghai Wujing PowerGenerationCo.Ltd. Shanghai LaogangDisposalCo.Ltd. Shanghai BailonggangSewage Treatment Co.Ltd. Shanghai EnvironmentandEnergy Exchange Shanghai ConstructionandCommunicationsCommission Shanghai DevelopmentandReformCommission Bureau ofShanghai World ExpoCoordination Shanghai Academy ofEnvironmentalSciences Shanghai EnvironmentMonitoringCenter Shanghai EnvironmentalProtectionBureau Shanghai EnvironmentalProtectionCommittee  cials, experts,engineers,journalists,environmentalvolunteersandNGOswere  eld visitstowastetreatmentfacilities,sewageplantsandconstructedwetlands,  eld trips. With theirhelptheauthormetwithrepresentativesfromthe: Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cial dataforcrossanalysis.Dozensofinterviewswith Shanghai’s initiativesinmakingthecityamoresustainableonefororganising aGreenExpo. scienti UNEP iscon attempt toin Shanghai EPBandSAES.Itisimportanttonotethatatnotimedidanyinstitutionorindividual comments andrecommendations.Inthespiritoftransparency, adraftofthereportwassharedwith UNEP staff invariousdepartmentsrevieweddraftchaptersandcontributedtothedevelopmentof Shanghai OasisEcologicalConservationCenter;andNon-Pro Defense FundChinaProgram;FriendsofNature; Alax SocietyofEntrepreneursandEcology; in Shanghaiparticular. These NGOsincluded:GreenpeaceChina; WWF China;Environmental with theauthoronsustainabilityissuesofChinaingeneral,andenvironmentalinitiatives NGOs inShanghaiandBeijingcontributedtothewritingofthisreportbysharingtheirperspectives  c approachpossible,andthatthisreportisanobjectiveindependentassessmentof   uence thisreviewbeyondpointingoutfactualerrors. dent thatthereviewhasbeencarriedoutwithmostaccurate,impartialand Expo 2010Shanghai,China  t Incubator.

UNEP Environmental Assessment 17 18 UNEP Environmental Assessment quality ofShanghai. industrializing andarehighlyurbanized,posingfurtherchallengestotheair factories. ItsneighbouringprovincesZhejiangandJiangsuarealsorapidly has amuchlongerhistoryofindustrialdevelopmentandwiderange , enablingeasierdispersionofairpollutants.However, Shanghai river delta,Shanghaienjoyscomparativelybettergeographicconditionsthan comprehensive actionsbythemunicipalgovernment.Locatedon Yangtze In thelastdecade,ambientairqualityofcityimprovedasaresult “blue sky”days. expected thatvisitorscomingtoExpo2010willbeonthelookoutforclear most controversialissuebeforeandduringtheBeijing2008Olympics,itis component theirenvironmentalinitiatives.Justasairpollutionbecamethe The Shanghaimunicipalgovernmenthasidenti 2. AIRQUALITY Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ed airqualityasamajor While Chinahasanairquality standardforozone,ozoneisnotincludedinthe API. relationship betweentheChinese API andtheambientpollutionlevels areshownin Table 2.2. The higherthe API value,thehigherlevelofairpollution andthegreaterhealthrisk. The describe dayswithan API valueof100orless (i.e. Air QualityLevelwithinclassesIandII). each day’s airqualitytothegeneralpublic.Shanghai usestheterm“Good-airQualityDay”to Air qualityisalsomeasuredagainstanairpollutionindex (API). The API isanindexforreporting Table 2.1:China’s ClassIInationalair qualitystandard The standardsarethestrictestforClassI.ShanghaiisdesignatedaIIarea. The Chinese „ „ „ Chinese airqualitystandardssetseparatelimitsfordifferent locations: China adoptedtheNational Ambient Air QualityStandards(GB3095-1996)in1996.Itsets STANDARDS2.1 CHINA’SAIRQUALITY the 2005GlobalUpdate WHO Air QualityGuidelines,arealsopresented. Class IIairqualitystandardsaresummarizedin Table 2.1. The WHO 2000guidelines,aswell above arethemostcommonlymonitoredinChinesecities. microns orsmaller(PM limits forsulphurdioxide(SO SO NO CO PM Mean Level Pollutant 2 2 10 Class IIIappliestospecialindustrialareas. and ruralareas; Class IIappliestoresidentialareas,mixedcommercial/cultural,industrial, and historicalsites; Class Iappliestospecialprotectedareassuchasnaturalconservationareas,scenicspots, Hour Mean 24-hour Mean Hour Mean 24-hour Mean Annual Mean Mecan 24-hour Annual Mean Hour Mean 24-hour Mean Annual Mean 10 ) andnitrogendioxide(NO 2 ), carbonmonoxide(CO),particulatematterwithadiametreof10 Expo 2010Shanghai,China 10,000 4,000 Limit ofClass China’s Upper 240 120 80 150 100 500 150 60 Ⅱ 2 ~ notsetinthe WHO EU2000Guidelines ), amongstothers. The fourpollutantslisted 10,000 Guidelines Air Quality WHO EU2000 120 40 ~ ~ 500 125 50 30,000 200 2 1 2 Quantities in Guidelines Air Quality WHO 2005 50 20 10,000 200 None 40 30,000 500 20 None 1 2 ten minutemean eight hourmean 1 2 μ g/m 3

UNEP Environmental Assessment 19 20 UNEP Environmental Assessment Table 2.2:China’s API and AQ grading (SEMC). The network ofairqualitymonitoringstationsmeasuresfourmainpollutants(CO,SO Shanghai’s ambientairquality monitoringisledbytheShanghaiEnvironmentalMonitoringCenter NO at thesitesofmajorpolluters,suchasinfactoriesand powerplants. air qualitymonitoring.SEMChasalsoinstalled211 setsof24-houron-linemonitoringsystems All togetherthereare45fullyautomaticstationsand 23manuallyoperatedstationsforambient and onlinechannels. A fewofthesestationscollectdataonozoneand PM relative humidity). The datacollectedisprocessed and releasedtothepublicthroughprintmedia 30>. 055>0.42 >0.565 >1.6 >300 300 200- 200 100- 0-0.05 100 0-0.08 50- 0-0.05 0-50 scope API 2 andPM SO 0.8-1.6 0.15-0.35 0.12-0.28 0.15-0.8 0.05-0.15 0.08-0.12 0.05-0.15 Concentration(mg/cubic meter) 10 2 ), aswellmeteorologicalvariables(windspeedand direction,temperatureand Daily AveragePollutant NO 0.565 0.28- 2 Expo 2010Shanghai,China PM 0.35-0.42 10 Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅳ level AQ Source: ShanghaiEnvironmentalProtectionBureau Condition AQ polluted Heavily polluted Slightly Good Excellent polluted Moderately Note onHealtheffects diseases willappear. strong symptoms.Some some willexhibit healthy peoplefalls, Exercise enduranceof symptoms will havestimulated while healthypeople display somesymptoms Susceptible personswill be affected Daily activitieswillnot be affected Daily activitieswillnot symptoms. endurance andincreased experience adropin Healthy peoplewill aggravated remarkably. lung diseaseswillbe patients withcardiacand The symptomsof 2.5 forresearchpurposes. 2 , Roadside airqualitymonitoringstationonNandanRoad,Shanghai. raising energy ef In thelastdecade,Shanghaihasplacedmuchemphasis onimprovingtheenergy structure, Energy Structure,Ef The measuresfocusedontheenergy, industry, transportandconstructionsectors. year Environmental Action Planstoimprovethecity’s environment,includingairquality. Since 2000,theShanghaimunicipalgovernmenthasimplementedthreeroundsof Three- 2.2 SHANGHAI’SAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLMEASURES and 200kW of solarphotovoltaicpower. An ambitiousrenewableenergy programme energy hadtakenoff inthelastfewyears,with27.3MW installedcapacityofwindpower signi (including thatgeneratedbythe Three Gorges HydropowerStation)hadincreased to 51.3percentfrom65in2000. The useofnaturalgasandimported electricity By 2007,theproportionofcoalusedasaprimary energy sourceinShangaihaddropped remaining coal-boilers.  cantly, thoughstillaccounted for asmallproportionoftheenergy mix.Renewable  ciency, upgradingcoal Expo 2010Shanghai,China fi ciency andFuel  re plantsandcontrollingpollutantsfromthe Source: ShanghaiEPB

UNEP Environmental Assessment 21 22 UNEP Environmental Assessment compared to‘businessasusual’. As aresultofthisreduction,lessairpollutants suchasSO With coalreducedintheenergy mixandoverall energy ef energy, enablingthecitytohaveanareaof666km fuel suchasnaturalgas.Bytheendof2008,5,975coal-boilershadbeenupgradedtousecleaner air qualityimprovementplan.From1997onwards,Shanghaireplacedcoal-boilerswithcleaner NO Expo site)andthetwogeneratingunitsin Wujing Thermal PowerPlant. coal whose closurehadbeenscheduled(see Table 2.3).Meanwhile,695MW ofsmallandinef gas desulphurization(FGD)devicesforallthe10GW capacitiesofcoal- Shanghai starteddesulphurizingitscoal- compliance wasalsotightened. within theInnerRingRoadisnowa“coal-freezone”.Inspectionofsmokeanddustemission tons ofcoalequivalent(TCE)perRMB10,000GDP, whichis31percentlowerthan2000. Figure 2.1:EnergyIntensityofShanghai(2000-2008) Shanghai’s overallenergy ef energy ef improvement programmesweredesignedformajorindustriesandregularlymonitored, industrial, transportandbuildingsectorswasalsobeingcontrolled.Specialenergy ef more than1,500enterpriseswerecloseddown. The growthoftotalenergy consumptionforthe industries), andacceleratedthephasingoutofheavilypollutingindustries.From2005to2007, industries (suchassteel,concrete,coking,petro-chemical,aluminum,andcopperre Shanghai hasraisedtheapprovalrequirementsfor“energy-intensive withlow-addedvalue” Energy formoredetails). had beencarriedout,theoutcomeofwhichwouldbemorevisibleby2010.(Seechapteron x , PM  re plantsintotalhavebeenshutdown,includingtheNanshi PowerPlant(locatedinsidethe 10  , andCO ciency labelingforhouseholdelectricgoodswasintroduced. With theseinitiatives, 2 wereemitted.Pollutionfromcoalcombustionhasbeenapriorityinthe  ciency hadimproved.In2008,thecity’s energy intensityis0.79 Expo 2010Shanghai,China  re plantsin2005.ByJune2009,Shanghaiinstalled 2 largely freeofcoal-burning. The urbancentre  ciency improved,lesscoalwasburnt  red stations,exceptthose Source: ShanghaiEPB  ciency   cient nery  ue 2 , Zone hadreduced81.7percent,andSO standards. As aresult,by2005,thevolumeofsmokeanddustemissionsfrom Industrial relocated. The steelindustriesinthisareahadbeenupgradedwithhigheremissionandef Zone, 17heavilypollutingenterprisesand40productionlineshadbeencloseddown,adjustedor comprehensive rehabilitationatindustrialzonesapriority. Forexample,at Wusong Industrial Old industrialzonesarebeingupgradedtoo. The Environmental Action Planssince2000hadmade industrial boilerstoenablereal-timeonlinemonitoringandmoreeffective lawenforcement. enforcement werealsotightened. Twenty-four hourmonitoringdeviceswereinstalledinmajor Titanium DioxideFactoryofShanghaiCokingCompanywereclosed.Emission monitoringand For example,the110,000-ton ammoniasynthesizingfacilitiesin Wujing ChemicalPlantandthe be scatteredaroundthecitywereeithercloseddownorconcentratedintomodernindustrialzones. upgrade theindustrialsectorandtoimprovetheirenvironmentalstandards.Factoriesthatused which consumedabouttwo-thirdsoftheelectricityinShanghai. Additional efforts weremadeto Energy-related measureshadpositiveimpactsonpollutantemissionsfromtheindustrialsector, Industrial Sector Source: ShanghaiEPB Table 2.3:DesulphurizedCoal- of Urban Transportation inShanghai,the totalvolumeofnitrogenoxidesemittedfrommotor 1994. Morestringentvehicle emissionstandardswereintroduced. According tothe White Paper taxis werepromoted. An innovativelicenseauctionsystemwasputinplacetolimitcargrowth in Almost 82kmofexclusivebuslaneswerecreatedbetween 2002and2008.Cleanenergy busesand the endof2008,therewereninemetrolineswith263 kmintotaland1058buslinesoperation. bid in2002. The municipalgovernment hasprioritizedthedevelopmentofpublictransport.By against timetoupgradeandexpanditstransportinfrastructure, especiallyafterwinningtheExpo pollution. As a rapidly developingcitywithmorethen20millioninhabitants,Shanghaiisracing Like otherlarge citiesintheworld,transportsectorisamajorcontributortoShanghai’s air Sector Transport reformed with53projectscloseddownortheirtreatmentfacilitiesupgraded. enterprises closeddownorrelocated.Since2005, Wujing, anotherindustrialzone,hadalsobeen The oldandheavilypolluted Taopu IndustrialZonewasalsomodernized,with21polluting before therehabilitationplanstarted. oa 110,674 11 Total 051300 1 2005 062650 2 2006 0741,024 4 2007 0898,225 9 2008 092475 2 2009 Year No.ofDesulphurized Expo 2010Shanghai,China  re PlantsinShanghai Power Plant 2 reduced almost40percentascomparedto Desulfurated capacity(MW)  ve yearsago  ciency

UNEP Environmental Assessment 23 24 UNEP Environmental Assessment dust-prevention measuresin place. A subwaystationconstruction site,neartheShanghaiMunicipalLibrary, withup-to-standard citizens indicatedthatdustandparticulatepollutionwasoneofhighestpublicconcerns. monitoring stationsandthehotlinecentre,author’s interviewswith of pollution, 25percentofwhichwereonairpollution.Inadditiontothedatafromenvironmental In 2007,Shanghai’s environmentalauthorityhandledabout40,000complaints and particulatepollutionresultingfromconstructionevenmoreserious. construction ofalmost400kilometresunderground subwaylinesacrossthecitymakedust those inPudongcommercialdistrict.Numerousresidentialestatesreplacedolderhouses. The Many ofthehigh-risebuildingsdominatingcity’s skylinewerebuiltsince2000,especially In theleaduptoExpo,Shanghaiexperiencedintensiveurbandevelopmentandreconstruction. Dust andConstruction in thechapteron Transport. in-use vehicleshasbeenstrengthened. These andothermeasureswillbediscussedinmoredetail vehicles in2005reducedby40percentcomparedto2000levels.Inspectionandmaintenanceof Expo 2010Shanghai,China

Source: UNEP  cials andordinary In 2008,therewere101days withbest API performance,asigni categorized as“excellent.” Figure2.3showedavisibleincreaseinexcellent air qualitydays. trend from2004. According tothe API systemofShanghai,dayswith API between0-50were A closerlookatthebestairqualitydaysinlastfewyearsshowedaclearerimprovement pollutants (PM data providedbySEMCwasundertakenforthisreport. The analysislookedatthefourmain In ordertoassesstheimpactofthesemeasures,ananalysisambientairqualitymonitoring 2.3 ANNUALTRENDSINAIRQUALITY strict requirementsduringtheconstructionrushbeforeExpo. remote onescontinuedtobeaconcern. The authorhadseenquiteafewsitesfailingtofollowthe while large-scale orkeyconstructionsiteshadabetterrecordofcompliance,thosesmaller requirements onthecoveringorcontainmentofidlesoil,cement,andconstructionwaste. Yet, pollution. Bettermanagementandsupervisionofconstructionsiteshadbeenintroduced,including The municipalityimplementedvariousmeasurestoreduceconstructionandroadsidedust Figure 2.2:ComparisonofGoodair Rate andGDP from 2000-2008 quality was“good”or“excellent”on328days,withthegoodairrateat89.6percent. from 2003-2008. This achievement hasbeenstableforthelastsixyears.In2008,ambientair data monitoredshowedthatthecityhadachievedhigherthan85percentofgoodairqualityrate Year Environmental Action Plan(2000-2002) andShanghaiwinningtheExpobid(2002). The There hasbeenanoticeableimprovementsince2003,rightafterthecompletionof (“Excellent”) andII(“Good”),whichiswithinthe API scopeof0-50and50-100,respectively. to thegovernmentstandard,goodairqualitydayswerede background ofrapidurbanizationandeconomicdevelopment,asshowninFigure2.2. According air pollutionindex(API)system.Inrecentyears,Shanghaihasstabilizeditsqualityagainstthe Shanghai followedtheNational Ambient Air QualityStandards(GB3095-1996)andadoptedan particulates (TSP). attention waspaidtothehistoricaldataofsmoke-and-dust,industrialdustandtotalsuspended 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 andCO)commonlymonitoredevaluatedinChina. Additional Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ned ashaving Air QualityLevelatI  cant increaseof68.3percent Source: ShanghaiEPB  rst Three-

UNEP Environmental Assessment 25 26 UNEP Environmental Assessment Figure 2.4:Changeofmajor air pollutants(notincludingCO)inShanghaifrom 2000-2008 Shanghai onlystartedtomonitorPM air pollutants(PM 2008 arepresentedinFigure2.4.Itshowsthattheannualdailyaverageconcentrationofallmajor The network-wideannualmeanconcentrationsofthefourmajorpollutantsforperiod2000- dropped afterwards. The NO standard. In2008SO showed atrendofincreasefrom2000to2007,almosthittingtheClassIIthresholdnational concentration wasslightlyhigherthanthenationalstandardof0.1mg/m lower thanthenationalstandardandhasdecreasedfurthersincethen. The SO signi National Ambient Air QualityStandard,withtheexceptionofPM Figure 2.3:Dayswithexcellent API duringtheExpomonthsfor theyears2003-2008 leveling atanaverageof63daysfrom2006-2008. October, themonthswhenExpowouldbeheld, also showedanincreasefrom2003to2006, from around60daysin2003and2004. The numberofdayswith“excellent” API duringMayto  cantly lowerthanthenationalstandard.From2001,dailyambientCOwassubstantially 10 , SO 2 startedtodropforthe 2 , NO 2 2 andCO)since2000wereconsistentlylowerthanrequiredbythe concentrationlevelstayedsteadilybetween0.4to0.6mg/m Expo 2010Shanghai,China 10 from2001onwards. The annual dailyaverageofPM  rst timesince2000. 10 in2002. 3 in2002,butgradually Source: ShanghaiEPB 2 concentrations 10 3 ,

were effective instabilizingNO as tighteningemissionstandards andacceleratingreplacementofoldermore pollutingcars, in thenumberofvehicles. This indicated thatthetraf 2.5, itwasapparentthattheemissionoftheseairpollutants didnotincreasedespitethegrowth NO the Shanghaiauthority. The impactoftransportationmeasurestakenwasevident. When ambient The overalltrendofairqualityimprovementhasbeen consistentwiththeincreasingefforts of 2 andCOconcentrationlevelswereplottedagainstthe number ofvehicles,asshownbyFigure 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 2000 2000 0020 0220 0420 0620 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 2000 2000 Standard Concentration Standard Concentration Expo 2010Shanghai,China 2 andCOemissions. 2002 2002 2003 2003 SO 2004 2 2004  2005 c measuresShanghaiimplemented, such NO No 2005 2 2 2006 2006 2007 2007 Unit: mg/m 2008 Unit: mg/m Source: ShanghaiEPB Unit:mg/m 2008 3 3 3

UNEP Environmental Assessment 27 28 UNEP Environmental Assessment Figure 2.6:DistributionofPM hundred MW ofsmall,inef dust controlatconstructionsiteswastightened,thousandsofcoal-boilersupgraded,andseveral the PM could beattributedtothesemeasures. According totheanalysisofSEMConcomposition sectors haveyieldedpositiveimpactsaswell. The downwardturnofPM In additiontothetraf Figure 2.5:Number ofvehiclesversusNO construction, industriesandpowerplants. The decreaseinPM 10 pollutionin2006,asshownFigure2.6,themajorityofPM  c measures,Shanghai’s efforts intheconstruction,energy andindustrial  cient coal Expo 2010Shanghai,China 10 emissionsinShanghai,2006.  re plantscloseddownfrom2003onwards. 2 concentrationinShanghai 10 wasparticularlyevidentwhen 10 10 emissionswerefrom Source: ShanghaiEPB from2003onwards Source: SEMC mg/m desulphurized, therearegoodreasonstobelievethatSO SO showed thatthedesulphurizationprogrammeforcoal- concentration ofSO It isworthnotingthatsince1986therehasbeenalongtermdownwardtrendintheannualdaily After severalconsecutiveyearsofincrease,SO electricity consumptionincreasedfrom55.9billionkWhin2000to107.22008. Putting thePM The SO Among thefourmajorairpollutants,SO During thesameperiod,industrialdustreducedbyafactorofabout10times. industrial dustreducedfromcloseto300,000around100,000tonsayear19862007. government andtheirimpactsweremoreevident. The annualemissionofsmoke-and-dustand Figure 2.7: Annual dailyaverage of ambientconcentrationSO is expectedthatthistrendwillcontinue. Class IIofthenationalstandard. With theefforts madeintransport,industryandpowersectors,it network-wide data,asshowninFigure2.4,illustratesthatthedailyaverageofSO Since acidrainismostlycausedbytheatmosphericreactions ofsulphurandnitrogencompounds, more frequentfrom2002. Figure 2.8showsthatwhilethepHvalueofrainwater wasslightlyreducing,acidrainbecame Annual Average ClassIIofNationalStandard concentration wasslightlyhigherthan0.02mg/m would hopefullyhaveapositive impactinreducingacidrain the city’s recentefforts indesulphurizingpowerplantsandtightening NO 2 emissionsagainstrisingelectricitygeneration.Nowwithallthecoal- 3 sq mg/m3 in2007. This couldbeexplainedbytherapidincreaseinelectricitydemand. The annual 2 andNO Annual Average ClassIIofNationalStandard 10 X decreaseintohistoricalperspective,thecontinuousefforts ofthemunicipal emissionsinShanghaihadalsoledtotherisingoccurrence rateofacidrain. 2

1986 inShanghai,asshownFigure2.7.Since1995,thecityhasbeenmeeting 1987 1988

1989 Expo 2010Shanghai,China 1990 1991 2

1992 wastheonlyonetoshowanincreasefrom2000. The 1993

1994 2 concentration 3 1995 in2000,thenclimbedandpeakedat0.055

1996 2 emissionswillkeepdecreasing. 

1997 re plantshadanimpactonoverall 1998 the shortterm. 

1999 nally declinedin2008. This 2 2000 inShanghai(1986-2007) X

emissionfromvehicles 2001

2002  re powerstations 2003 Source: SEMC 2004 2 2005 ambient 2006 2007

UNEP Environmental Assessment 29 30 UNEP Environmental Assessment Health Organization, thereisstillmuchroomforimprovement inShanghai. compared tothebestpracticesinworldandmoststringentstandardssetby World downward turnofSO was madepossiblewiththe ambientconcentrationofairpollutantsreducedorat leaststabilized. air pollutionworse.Onthe contrary, forthe in Figure2.9,itwasevident thatShanghai’s rapiddevelopment inthelastdecadedidnotmake growth rateofGDP, vehicles,population andenergy consumption from2000to2008,asshown The improvementintheambientconcentrationofCOandPM emissions monitoringandlawenforcement. advances havealsobeenmadeinlegislationandregulation,scienti optimize energy ef standards forfactoriesandautomobiles,promotemassiveexpansionofpublictransportation, Shanghai hasputingreatefforts inthelastdecadetoupgrade itsindustries,tightenemission experiencing rapidurbanization,intensiveindustrializationandpopulationgrowth. of howametropolitancitycouldstabilize,andtosomeextentreduce,itsairpollutantswhile few roundsofthe Three-year Environmental Action Plansprovidedalmostatextbookexample without thelongtermandcomprehensivemeasurestakenbyauthorities. The effort inthelast meteorological conditions,thecitywouldnothaveachievedcurrentlevelofairquality Although Shanghaienjoysarelativelyadvantageousgeographicallocationandrelated 2.4 COMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS Figure 2.8: Acid RaininShanghai When theaveragechangerateofairpollutants(CO, NO achieve thisshouldnotbetakenlightly. pollutants arenotconsideredabigdealinadvanced economies, thefactthatShanghaicaneven the lasttenyearsofdevelopmentinShanghai. While steadilystabilizingorgraduallyreducing Development doesn'tnecessarilycomeattheexpense oftheenvironmentasdemonstratedby Decoupling DevelopmentandPollution  ciency, improvetheenergy mixandintroducerenewableenergy. Signi 2 clearlyregisteredtherelativesuccessoftheseefforts. Nevertheless,when Expo 2010Shanghai,China  rst timeinthecity’s history, economic development 2 , SO 10 , thestabilizationofNO 2 , PM  c analysisandpolicystudies, 10 ) wasplottedagainstthe Source: ShanghaiEPB 2 andthe  cant reduced by15percentand26respectivelyinthesameperiod.CODSO 2005 levels. The totalamountofchemicaloxygendemand(COD)andSO Accordingly, Shanghaiwastoreduceitsenergy intensityby20percent2010comparedto Years Plan(2006-2010)proposed“energy savingandemissionreduction”tomakeChinagreener. COD andSO Figure 2.10. This showsthatShanghai wasabletokeeptheeconomygrowingwhileemittingless In thelastdecade,cityalmosthalveditsCODandSO main indicatorsofwaterandairpollutionusedbyChina. NO preparation forthe2008OlympicGames.Between2000and2008,mainairpollutants(CO, were applied. A similarexperiencehadbeensharedbytheBeijingmunicipalgovernmentinits further harmtotheenvironment,ifrightsetofpolicymeasuresandappropriatetechnologies This achievementsignaledthepossibility, and notjustthedesirability, ofdevelopmentwithout (2000-20008) Figure 2.9: The ComparisonofPollutantChangewithEconomicDevelopmentShanghai attributed tothesuccessofthreerounds Three-year Environmental Action Plans. 50.7 percentin2000to52.62007theeconomy, mostofthisimprovementcouldbe government ofChinahasbeenpromotingtheconceptsscienti The BeijingandShanghaiachievementswerenotincidental.Inthelastfewyears,central cent and144percentgrowthforpopulation,vehicles,GNP respectively. 2 , SO 2 , PM 2 bothinabsoluteandrelativeterms.SinceShanghai’s tertiarysectoronlygrewfrom 10 ) inBeijingreducedby13.8percentonaverage,comparedto16cent,91 Expo 2010Shanghai,China n Source: ShanghaiMunicipalStatisticsandEPB 2 emissionintensity, asindicatedin  c development. The 11 2 emissionsweretobe 2 werethe th Five

UNEP Environmental Assessment 31 32 UNEP Environmental Assessment a sustainableandequitablefuture. demonstrated byShanghaiandBeijingisnotonlyinstrumental, buttheonlyoptionavailable,for of peoplearetobeliftedoutpovertyandhunger. This ‘GreenDevelopment’ imperativeas be widelypromotedacrossChinaandotherdeveloping countries,whilehundredsofmillions Decoupling developmentfromfurtherharmingthe environment isanimportantexperienceto Figure 2.10:ChangeofCODandSO SO 2 Expo 2010Shanghai,China 2 intensityinShanghai(2001-2007) Source: ShanghaiEPB . The region,anareaof99,600km The Yangtze RiverDeltaregionincludesShanghaianditsneighbouringprovincesZhejiang provinces everyday. Clearly, itisinsuf conditions, nottomentionthelarge volumeofincoming motorvehiclesfromneighbouring pollutants fromstationarysourcesinnearbyareasalsoaffect Shanghaiundercertainmeteorological Shanghai hasdonealottocurbairpollutantsfromitssmokestacksandexhaustpipes.However, Regional Collaboration provided anopportunityforShanghaitospeedupandscaleitsenvironmentalinitiatives. production allrequiresleadership,moneyandtechnologicalsupport.ItwasclearthatExpo2010 rehabilitation oftheoldindustrialzonesandpromotioncirculareconomyclean The removalofallcoalboilersintheurbancentre,city-wideupgradingfactories, not havebeenpossiblewithoutthevisionarypolicyand The cuttingedge100MW offshore windfarmandthevarioussolarPV powerplantswouldalso  chapter on Transport fordetails),aswellthe100percentdesulphurizationofcity’s coal- urban renewal,c)theswiftupgradingofautomobileemissionstandardstoEuroIV (seethe one oftheworld’s mostmodernsubwaysystemsinlessthanadecade,whichrequiredextensive mechanism whicheffectively controlledthegrowthofvehicles,b)ambitiousconstruction Examples ofpoliticalleadershipincludea)thepersistenceinenforcingcar- licenseauctioning impressive won, thattheGovernmentdemonstratedunprecedentedpoliticaldetermination,matchedwith its pollutionprobleminthe1980s.Butitwasnotuntil2000,andespeciallyafterExpobid additional momentumtostrengthenvariousenvironmentalinitiatives.Shanghaistartedtackle The 2010ExpoacceleratedShanghai’s longtermefforts inimprovingairqualityandprovided Expo asaCatalyst trend-setter intheregionremains tobeseen. control. The effectiveness ofthisplanandhowsuccessfulShanghai willbeastheenvironmental appears tofullyrecognizethe importanceofbringingitsneighboursonboardfor tighterpollution Although regionalcooperation couldhavestartedearlier, theShanghaimunicipalgovernment now emission standardforcarswouldalsobepromotedacross theregion. to bedesulphurizedby2010.Noadditionalcoal- This strengthening region-wideairpollutioncontrol. raising theenvironmentalthresholdforindustrystart-ups, standardizingemissionstandards,and Cooperation oftheYangtze RiverDelta December 2008,thethreelocalgovernmentssigned andJiangsu.Betterregionalcooperationwouldbeneededinordertoclosethesegaps.In Shanghai currentlyhashigheremissionstandardsforfactories,powerplants,andcarsthan spectacle, contributingtoaboutone , Suzhou,and Wuxi. ItisalsooneofthemainpowerhousesChina’s economic world’s mosturbanized,withdozensofcities,includingfastgrowingones,suchasNanjiang, re capacitiesinamatterofjustthreeyears.  rst comprehensivecooperationplanfortheregionwould requireallexistingcoal-  nancial investmentandbackedupbyscienti Expo 2010Shanghai,China  fth ofthecountry’s GDP. 

cient tojusttackletheproblemfromwithinShanghai. (2009-2010), 2 and withapopulationof80million,isonethe  re plantswouldbeapproved. The EuroIII which outlinedregionalmeasuressuchas Agreement onEnvironmental Protection  c andtechnologicalcapacity.  nancial supportofthegovernment.  re plants

UNEP Environmental Assessment 33 34 UNEP Environmental Assessment and developasimilaractionplanintimefortheExpo. emergency plans weredevelopedbasedonthisstudy. Shanghaicouldbene air pollution.Region-wide,multi-stageandlongtermpollutioncontrolstrategiesshort Beijing startedinearly2000toworkwithitsneighboursdevelopamodelingstudyonregional Beijing’s experienceinthepreparationofOlympicsprovidedusefulinsightsforShanghai. health andqualityoflifeforthe80millionpeoplelivinginregion. of visitorsShanghaiisexpectingfortheExpo,correspondinggoodairqualityvitalto large area,andisknowntotraveladistance. Visual clarityisnotonlygoodforthetensofmillions haze, formedbyairpollutantsundercertainmeteorologicalconditions,impairsvisibilityovera The regionalhazeineasternChina,whichmayaffect theExpo,shouldalsobestudied.Regional study shouldalsobedevelopedandreadyforimplementation. the resultingsecondarypollutionsuchasgroundlevelozone. A regionalactionplanbasedonthe emissions ofotherairpollutantssuchasOzone(O stations havebeencollecting dataonaregularbasis. pilot studiesindeveloping monitoringcapacityandevaluationmethodsforozone. Someofthe increasingly aproblem,especially withthegrowingnumberofmotorvehicles, SEMCstarted Currently, ozone isnotmonitoredasanairpollutantinChina.Recognizing thatozoneis Currently theChineseairqualitymonitoringsystemonlysetsstandardsforCO,NO targets, aswellanexpansionofscope. Air pollutionisanongoingproblemwhichrequiresimprovementofstandardsand Ongoing ImprovementofMonitoringStandardsandScope sources. This studyhastocovernotjustthefourmainpollutants(SO is importantforthecitytospeedupitscollaborationwithZhejiangandJiangsumappollution More speci (NO pollutant ismoreofaproblemresultingfromtheinteraction betweensunlight,nitrogenoxide smog. Duringthesummermonths,whichiswhen Expowillbeheld,ozoneasasecondary Ozone isahealththreatcausingrespiratoryproblemsand theprimaryconstituentofphotochemical Ozone reducing theambientconcentrationsofbothSO strategies. Comparingthelatest WHO guidelinein2005,thereisstillroomforimprovement Shanghai couldseektobealeadingChinesecitybystrengtheningitslongtermairpollutioncontrol improvements onSO Further also otherssuchasvolatileorganic compounds(VOC)andPM SO (POPs) shouldnotbeignored. concern, morecomplicatedairpollutantssuchasheavymetalsandpersistentorganic pollutants While Shanghaihasdemonstratedimpressiveprogressinreducingtheprimarypollutantof UNEP andtheNGOGreenpeace. by theassessmentreportsonenvironmentalefforts of Beijing forthe2008Olympicsbyboth 2 . ItisimportantforShanghaiandotherChinesecitiestostartmonitoringcontrollingthe x ) and VOCs intheatmosphere.  cally, forShanghaitoensuregoodairqualityduringthefewmonthsofExpo,it Expo 2010Shanghai,China 2 andPM 10 2 andPM 3 ), VOCs andPM 10 inShanghai. 2.5 , aswelltheirinteractionsand 2.5 . This hasbeenrecommended 2 , PM  t fromthisexperience 10 , COandNO 2 , PM 2 10 ), but and China currentlyhasnotsetanyenvironmentqualitystandardforPM PM recommended thatthecityspeedsupmonitoringanddesignreductionplans. requesting de-nitri These measureswouldalsohelptoreduceacidrain. Another airpollutantarousingincreasingpublichealthconcernisPM PM to tackle VOCs fromgasstationsandutilizemethane(CH proactive measurestocontroltheiremission.ItisencouragingseethatShanghaihasstarted Since VOCs areamajordeterminingfactorforozone,itisrecommendedthatShanghaitakes guidelines forlocationselectionofstations. set evaluationcriteriaandtargets, developtechnicalstandardsforozonemonitoring,andissue the centralgovernmenthastoovercometechnicalhurdlesforqualityassuranceofmonitoring, However, inordertoenablecitieslikeShanghaiinclude ozoneintheirdailymonitoringsystem, of thisgroupchemicals, andaskedgovernmentstoregulatedevelopphasing outplans. to whichChinaisasignatory country, acknowledgedtheseverehealth andenvironmenthazards carcinogenic andhormone-disruptive. The StockholmConventionon PersistentOrganic Pollutants, Persistent organic pollutants(POPs)arepersistentandbio-accumulativetoxinswhich gradually andprogressivelyreduceitsrelianceoncoal. EPB recentlystartedtostudythefeasibilityofthesemeasures. Inthelongterm,Shanghaishould health. Pollutionsourcesshouldbeidenti study ofmercuryemissionsresultingfromcoaland itsimpactontheenvironmentandhuman Given Shanghai’s heavyrelianceoncoal,itisrecommended thatthecityconductsacomprehensive monitoring inthepowerplantsauthortalkedtowereawareofthisproblem.  electricity willinevitablyemitmercuryintheair. At present,Shanghaidoesnothaveof Heavy metalssuchasmercuryareseriousenvironmentalandhealththreats.Burningcoalfor MetalsandPOPs Heavy assess whetherandhowmuchprogresshasbeenmade. PM results especiallyonreducingNO As analyzedearlier, Shanghai’s airpollutionmeasuresontraf electricity generation. is stillatanearlystageaccordingtoSMEC.ConsideringtheadversehealthimpactofPM from theUNEP andGreenpeacereports. The scienti to monitorit. After theOlympics,BeijingplanedtomonitorPM over exposuretoPM to thehealthhazardsincludingheartdisease,alteredlungfunctionandcancerresultingfrom a diametresmallerthan2.5micrometre. A WHO reportin2005,callsregulatorstopayattention gures onatmosphericmercuryemission.Noneoftheengineersresponsibleforairpollutant 2.5 2.5 2.5 , However, withouton-goingmonitoringandevaluationofthepollutant,itisnotpossibleto , isproducedfromvehicleemissionsandcombustionoffossilfuelinfactoriespower  cation tobeinstalledinpowerplantsremovethepollutantfrom 2.5 . Expo 2010Shanghai,China 2 . The GovernmentcouldfurtherreduceNOxemissionby  ed andreductionstrategiesputinplace. The Shanghai  c capacityforPM 4 ), oneofthe VOCs, fromland 2.5  , actingontherecommendations c hasalreadyyieldedpositive 2.5, anddoesnotrequirecities 2.5 2.5 , monitoringinShanghai , particulatematterwith   ue gas. 2.5 lls for  , itis cial

UNEP Environmental Assessment 35 36 UNEP Environmental Assessment compliance. The experienceofShanghaiinthisregardshouldbewidelypromotedacrossChina. monitoring ofpollutionsources. This inturnenablesmoreeffective lawenforcementandcorporate administrative capacities. The cityisnowamodelinthecountryon24-hourreal-timeon-line air pollution,Shanghaihasreactedprogressivelybydevelopingtechnological,scienti It isespeciallyworthwhiletopointoutthatintheprocessofaddressingoutstandingwaterand Promoting theMonitoringExperience addressing thechallengeofheavymetalsandPOPs. a leadingenvironment-friendlycityinChina,thereisnoreasonwhyitshouldnottakethelead technological capacityandthusmore It isnotedthatmonitoringandevaluatingthese“advanced”pollutantsrequireshigherlevelof (See thechapteronSolid Waste formorediscussion). Comprehensive wastereductionstrategiesshouldbedevelopedforsustainablemanagement. nature ofthesetoxins,Shanghaiisadvisedtoenforcestrictmeasuresonemissionprevention. were carriedouttoensurecompliancewiththeemissionstandard.Givenbio-accumulative in Shanghai,arecommonsourcesofdioxin. According totheShanghaiEPB,regularinspections a sub-standardtemperature(i.e.below800degreesCelsius). Waste incinerators,whichareused Dioxin isamongstthemosttoxicPOPs.Itproducedwhenchlorinatedcompoundsareburntat Expo 2010Shanghai,China  nancial investment.GiventheambitionofShanghaitobe  c and and convenientsystemofpublictransport. day, with700,000onpeakdays. This cannotbeachievedwithoutanef month period,Shanghaiwillbeexpectinganaverageof400,000visitorsa It isprojectedthat70millionvisitorswillvisitExpo2010.Duringthesix for themunicipalgovernment. in theworld,transportationhasbeen,andstillis,oneofbiggestchallenges hub andoneofthebusiestportsin Asia. Likemanyothermetropolitancities urbanized andindustrialized,Shanghaiisalsoamajoraerialtransportation land, includingthelarge butsparselypopulatedChongmingIsland.Highly Yet itisonly4timesbiggerthanGreaterLondon,occupying6,340.5km population of19million,morethan25timesthe Amsterdam. Shanghai isasprawlingmetropolitancity. Bytheendof2008,cityhada 3. TRANSPORTATION Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cient 2 of

UNEP Environmental Assessment 37 38 UNEP Environmental Assessment experience ofShanghaiinshiftingitspolicytowards providing ef car-growth strategyandquickly reprioritizedthedevelopmentofpublictransportsystem. The policy supportwereguaranteed. The cityauthoritylearntahardlessonfromthefailureof the 1990s.Butitwasonlyinlastfewyearsthatclearpoliticaldeterminationandsubstantial The conceptof“prioritizingpublictransportation”wasintroducedingovernmentdocuments from worseningairquality. Shanghai’s citizensexperienceseveretraf lives ofthecitizensadversely. Likemany othercitieswhichadoptedthecar-growth strategy, tunnels and the early1990s.Despitemassiveinvestmentandlarge-scale constructionofroads,highways, Shanghai oncehadmorethan10millionbicycles,beforethetraf infrastructure fundamentallydeterminestheenvironmentalfootprintofcityanditscitizens. In thecourseofurbandevelopment,choicegovernmentontransportationandrelated networks. will haveamuchlarger impactontheenvironmentthan one withcleanerpublictransportation reliance onmotorvehicles,whichconstantlypumpoutairpollutantsandgreenhousegases, of itscitizens,butalsohasprofoundclimateandenvironmentalimplications. A citywithaheavy The structureoftransportationinacitynotonlyaffects thedegreeofaccessibilityandconnectedness 3.1 PUBLICTRANSPORT motor vehicles. The transportmeasurestakeninclude: opportunity tofundamentallytransformitstransportinfrastructureandcurbemissionsfrom In ordertomeetthelongtermtransportdemandofitscitizens,ShanghaiusedExpo2010asan in Shanghai,2007-2009.” launched “The Three-year Action PlanonPrioritizingtheDevelopmentof UrbanPublic Transport The trendwasacceleratedforthepreparationofExpo 2010.In August 2007,Shanghaiof The Shanghaiauthorityinvestedmassivelyfrommid 1990sonwardsinpublictransportation. Prioritization ofPublicTransport developing cities. and sustainabletransportforallofitscitizenshasshowcased asuccessstoryforotherrapidly „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Speed upthephasingoutofobsoletevehicles Tighten emissionstandardsandimprovetheirenforcementformotorvehicles Control thegrowthinnumberofmotorvehicles 2010 sitewillbewithzeroemission Promote cleanenergy vehiclesandensurethatallpublictransportationinsidetheExpo Strengthen publicbusservices Develop anextensivenetworkofrapidtransit Prioritize thedevelopmentofenvironment-friendlypublictransportation  yovers inthedecade,traf Expo 2010Shanghai,China  c jamsandinconvenienttransportaccessaffect thedaily  c congestion,wastemoretimetravellingandsuffer   c automationtrendstookoff in cient, comfortable,affordable,  cially by 2020. 500 kmby2012. The longtermplanningofthecityaimsathaving800kmrapid transitlines the endof2009,lengthrapidtransitnetwork willbemorethan400km,andreach carrying morethan4.3millionpassengersdaily(see Figures 3.1and3.2).Itwasplannedthatby 2008, thecityhadeightsubwaylinesandaMaglevline, with273kmoftrackand174stations, The extensionofthisnetworkacceleratedasaresult ofpreparingforExpo2010.Bytheend the newPudong Airport andthecitycentres. operate in2000. Two yearslater, Shanghai added anadvancedhigh-speedMaglevline,connecting introduced inShanghai1995butitstake-off hasbeenrapid. The second andthirdlinesstartedto transport systemsasoneofitstopprioritiesincitydevelopment. marked forimprovingpublictransportinfrastructure.ItwasevidentthatShanghaiput this three-yearactionplan.MassiveinvestmentonthescaleofRMB110 billionhadbeenear- urban development,landuseandplanning,wasresponsibleforcoordinatingimplementing comprising manygovernmentbureausincludingthoseresponsiblefor Public Transportation was setup,withadeputymayorasitschairperson. The JointMeeting, In 2008,theShanghaiMunicipalJointMeetingon Advancing thePriorityDevelopmentof „ „ „ „ It isplannedthatby2010thecitywillachievefollowing: In ordertoachievethesegoals,theShanghaiauthorityisspeedingupitsinfrastructuredevelopment. „ „ „ „ convenient andreliablepublictransportservices.” The planoutlinesconcretegoalsfor2010: mode oftravelforitscitizens,”withtheGovernmentcommitted“toprovidingsafe,punctual, The overallobjectiveofthisambitiousplanwasto“establishpublictransportastheprimary S Rapid TransitSystem hanghai’s rapidtransitsystemisoneoftheworld’s youngest. The Enhance thepublicbusservicesandaddnewparkingspacesfor3,500buses. city area. Complete 300kmofexclusivelanesforpublicbuses,which110 km willbeintheinner “park andride”functions. Build 60integratedpublictransportationtransferhubs.Someofthemwillbeequippedwith public commutingnetwork. over 280stations.Itspassengercarryingcapacitywillbearound30percentofthetotal Establish anextensivenetworkofrapidtransit. This networkwillcover400kmandhave areas byoneadditionalride. Passengers canbeconnectedtotherapidtransitnetworkfromsatellitecitiesandsuburban within onehour; All point-to-pointcommutingbypublictransportationwithintheinnercityistobeachieved radius oflessthan500metres; Urban areasinShanghaiaretobefullycoveredbypublictransportstationswithaservice volume; Public transportationaccountsformorethan65percentofthemotorizedpassenger Expo 2010Shanghai,China  rst subwaylinewasonly  nance, transportation,

UNEP Environmental Assessment 39 40 UNEP Environmental Assessment Figure 3.2: Table ofRapid Transit LinesinShanghai byendof2008 Figure 3.1:MapofRapid Transit NetworkinShanghai alv20 023 m2 33km 2002 2002 ieOpened Line 0720 07k 13 20 28 11 26 30.7km 29 23.0km 17 28 33.5km 17.2km 33.7km 2008 40.3km 2007 25.2km 2007 36.4km 2003 2007 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007 2007 9 2003 8 2005 2000 6 2000 5 1995 4 3 2 1 Expo 2010Shanghai,China Extension Newest oa:23k 174 273km Total: Source: ShanghaiEPBand Transport Bureau eghStations Length Source: urbanrail.net Figure 3.3: Top Ten CitieswithLongestSubway Tracks (bymid2008) longest subwaylines(seeFigure3.3). network. ShanghaiwillthenbecompetingwithLondonastheworld’s numberonecitywiththe ranks asnumber7.BeforetheExpostartsin2010,threemoresubwaylineswillbeaddedto at thetopofworld’s mostadvancedcitiesusingrapidtransitsystems.Currently, Shanghai than 100newsubwaystations. This unprecedentedscaleofsubwaydevelopment putShanghai During theauthor’s the publictransportvolumerespectively(seeFigure3.4). will carry5millionand8.6passengersdaily, accountingforaboutone third andhalfof carrying 7.5millionpassengersdaily. Itisprojectedthatby2010,rapidtransitsandpublicbuses In 2008,thecityhad16,400publicbusesinservice. They wereorganized into991buslines, Apart fromtheRapid Transit System,Shanghaialsohasanextensivenetworkofpublicbuses. Public BusesandBRT Note: The 0Biig17 0 8 200 1971 Beijing 10 e ok10 7 26 11 370 408 1904 1863 New York 2 1 ocw13 9 12 13 292 304 1935 1927 Tokyo 4 3 eu 942710 287 1974 Seoul 5 ard11 8 13 284 1919 6 hnhi19 3 8 234 1993 Shanghai 7 ai 902516 215 1900 Paris 8 eioCt 992111 201 1969 City 9  iyOee egho rc k)Lines Lengthof Track (km) Opened City gure ofShanghaidoesnotincludetheMaglevline.  eld visitsinShanghaifrom April toMay 2009,thecitywasconstructingmore Source: http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2008-09/10/content_9893402.htm Expo 2010Shanghai,China

UNEP Environmental Assessment 41 42 UNEP Environmental Assessment * Note:projectedon400kmofrapidtransitbeingbuiltandoperated. 300 kmby2010. The introductionandscaling-upofexclusivebuslanessignalasigni In 2008,therewas86.2kmofexclusivebuslanesinShanghai. This willexpandtomorethan Figure 3.4:Daily Average ofPassenger Throughput onDifferent Public Transport throughout the Yangtze RiverDelta. conveniently inrapidtransit,busandtaxi.Itwasplanned thatby2012thecardcanbeused citizens inShanghaitousea“Public Transport Card,”apre-paidvalue-storagecard,totravel bus linesandsubways. A contactless smartcard paymentsystemwasintroducedin1999,enabling The citygovernmenthasestablishedfeediscountsfor passengersinterchangingbetweendifferent investment incleanerenergy vehicles. line operatorstobettermanagetheirservice,maintainandupgrade converging andscheduling. The governmenthasalsosetupguidelinesandpoliciesforbus has alsobeena)relocatingstations,b)reorganizing bus lines, andc)optimizingtheirrouting, In ordertofurtherimprovethequalityandef development. be ademonstrationlineforpilotstudy, the successofwhichwill,hopefully, encouragefuture 2010. OtherBRT linesarealsobeingplannedandconsidered. This Shanghai startedtostudyBRT systemsin2004,andwillbeoperatingits and operationalcost. providing highqualityandef buses systemhybridizingthemeritsofrailtransitandconventionalbuslines.Itisaimedat Some ofthesebus-prioritylaneswillbereservedforBusRapid Transit (BRT). BRT isanexpress towards prioritizingroaduseforpublicbuses. passenger traf % oftotalmotorized % oftotalpassengertraf ulctasotsboa ,4 2001,7 69030,600 16,900 12,070 12,000 9,740 Public transportsubtotal ai2102902803303,500 3,300 2,820 2,940 2,130 Taxi ulcbs72077076086013,500 8,600 7,620 7,750 7,240 Public bus  c Source: PlanningOutlineofShanghaiCity Transport intheEleventhFive-yearPlan  c  cient serviceofrailrapidtransitwithamuchlowerconstruction Expo 2010Shanghai,China passenger (‘000) nt20 0420 002020 2010 2005 2004 2000 Unit trip %  ciency ofthepublicbusservice,Shanghaiauthority 962 43 40 30 24 24 19.6 7 ,1 ,3 ,0*13,600 5,000* 1,630 1,310 370 56 06 70 65 60 60 55  rst BRT lineismeantto  eet, andencourage  rst BRT linein  cant shift vehicles willbring. cycle analysistodeterminewhetherandhowmanynetenvironmentbene emissions fromhydrogen-productionandpowerplantsneedstobeconsideredintheoveralllife- source initself,requiresenergy tobeproduced. While havingzerolocalemissions,theindirect vehicles dependonhowelectricityisgenerated.Hydrogen,asanenergy carrierandnotanenergy It shouldbenotedthattheoverallbene and developedinChina. cell buses,andhybridbuses. All thesedifferent newenergy technologieswere locallyresearched operation onthestreet,includingsupercapacitortrolleybuses,all-electricbuses,hydrogenfuel- buses. At themoment,Shanghaiisputtingseveraltypesofnewenergy vehiclesintocommercial demonstrated intheBeijingOlympicsgavenewmomentumtodevelopmentofenergy The peakingoilpriceinrecentyearsandthesuccessofCNGothernewenergy vehicles various factors,includinguncertaintyofgassupplyandlackeconomicincentives. CNG buses(20%oftheentire operating inShanghai,sharpcontrastwiththesuccessofBeijingintroducingalmost4,000 that by2005,3,000newCNGbuseswouldbeinservice.Currentlythereareonly281 emit muchlessairpollutantsthanvehiclesrunningondieselorgasoline.Itwasplannedin2003 The citywasalsonotverysuccessfulwithintroducingcompressednaturalgas(CNG)buses,which taxis accountedforlessthan2,000,roughly10percentofthetotal. Lique Shanghai startedtointroducecleanerfuelforitspublictransportvehiclesinthelate1990s. beyond theExpo. opportunity forshow-casingandperhapspopularizingthesenewenergy busesfortheworld have beenputintocommercialoperationforafewyearsnow. The 2010Expoprovidedagolden public busesforthefuture.Notonlyarehydrogenfuel-cellbeingtested,innovativemodels Shanghai isoneoftheleadingcitiesinworldexperimentinglow-orevenzero-emission 3.2 NEWENERGYVEHICLES vehicles withzeroemissions, lownoiselevels,excellentmobilityandlow-operational cost. The Supercapacitor aresuitableforcitycenterrouteswithfrequentstops. They areclean put intoserviceonLine26bymid2009. in theoldcitycentreofShanghai.Basedonthisinitial success,another Since 2006,14Supercapacitortrolleybuseshavebeen operatinginthe5km-longcircularLine11 run for3-6kmdependingontheloadandwhetherair-conditioning ison. electric charger, justaboutthetimeneededforpassengers togetonandoff thebus,enablingitto The trolleybuscanbequicklyrecharged in30secondswhenitstopsatthestationwithanoverhead (EDLCs), canbecharged anddischarged quicklycomparedtostandardbatterypoweredvehicles. onboard . These supercapacitors,alsoknownaselectricdoublelayercapacitors The supercapacitortrolleybusisatrack-lessandcable-lesselectricbususingenergy storedinlarge Supercapacitor Trolleybus  ed petroleumgas(LPG)taxiswere  Expo 2010Shanghai,China eet) beforetheOlympics. This failureisduetoacombinationof   rst introducedin1997.However, after11 years,LPG ts ofelectricity-dependentandhydrogenfuel-cell  ve trolleybuseswillbe  ts thesenewenergy

UNEP Environmental Assessment 43 44 UNEP Environmental Assessment on Line11. The conductorofthesupercapacitortrolleybusrisestooverheadcharger intheterminalstation rollout. than withconventionalbuses.Otherwise,thetrolleybusisquiteadvancedandreadyforfurther Line 11 busdriverstheauthortalkedtosaidthatfrequencyoffaultswasonlyslightlyhigher unit costalsodetersitsimmediatepopularization. The overallenvironmentalbene to abouteightyears,theweightandsizeofbattery remainsatechnicalhurdle. The higher This electricbusemitsnoairpollutants. Although thelife-cycleofbatteryhasbeenimproved with electricbusessoon. on theroadinShanghai. The government planstoreplaceallthe114 vehiclesonthese on, fourmorelines(Line20,88,604and980)joined in,makingatotalof80all-electricbuses Battery-supercapacitor buseswere conditioning isonand250kmifoff. When itischarged atnightforfourhours,itcanruninthe daytimeforabout150kmwhenair battery andsupercapacitorelementsforenergy andutilizing themeritsofbothtechnologies. Shanghai isalsotestingalocallyinventedmodelofanall-electricbus,combiningconventional ElectricBus Battery-Supercapacitor stations. be furtherassessedasthevehiclesrelyonelectricity whichismostlygeneratedfromcoal- Expo 2010Shanghai,China  rst putintoserviceonLine852in August 2007.From2008

Source: UNEP  ts needto  ve lines  red and busesservicingExpo2010. municipal governmentplanstohaveabout200locally developedhydrogenfuel-cellcars,coaches, University andotherautomobilecompaniesinShanghai, wereusedby VIPs. The Shanghai At the2008Olympics,20hydrogenfuel-cellsedans, researchedanddevelopedbythe Tongji with another3-6hydrogenfuel-cellbusesoperatingon normalbuslinesforyears. buses wereintroducedtopublicservice. The secondphasewillstartinShanghaiJanuary2010 project inChina.Its Development Programme(UNDP)havejointlysupportedacommercializationdemonstration Science and Technology, theGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF),andUnitedNations Shanghai isthemainresearchbaseinChinaforhydrogenfuel-cellvehicles. The Ministryof market commercialization. house gasesandairpollutants.Itiscommonlybelievedthattheyareafewyearsawayfrom Hydrogen fuel-cellvehiclesusehydrogenasfuel,andthereforehavezeroemissionsofgreen Hydrogen Fuel-cellVehicles A prototypebattery-supercapacitorall-electricbus  rst phasecommencedin2005Beijingwherethreehydrogenfuel-cell Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: ShanghaiEPB

UNEP Environmental Assessment 45 46 UNEP Environmental Assessment cent ofthevisitors,respectively. and built withastationinsidethesite,carrying50percent ofthetraf The Expoexpects400,000to700,000visitorsaday. A newrapidtransit line(number13)willbe be low-emissionvehicles. vehicles usedinsidetheExpositewillemitzeroemissions,andthoseconnectingto The ShanghaiauthorityhascommittedtoagreentransportpledgeforExpo2010,inwhichallthe New EnergyVehiclesintheWorldExpo2010 vehicles. Euro IIIemissionstandardandcouldsaveupto20percentonfuelcomparedwithconventional Line 92BinShanghai. The dataofthisexperimentshowedthathybridbusescompliedwiththe companies. From2007Januaryonwards,thehybridbuseshavebeenoperatingcommerciallyon Shanghai isalsoexperimentingwithoilandelectrichybrid-poweredbusesdevelopedbyChinese Hybrid Buses A prototypeofahydrogenfuel-cellbus  ve ferrylineswillbeinoperationfortheExpo,taking careofabout35percentand10 Expo 2010Shanghai,China  c. Inaddition,fourbuslines Source: ShanghaiEPB Figure 3.6: Transportation Mapofthe2010Expo Figure 3.5:NewEnergy Vehicles tobeusedinthe World Expo2010inShanghai types ofnewenergy vehiclesservicingtheExpo. has experimentedwithinrecentyears.Figure3.5showsadetailedbreakdownofthevarious Expo. The Expowillbeaglobal cell vehicles. There willalsobe500hybrid-electriccarsandcoachesbringingvisitorstothe 270 all-electriccoachesandbuses,36supercapacitorvehicles,closeto200hydrogenfuel- services andbusroutesinsidetheParkwithnewcleanenergy zero-emissionvehicles,including With thesupportofMinistryScienceand Technology, Shanghaiwillbeorganizing thecar Note*: Ofthese156electricbuses,36willberunningonthesupercapacitortechnology. ulcl 0106196 306 500 6 156* -- 100 150 150 90 -- 350 Fuel cell Electric Hybrid Public transportation mapofExposite Public transportation Park Metro Stations Ferry Points Terminals andstops Ferry Line Metro 13 Cross-river BusLine BusLine Subsidiary Bus LineonPuming Road asne a oc u Subtotal Bus Coach Passenger Car Expo 2010Shanghai,China platform todemonstratetheinnovativevehiclesShanghai Source: MinistryofScienceand Technology oa 1002 Total

UNEP Environmental Assessment 47 48 UNEP Environmental Assessment numbers forboththesustainabledevelopmentofcityandenvironment. Figure 3.7:Motor vehiclesinBeijingandShanghai1996-2008 effective waytolimitcarnumbergrowth. comprehensive publictransportationsystemmatures,theauctioningmechanismcanbean than 460,000newprivatecars,Shanghaiaddedless90,000inthesameyear. Beforea motor vehiclesjoiningtheroadfrom1994toendof2007.In2007,whileBeijinghadmore According tothestudyoftransportauthorityShanghai,cityprevented1.25million the carlicenceauctioningsystem. 700,000 lessmotorvehiclesonitsroadsthanBeijingperyear. This hastobelargely creditedto experienced asimilarrateofgrowthinthelastdecade,Shanghaihasconsistently500,000to motor vehiclesissigni Shanghai hasasimilarpopulationandpercapitaincometothatofBeijing,whilethenumber price ofancheapmodelprivatecar. years, withthebiddingpricevaryingfromRMB23,000to56,000,whichwasabout The numbersofplatesupforauctionhasrangedfrom5,000to8,000permonthoverthelastfew traf form in1994withtheaimto“controltotalnumberofnewmotorvehiclessoasrelieve public auctioneverymonth. The policywas private carlicences. With thispolicy, a Shanghai wasthe Auctioning ofCarLicences accessible andef While Shanghaikeenlypromotedpublictransportsystemsbymakingthemmoreconvenient, 3.3 CARGROWTHRESTRICTIONMEASURES  c congestion.”   cient, italsosawthebene rst andcurrentlytheonlycityinChinaenforcinganauctioningsystemfor  cantly lowerthanthelatter. Figure3.5showsthatalthough thetwocities Expo 2010Shanghai,China Beijing Shanghai  xed numberofprivatecarlicencesareavailablefor   rst introducedin1986,andevolvedintoitscurrent ts oflimitingtherapidgrowthmotorvehicle Source: BeijingandShanghai EPB public thatthegovernmentfavouredtransportationoverprivatecars. Although thesemeasuresmightnotfundamentallyreducecaruse,theysentastrongsignaltothe week. to reducecaruseby20percenthavinggovernment-ownedsedansdrivingonedayless pollutants fromvehiclesarecarbonmonoxide(CO),nitrogenoxides(NO Exhausted gasesfrommotorvehiclesaremajorcontributorstourbanairpollution. The main Vehicle EmissionStandards maintenance. obsolete vehicles,c)limitingaccesstopollutingandd)strengtheninginspection to reduceemissionsfrommotorvehiclesbya)tighteningemissionstandards,b)phasingout Apart fromdevelopingpublictransportationandlimitingcargrowth,Shanghaialsoattempted 3.4 VEHICLEEMISSIONCONTROLS From November2008,theShanghaiauthorityrequestedthatallgovernmentbureausandof of cities. in 1998andquicklyevolvedintoaworld-widepublicawareness-raisingcampaignhundreds the publictodrivelessandusetransportsystems. The car-free daywasinitiatedinParis September 22nd,anddesignatedtheprecedingweekas“Public Transport Week” toencourage Rural DevelopmentofChina,Shanghaiand107otherChinesecitieslaunchedacar-free dayon of havinglesstraf The Shanghaiauthorityalsorecognizedtheimportanceofeducatingpublicaboutmerits Car-free Day in thecity, meetingtherelevantrequirementsofEuro IV standards. In ordertomeetthenewemission standard,Shanghaihasalsoimprovedthequality offuelsupply requirements fornewcars was narrowedfrom7yearsto5(2eeFigure3.8). Shanghai was23monthsbehind.Still,thegapbetween ShanghaiandtheEUonlatestemission enforced EuroIV standardfromJanuary 2008onwardsinitspreparationfortheOlympics. be compliantwiththeNationalFourthPhaseEmission Standards(equivalenttoEuroIV).Beijing From November2009onwards,allnewlightvehicles, busesandpublicservicevehicleshaveto 2008. standard was area compliedwiththisnewstandard. The EuroIII–equivalenttothethirdphaseofnational equivalent toEuroII,fornewvehicles.By2005all42,000 taxisand5,400busesintheinnercity equivalent toEuroI.In2003,ShanghaienforcedtheNationalSecondPhaseEmissionStandards, In 1999,theShanghaiauthorityimplementedNationalFirstPhaseEmissionStandards, IV equivalent. set bytheEuropeanUnion.From1999to2009,cityraiseditsstandardfromEuroI Shanghai introducednewvehicleemissionsstandards,graduallycatchingupwiththebestpractice overall emissionofpollutants. and particulatematter(PM). Tightening emissionstandardsisanimportantstrategytoreducethe  rst introducedfortaxisandbusesin2006,wasenforced comprehensivelyin  c ontheroads.In2007,supportedbyMinistryofHousingandUrban- Expo 2010Shanghai,China X ), sulphurdioxide(SO  ces 2 )

UNEP Environmental Assessment 49 50 UNEP Environmental Assessment Access Restriction be takenoff theroadsbeforeExpostarts. have tocomplywiththeEuroIII-equivalentstandards. As aresult,about4,000olderbuseswill The replacementoftaxisandbuseswasalsoaccelerated.By2010,allpublictransportvehicles 500,000 high-emissionvehiclesfromtheroads. the municipalgovernment,by2008Shanghaihadremoved150,000highlypollutingvehiclesand The phasingoutofobsoletepollutingvehiclesinShanghaihasbeenaccelerated. According to Obsolete VehiclePhasing-out Beijing andShanghai Figure 3.8:ComparisonofEuro 1-IV equivalentvehicleemissionstandardoftheEU, 110,000 vehicles were inspected. inspection teamsaresetupforstreet-levellawenforcement. From2000to2008,morethan station andeightsub-stationshavebeensetupfor annualin-usevehicleinspection.Mobile Inspection andmaintenanceforin-usevehiclesarealso beingscaledup.Onecentralinspection Vehicle InspectionandMaintenance restrictive measuresforpollutingvehicles. be prohibitedfromenteringthemiddleringroad. The municipalityiscurrentlystudyingfurther ring road.From August 2009onwards,vehicleswithemissionsworsethanEuroIstandardswill duty vehiclesnotcompliantwithEuroIIstandardshavebeenbannedfromenteringtheinner with EuroIstandardsareprohibitedfromenteringtheinnercityarea.Starting2009,heavy Access limitationtotheinnercityhasbeenintroduced.In2006,allmotorvehiclesnotcompliant Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: ShanghaiandBeijingEPB shall bemadeavailableforExpovisitors. by publictransport.PracticaltravelinformationtogetherwithShanghai’s greentransport vision discounts, orevencomplimentaryridesforExpoticketholderstoencourage“greencommuting” and taxis.UNEP recommendsthatShanghaiconsidersmeasuressuchasspecialExpopass,fee comfortably inthetransportwebcomprisedofextensivesubwaylinesandlesspollutingbuses When theExpostartsinmid2010,Shanghaicitizensandvisitorswilltravelef to thissuccess. the municipalgovernmentandrelated city tohavebuiltsuchanextensivenetworkofsubwaysinashorttime. The politicalwillof Considering Shanghaionlyacquiredits subways, lightrailsandaMaglev, withatotalof400kmstrackandover280stations. transit graduallycameintoshape.By2010,thecitywillhaveanetworkofover10lines accelerating thecomprehensivemodernizationofpublictransport. As aresult,networkofrapid citizen mobilitycenteringonmodernpublictransportationsystems. The Expowascatalyticin Shanghai enteredintothenewmillenniumwithaprogressivevisionofurbanplanningand bridges and of automobilesfarexceededthatroads. As someChinesemediahaspointedout,expressways, development andtraf with aturningpointinthecity’s transportvision. After adecadelongautomobile-ledurban transportation policyofthelastdecade. The timingofShanghaiwinningtheExpobidcoincides The World ExpopresentsachallengeaswellanopportunityforShanghaitoturnaroundits Vision Green Transport 3.5 COMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS „ „ „ „ „ „ traf The citygovernmentisurged tomaintaintheprioritization ofrapidtransitandpublicbusesinthe environment-friendly transportmeasures. government couldgalvanizeitsinitialsuccessbykeepingandexpandingpublic Shanghai hasaboldvisiontoprioritizepublictransportoverautomobiles. The municipal Improvements Recommendations forFurther  c strategy. The followingsshouldbeconsidered: policy supportand Keep modernizingthebus Strengthen theroleofBRTs andexpressbuses Optimize thenetworkcompatibilityofsubwaysandbuses investments dimension ofthenetworktosecureitslongterm Balance themarket-basedmanagementofrapid transit systemwiththepublicservice hubs tominimizebuildingcostsandmaximizetheconvenience forpassengers Ensure earlyplanningofsubwaylines,locationsstations andthedesignofinterchanging Continue theinvestmentinpublictransportsystem, especiallysubways  yovers onlybecomelittlemorethancar-parks soonafterbuilding.  c strategyofthe1990s,governmentstartedtorealizethatgrowthrate  nancial incentives Expo 2010Shanghai,China  eet withlow-emissionandevenzero-emissionvehicles with  rst subwaylinein1995,itisalmostamiracleforthe  nancial investmentandpolicysupportwerecritical  nancing andthecost-effectiveness of  ciently and

UNEP Environmental Assessment 51 52 UNEP Environmental Assessment Sundays orpermanently). some sectionsofcitycentrecouldbemadepedestrianonlyzones(eithertemporarilyduring promoted. Moreparkspacesforbicyclescouldalsobeintroducedinthecitycentre.Inaddition, recent experimentsindesigningrapidtransitstationswithbicycleparkingspaceshouldbefurther encouraged tokeepitstraditionalpedestriansidewalksandbikelanes. The municipalgovernment Non-motorized transportsuchasbicyclesandwalkingneedstobeencouragedwell.Shanghaiis „ „ „ „ In addition,thegovernmentcanalsoenhanceitsemissioncontrolforgroundtransportby: „ „ „ „ keep thecarnumbergrowthundercontrol. The followingmeasurescanbeconsidered: Shanghai shouldalsocontinuetoprioritizeroad-useforpublictransportandtakemeasures many years.CitiesfromtherestofChinaandotherdevelopingcountriescanbene the car-oriented traf the rightpolicysupportand In preparationfortheExpo,Shanghaihasdemonstratedthatwithvision,politicaldetermination, Beyond Shanghai construction costs. as wellwithearlierand morestrategicdesignofthenetworktominimize resettlement and They canbene in Hangzhou,fourlinesSuzhouand rush. Nanjinghasonesubwaylineoperatingwitheight moreinthepipeline. There areeightlines In the Yangtze RiverDelta areaalone,fourmorecitiesarefollowingShanghaiintheirsubway in Chinahavingmetrosystems. there are36subwaylinesunderconstructionin12Chinese cities.By2010,therewillbe23cities towards. According totheMinistryofHousing andUrban-RuralDevelopment,atthemoment Shanghai’s massiverapidtransit expansionissymbolicofwhatmanyChinesecitiesareheading heeding Shanghai’s greentransportvision. cars vehicles engine orothercleanerfuels,anddevelopmeasurestopromotewideruseofelectric Giving incentivestoencouragethepurchaseofcarsrunningonhydrogen,hybrid-electric Imposing heaviertaxationonbuyingcarswithlowerfuelef ef Speeding upthereplacementofoldandmorepollutingvehicleswithcleaner ones Expanding EuroIV standardtoallnewvehiclesincludingtrucksandotherheavyduty public transportinfrastructure Link uptherevenuegeneratedbylicenceauctioningtoagreentransportationfund licenses any loop-holes,especiallytheleakageresultingfromcarownersacquiringnon-Shanghai Continue theprivatecarlicenceplateauctioningsystemandenhanceitbyclosingoff or otheraccess-restrictionmeasuresbasedontimenumberofpassengersbeingcarried Limit privatecarsfromenteringtheinnercitydistrictsbyintroducingcongestionsurcharge Speed uptheestablishmentofbus-priorityandexclusivelanes  cient onesthrough  t fromtheShanghaiexperienceinintegratingbetterwith overallurbanplanning,  c strategywhichhasdominatedtheimaginationofdecision-makersforso   nancial incentives,arapidlydevelopingcitycanfundamentallyalter nancial incentivesandregulatorypolicy. Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ve linesin Wuxi underconstructionandbeingplanned.  ciency andowningadditional  t muchfrom  nance well withthethemeof2010Expo:“BetterCity, BetterLife.” while minimizingtheirnegativeimpactontheenvironment. This greentransportvision exempli With there-orientationofitstransportpolicytowardsgreenand publictransport,Shanghai China andfortheworld. energy vehiclesintheExpocouldhelpdirectcarindustry inanewgreendirection,both zero-emission andlow-emissiontransportcommitmentthedemonstrationof1,002new electric busesinShanghaiprovidesvaluableexperienceandshouldbefurtherpromoted. The Against thisbackground,thesuccessfulintroductionofsupercapacitortrolleybusesandall- by 2012. production capacityforenergy-saving vehiclestoonemillion,whichis10percentofthetotal, to introduceatotalof10,000newenergy buses. The plan aimsathelpingtoexpandtheannual of Scienceand Technology (MOST)haslaunchedanambitiousinitiativetosubsidizetencities Shanghai leadsinthedevelopmentandcommercializationofnewenergy vehicles. The Ministry country canalsohelpChinatocutairpollutionandcarbonemissionsfromthetransportsector. per centyearinChina. Applying stringentstandardsofemissionandfuelef as thelicenseauctioningshouldbepromotednationally. Privatecarnumbersaregrowingby20 In additiontotheprioritizationofsubways,BRTs andbuses,car-growth controlstrategiessuch developing countrieswithsimilarneeds. kilometre. Itismoresuitableforotherless-populatedandlower-income citiesinChinaandother cheaper costsandshorterconstructionperiods.Itonly5-10%ofwhatsubwayscostper Many otherChinesecitiesarealsoestablishingBRT systems.BRTs canbeputinplaceatmuch  ed howcitizensinametropolitancitycouldenjoycomfortableandef Expo 2010Shanghai,China

 ciency acrossthe  cient mobility  ts very

UNEP Environmental Assessment 53 54 UNEP Environmental Assessment reduce emissionsandimproveenergy ef of soaringenergy demands,itisahugechallengeforShanghai to annual growthrateofalmost10percentsince2000. With thistrend electricity consumedshotupto107.2billionkWh,withanaverage and representedanannualgrowthrateofmorethan8percent. Total 98 milliontonsofcoalequivalent(TCE),almostdoublethat1996 demand forenergy, especiallyelectricity. In2007,thecityconsumed As arapidlydevelopingcity, Shanghaiexperienced ahighgrowth system shouldbecome“diverse,safe,cleanandhighlyef compared to2005levels,anditsenergy supplyandconsumption Shanghai willreduceenergy intensityperGDP unitby20percent National EconomyandSocialDevelopment(2006-2010).By2010, laid downintheoutlineofnationalEleventhFive-Year Planof accomplish the“energy conservationandemissionreduction”target An over-arching objectiveofShanghai’s energy strategywasto to mitigateclimatechange. also contributedtoreducinggreenhousegasemissionthushelping of savingenergy, reducingemissionsandimprovingairquality, they Although manyofthesemeasureswereformulatedwiththeobjective improving energy ef for improvingtheenergy structure,reducingitsrelianceoncoal, Since then,thecityhasputinplaceacomprehensiveprogramme industrialization. for generatingelectricityitsgrowingpopulationandbooming Expo in2002,Shanghaiwaspredominatelydependentoncoal preparations fortheExpo. When thecitywonbidfor Energy hasbeenakeyareaforShanghaitomodernizeinits 4. ENERGY Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ciency andintroducingrenewableenergy.  ciency.  cient”. Figure 4.2:EconomicStructure ofShanghai2000-2008 from 50.7percentin2000to53.72008(Figure4.2). industrialization ofthecentralurbandistricts. The shareofthetertiarysectorincreasedslightly their relativeproportion. The policyof“Tertiary in,Secondaryout”wasadoptedtoguidethede- The municipalgovernment,whileinsistingontheimportanceofbothtoeconomy, adjusted In thelasttwodecades,bothmanufacturingandservicessectorsdevelopedrapidlyinShanghai. Figure 4.1:ElectricityConsumptioninShanghaifrom 1996to2007 sector. Shanghai hadtoadjustbothitsoveralleconomicstructureandthecompositionofindustrial of thetotalelectricityconsumed(seeFigure4.1). To reducetheenergy intensityofperGDP unit 2007. The industrialsectorwasthelargest poweruser, whichaccountedforroughly 75percent driving energy demand.Electricityconsumptioninthecitymorethandoubledbetween1996and industrialization andadiverseindustrialstructure.Industriesgrewrapidlyintheearly1990s, As the 4.1 IMPROVINGTHEENERGYSTRUCTURE  rst industrialcentreofChinadatingbacktothe1920s,Shanghaihasalonghistory Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: ShanghaiMunicipal Statistics Source: ShanghaiEPB

UNEP Environmental Assessment 55 56 UNEP Environmental Assessment development. Factorieswithobsoletetechnologies,lowenergy ef In addition,industrieswereredirectedfromresource-extensivetotechnology-intensive waste andby-products. the circulareconomyprinciplesoastooptimizeutilizationofenergy aswellrawmaterials, parks (suchastheShanghaiPetro-chemicalIndustrialPark,seeBox4.1)weredesignedtorunon parks withcentralizedwastetreatmentfacilitiesandpowersupply. Some ofthenewindustrial Formerly sparselydistributedfactorieswererelocatedandconcentratedinmodernindustrial projects frombeingbuilt. will besuspended. The environmentalauthoritywasalsogiventhevetopowertodeterpolluting measures wouldnotbeapproved. Those withabove-target emissionsintheinspectionprocess authorities. Projectswithoutrobustenvironmentalimpactassessmentsandenergy saving copper, carbide,cokeandcementindustries,would requireapprovalbythetop-levelmunicipal New investmentsinenergy-intensive andpollutingsectors,includingironsteel,aluminum, reduction targets andrequiredtoreportregularlyrelevantauthoritiesforreviewauditing. Enterprises withannualenergy consumptionof2,000 TCE andaboveweregivenenergy intensity in electroplating,thermaltreatment,castlingandforging werealsoreformedandupgraded. four ferroalloyfactoriesand14steelre Energy intensiveindustrieswerethemajortargets ofthisprogramme. At least14cementfactories, factories havebeenshutdown. be upgradedorcloseddownfrom2006-2010tosavethreemillion TCE. Sofar, morethan2,000 Programme launched the In ordertoachievethetarget setbythecentralgovernment’s eleventh were systematicallycloseddown,integratedorupgraded. chemical IndustrialParkisthe Approved bythecentralgovernmentandestablishedin2001,ShanghaiPetro- Box 4.1:ShanghaiPetro-chemical IndustrialPark sector, makingthemless polluting andmoreenergy ef Modern industrialparkslike thisonehavecontributedtoupgradingShanghai’s industrial both 2007(-15.18%)and2008(-8.4%). used perRMB10,000GDP, representing aconsecutivereductionofenergy intensityin 50.3 billion,andconsumedatotalof4.66million TCE. This meansthat0.93 TCE were In 2008,thefactoriescollectivelyhadanannualgross industrialoutputvalueofRMB centralized servicesonlogistics,wastetreatment,safety andenvironmentalmanagement. waste heatfromoneanothertoformaproductionloop. The parkmanagementprovides government. Factoriesareinter-connected, utilizingtheproducts,by-products, wasteor The parkisorganized withthe“circulareconomyprinciple”promotedbyChinese products, British Petroleum,andlocalgiantSinopec,concentratingonpetro-chemicalrelated factories from53enterprisesincludingleadingchemicalmultinationalsBASF, Bayer, . According tothisplan,about3,000olderandpollutingindustrialprojectswere Implementation PlanoftheShanghaiEnergy-conservation andEmission-reduction  ne chemicalproducts,syntheticmaterialsandhi-techbio-medicalproducts. Expo 2010Shanghai,China  rst ofitskindinChina.Ithasatotalarea29.4km  neries shouldbeshutdownby2010. Technologies  cient.  ciency andheavyemissions  ve-year plan,Shanghai 2 , with Figure 4.3:Structure ofPrimaryEnergyConsumptioninShanghai2001-2007 contribution totheShanghaienergy mix. station atthe Three Gorges. Datawasnotavailabletoanalyzethecompositionofthisexternal from coal- to 13.4%ofprimaryenergy consumptionfrom2001-2007. This importedpowerincludes It shouldalsobenotedthattheelectricityimportedfromotherprovincesincreased0.9% category from2010onwards,withahumblestartof0.5percent. in thegovernmentstatistics,renewableenergy forthe the energy mix,andwillcontinuetogrowsevenpercent.Itisworthwhilepointingoutthat in vehiclenumbers.Naturalgasincreasedfrom0.7percent2001to4.52007 cent in2007,butitisexpectedtoclimbback37permainlyduetheprojectedgrowth to 46percentby2010. The consumptionofoildecreasedfrom33.4percentin2001to30.4 from 2001to2007(seeFigure4.3). The proportionofcoalinthemixisprojectedtofallfurther reduce itsrelianceoncoalfrom64.5percentto51.5forprimaryenergy consumption industrial energy ef In additiontothetransportmeasuresdiscussedinChapter3,theseonimproving  re plantsinneighbouringprovincessuchas Anhui andfromthemega-hydropower  ciency andrestrainingheavyindustriesdevelopmenthavehelpedShanghaito Source: ShanghaiEPB&ReformandDevelopment Commission Expo 2010Shanghai,China  rst timewillbecountedasastandalone

UNEP Environmental Assessment 57 58 UNEP Environmental Assessment Figure 4.4:ListofPower PlantstobecloseddowninShanghai2007-2010 inef sixth ofthetotal,wereburntinscatteredsmall-scaleboilers2005. These facilitieswereusually According totheShanghaiReformandDevelopmentCommission,8.5milliontonsofcoal,one 14.38 GW. closing downof533heavilypollutingsmallcoalpowerstationswithatotalinstalledcapacity technology ones.RecentlytheNationalReformandDevelopmentCommissionannounced It isestimatedthatold-fashionedthermalplantsburn30-50percentmorecoalthanmodernhigh relies oncoal- the remainingtwothirdsislocallyproduced. The majorityofthelocallygeneratedelectricity While aboutonethirdoftheelectricityconsumedinShanghaiisimportedfromnearbyprovinces, and ultra-supercriticalpowerplantswerepromoted. less pollutingones.Second,newtechnologiessuchascombinedheat-and-powercogeneration ef reduce theassociatednegativeenvironmentalimpactsbyrequiringpowerplantstousecoalmore key componentsinreducingthelongtermrelianceoncoal.Shanghaitookadditionalmeasuresto The adjustmentoftheenergy structureandtheimprovementofindustrialenergy ef 4.2 DEPENDENCYONCOALFORELECTRICITY tons ofSO total capacityof2,108MW (seeFigure4.4). This willsave1.1million TCE andprevent80,000 By 2010,Shanghaiplanstoclosedown29dirtyandinef without propertreatment. hbiOdPwrPat1 #1522009 125 2 1#2# OldPower Plant 7 2007 6 5 60x2+25x1 Yangshupu PowerPlant 4 Minghang PowerPlant 8#\\9#\\10# 3 Wujing OldPowerPlant 2 Nanshi Power Plant 1  ciently. First,smallerandolder coal-  Chongming BaozhengPower Changxing IslandNo.2 aeo oe ln Generating Units Name ofPowerPlant cient andpolluting.SomeofthempumpedoutSO Plant Power Plant 2 fromemittingannually.  red powerstations. This heavydependencyoncoaliscommonacrossChina. oa 9gnrtn nt 18M 2108MW 29generatingunits Total Expo 2010Shanghai,China #\#1 2010 2010 2008 2010 2009 55x1+55 2 12 2 2009 30 1 +112 2 30 1 +25 1 14# 15#16# 25 2 2007 1#\\2# 130x1 2010 0#\\1#\\2# 2010 9#\\22# 100 1 +125 1 130x1+135x1140 3 50 111#\\21# +25 3 9#\\10#\\11#\\12#\\13# 8# 1#\\2#\\3#\\6# 4#\\5#  red plantsweretobereplacedwithmoreef  cient coal- 2 , NO (MW xNo’ ofunits) X Installed Capacity andPMintotheatmosphere  ring unitsin7plantswitha Source: ShanghaiEPB  ciency were  cient and Closing time SO only 287gcoalperkWh.Bothunitswereoperatingwithdesulphurizationdevicestocapture advanced inChina. They wereamongstthemostef Plant withtwo1000MW units. These twogeneratorswerethelargest incapacityandthemost combustion technology, ultra-supercriticalgenerators,wasusedinthe Waigaoqiao Third Power (300 MWx2)andthe Waigaoqiao SecondPowerPlant(900MWx2). An evenmoreadvancedcoal operation. Forexample,supercriticalgeneratorswereusedintherenovated Wujing PowerPlant Shanghai isleadingChinainputtingcuttingedgepowergenerationtechnologyintocommercial power supplysystems. installed in Wujing andQingpuindustrialzones,together withdistrictheatinganddecentralized heat generatedbythethermalunits.By2010,700-800MW ofCHP cogenerationunitswillbe heat-and-power (CHP)plantsaretobepromotedincreasecoalef with updatedemissionstandardsandenergy ef be concentratedinindustryparkswhereelectricitywillgeneratedbypowerplantscompliant Other smallindustrialcoal- per centofthetotalinChina,aremuchmoreinef plants over600MW. Those withinstalledcapacityoflessthan600MW, accountingforabout30 and windtoleadtheworldintoacleanlow-carbonfuture. This symbolictransformation a RenewableEnergy ExhibitionCenter, demonstratingthereadinessofrenewablessuchassolar hour (kWh)ofelectricity. China hasset355g/kWhastheef more ef two 300MW supercriticalgeneratorswillbeopenedin2010. These high-techunitsaremuch in the1950-60swillbecloseddownby2010. A newmodernstationisunderconstruction,where The Wujing OldPowerPlanthasalreadybeenpartiallyclosed. All theoldgeneratingunitsbuilt very wellwiththesustainabilitythemeofExpo. closed. Itwasoneoftheearliestcoal- The NanshiPowerPlant,builtin1897andlocatedinsidetheExpoPark,wasamong for morestringentemissionstandardsandhigheref existing andnewcoal- Combined Combustion)powerplantsinChina. As discussedinthechapteronairquality, all is carryingoutafeasibilitystudyforbuildingoneofthe in theFirstPhaseDevelopmentofCaojingPowerPlant. The Shanghaimunicipalgovernment Two more1,000MW unitsusingultra-supercriticaltechnologywillbeinserviceby2009and2010 making themoneoftheleastpollutinginChinatoo. 2 , withoneoftheminstalled  cient thancommononesinChina.Only295gofcoalisneededtogenerateonekilowatt  red plantshadtobedesulphurized. These efforts willsetnewbenchmarks  red boilersinShanghaiwillbegraduallycloseddown.Factories Expo 2010Shanghai,China   ue gasde-nitri red powerstationsinthecountry. Itwillbeconvertedinto  ciency requirements.Newgenerationofcombined   cient andpolluting.  cient coalgeneratorsintheworld,consuming  ciency forothercoal- cation technologytoreduceNO  rst IGCC(IntegratedGasi  ciency target by2010forcoal-  ciency andtheutilizationof  red plantsinChina. X  emission,  cation of rst tobe  red  ts

UNEP Environmental Assessment 59 60 UNEP Environmental Assessment Third PowerPlant. Smoke Stackandthedesulphurization deviceoftheultra-supercriticalgenerators in Waigaoqiao architectural styleoftheplantfacade. The oldplantwillbecompletelyclosedby2010. Wujing OldPowerPlantwasbuiltin 1958 withthehelpofSovietengineers,asshownin Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: UNEP Source: UNEP during thiseleventhfive-yearplanperiod. Figure 4.5). An accumulationofninemilliontonscoalequivalentwouldbesavedasaresult From 2006-2010,tenmajorprojectsonenergy-ef saving demonstrationprojectswerealsointroducedintotheconstructionsector. technologies andstandardsforawiderangeofconsumer Program, In the 4.3 ENERGYEFFICIENCY One oftheultra-supercriticalgeneratorsat Waigaoqiao Third PowerPlant. Implementation PlanoftheShanghaiEnergy-conservation andEmission-reduction Shanghai municipalitycommittedtosettingenergy-saving speci Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ciency willbecarriedoutinShanghai(see  ce products.Large-scale energy  cations forproduction Source: UNEP

UNEP Environmental Assessment 61 62 UNEP Environmental Assessment followed-up on. be reviewedfortheirenergy ef By 2010,therewillbethreemillionm or sold. Buildings uponcompletionwouldbeinspectedforcompliance. Those failedcouldnotbeused with theseef new buildingshavetomeetwiththenationalstandardofsaving50percentenergy. Compliance Since 2004-5,Shanghaihaspromotedenergy savingmeasures intheconstructionsector. All year Planperiod(2006-2010) Figure 4.5:HighlightsoftheEnergySavingProjects inShanghaiduringtheeleventhfive- premises. Morethan350shoppingmallsandcommercial outletslarger than5,000m Energy consumptionstandardswerealsosetforrestaurantsandotherlarge-scale commercial buildings, andresidentialhousing(seeBox4.2). standards willincludethemainpavilionsatExposite,newandrenovatedgovernmentof utilization ofrenewableenergy (seeFigure4.6). These buildingswiththelatestef demonstration ofnewenergy-saving technologies,ef piiaino nrysses130,000 210,000 Improving ef Energytobesaved2006-2010(TCE) Reusing wasteheatandpressure Optimization ofenergy systems facilities Electricity savingfromindustrial Energy savingprojects re ihig680,000 110,000 Decentralized powersupplysystems Green lighting commercial appliances conditioning andotherhousehold Energy savingprojectforair-  ciency standardswasaprerequisitefornewbuildingstogetconstructionpermit.  ciency ofCoal-boilers  Expo 2010Shanghai,China ciency measures.Improvementplanswerethenformulated and 2 ofbuildingspaceinShanghaiparticipatingthelarge-scale te nutilfclte 550,000 Increasing theutilization 2,580,000 Other industrialfacilities Electrical Machinery Combustion technologyor i-odtoig640,000 appliances Household andof Air-conditioning ef using betterqualitycoal  ciency ofcoal-boilers  ciency measuresandbuilding-integrated  ce Source: ShanghaiMunicipality 380,000 140,000 140,000 2 wereto  ciency  ce Figure 4.6:Highlightsofenergy ef uligpoet otn fdmntainBuildingarea (m Content ofdemonstration Building projects e-ul eieta ulig aig6%o nry500,000 Saving65%ofenergy New-built residentialbuildings Energy ef technology New energy-saving architectural very lowenergy consumption Green buildingswithlowand existing publicbuildings  future buildingsinChinaisevidentprojectssuchas this. limited totheExposite. The city’s ambitiontosetgreenerstandardsfor It isimportanttonotethatShanghai’s greenbuildinginitiativesarwnot NGOs liketheShanghaiProgrammeOf Energy Ef The GardenLanenowattractstenantssuchasthegovernmental Shanghai source heat-pumps. solar PV andwindpowersystems,centralairconditioningbyground- glazing windows,solarthermalwaterheatingsystem,building-integrated energy management,exterior androoftopinsulation,LOW-E double materials, naturalventilation,computerizedsmartsystemofcentral including revitalizationofoldfactoriesandreusebuilding Many state-of-the-artenergy savingmeasureswere demonstrated, followed theChinese3A GreenBuildingCerti green architecturestandardsoftheUnitedStates. Another followed theLeadershipinEnergy andEnvironmentalDesign (LEED) the areawererenovatedwithenergy ef building principles.Previouslyidle,allthe18oldfactorybuildingsin The GardenLaneisanurbanrenewalprojectbasedonenergy ef Box 4.2Green BuildingsBeyondtheExpo:GardenLane ciency renovationof  ciency Center, ShanghaiEnvironmentEnergy Exchange,and Expo 2010Shanghai,China aig5%eeg 1,000,000 Saving 50%energy utilization ofrenewableenergy large-scale building-integrated and newsystemson New technology, newmaterials 500,000  ciency buildingprojects   ciency standards. Two ofthem ce of WWF China.  cation Standard. Source: ShanghaiMunicipality  ve buildings 1,000,000  cient 2 )

UNEP Environmental Assessment 63 64 UNEP Environmental Assessment buildings. Shanghai Energy Ef  ciency Centersoonwillmovetooneoftherenovated GardenLane Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: UNEP alternative use. turbines with1.5MW eacharebeinginstalledonthe wastegroundwhichwillotherwisehaveno farm willbebuiltonthecity’s largest wastedumpinthecoastalLaogang Land power needsof20,000households.Inasimilarapproach tomaximizelanduse,anotherwind a totalinstalledcapacityof19.5MW. Itcouldgenerate 72millionkWhyearly, meetingthe Located inthewetlandreserve,ChongmingDongtan Wind Farmwasexpanded in2008tohave along thecoastinNanhuiandFengxianDistricts aroundtheChongmingIslandarea. 1.5 MW x3Chongming.GivenShanghai’s geographicallocation,windresourcesaremuchricher 24 MW ofwindpowerinstalledcapacity:850kW x4inFengxian,1.5MW x11 inNanhui,and The instantly. and nuclearreactors.Oncewindpowergotstatesupport,itsdevelopmentcouldtakeoff almost much shortertimeframecomparedtothemorepollutingtechnologiessuchascoal- replace fossilfuelpower. Wind farmsarenotonlycleanerbutalsocanbeplannedandbuiltina Wind energy isthemostmatureandcompetitiverenewabletechnologycurrentlyavailableto Wind Power heating systemsandsolar-powered streetlampswerealsowidelyusedinShanghai. panels weremushroomingacrossthecity. Like manyotherChinesecities,solarthermalwater up toutilizeland The applicationofrenewableenergy isnotonlylimitedto theExposite.Newfacilitieswereset Center (seemoredetailsinthechapteronExposite). system. GeothermalheatpumpswillalsobeusedintheExpoCenterandPerformance Expo Axis willbeentirelyrelyingonthisnewtechnologytoruntheair-conditioning andheating New technologysuchasground-andwater-source heat-pumpswillalsobedemonstrated. The site. harmoniously withnature. Altogether therewillbe4.7MW functioningsolarPV attheExpo be symbolicallyremadeintotheHarmony Tower, pointingtotheneedforhumanbeingslive renewable energy exhibitioncentreinstalledwith0.5MW solarPV panels.Itssmokestackwill The oldcoal- MW), the Theme Pavilion(2.83MW)andtheExpoCenter(1MW). cells willbegeneratingelectricitywithsizeableinstalledcapacityintheChinaPavilion(0.3 be integratedandutilizedforfuturegreenbuildings. Arrays ofbuilding-integratedphotovoltaic All themainpermanentbuildingsinExpositewillbedemonstratinghowrenewableenergy can energy intensity, Shanghaitookupthechallengeandmovedquicklytoboostrenewableenergy. development ofrenewableenergy. Facedwiththepressuretodiversifyenergy mixandreduce The ExpoprovidedbothaplatformandcatalyticopportunityforShanghaitoacceleratethe 4.4 RENEWABLE ENERGY  rst windpowerstationinShanghaiwasintroduced2003.Before2007,therewereonly  red station,NanshiPowerPlant,insidetheExpositewillbetransformedintoa  ll gasforelectricity(seethechapteronSolid Waste).Wind turbinesandsolar Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ll. Currently15  red stations

UNEP Environmental Assessment 65 66 UNEP Environmental Assessment Land Part ofthegiantsteeltower fora1.5MW turbinecarriedtothesitebeerected intheLaogang A lineof1.5MW turbinesinChongmingDongtan Wetland Protection Area.  ll. Expo 2010Shanghai,China

Source: UNEP Source: UNEP Figure 4.7Listofexistingandplanned Wind FarmsinShanghaiby2020 (see Figure4.7forthelist). to the capacity, cateringfortheannual electricityneedsofmorethanfourmillionhouseholds,according of fouryears.By2020therewillbeatotal13windfarmswithmorethan2.1GW ofinstalled of developingupto300MW ofwindpowerby2010,representinga10fold increaseinamatter The Summary Energy WhitePaperofShanghai Source: EleventhFive-yearPlanningand2020Vision ofWind Energy DevelopmentinShanghai eginWn amFnxa itit- 60 20 -- 20 -- 4.5 FengxianDistrict 3.4 16.5 50 NanhuiDistrict -- Chongming Dongtan Wind Farm Fengxian Wind Farm Location Fengxian Bay Wind Farm Nanhui LingangNewCity Wind Farm Nanhui Wind Farm Name of Wind Farm hnmn otenSoeWn amCogigIln -200 -- ChongmingIsland Chongming NorthernShore Wind Farm egh ag-cl fsoeWn amCogig-200 - 100 400 220 Chongming - 100 - Hengsha Large-scale Offshore Wind Farm - 200 FengxianDistrict Farm - NanhuiDistrict Fengxian Large-scale Offshore Wind HengshaIsland - Nanhui Large-scale Offshore Wind Farm NanhuiDistrict Fengxian Offshore Wind Farm ChangxingIsland Donghai BridgeOffshore Wind Farm Wind Farm Changxing Island Wind Farm The EleventhFive-yearPlanning and2020Vision ofWind Energy DevelopmentinShanghai fsoewn am 1,100 - 5 Offshore windfarms nhr idfrs82. 770 24.4 8 Onshore windfarms oa y22 32. 1,870 24.4 13 Total by2020 Expo 2010Shanghai,China publishedinDecember2006proposedanambitioustarget farms Number ofwind eginDsrc 300 - Fengxian District (published inSept2006). xsigPlanned Existing (MW) Installed Capacity (MW) Installed Capacity xsigPlanned Existing

UNEP Environmental Assessment 67 68 UNEP Environmental Assessment residential estatesandindustrial parks. building-integrated demonstration projectsweretoberealizedeachyearin Shanghai innew utilization facilitateswhenever conditionsallow. Itwas alsoplannedthat10solarutilizationand The The building ofatleast industry tofollow. Italsodeclaredanambitioustarget of7to10MW installedcapacityandthe projects, c)governmentinvestments,andd)settingtechnical speci encouraging thegrowthofsolarindustrywith a) economicincentives,b)demonstration development ofsolarPV inthecity. The Apart fromthe4.69MW installedontheExpobuildings,Shanghaihasbeenpromoting Solar PV in thecomingdecade. Shanghai’s 2020visionofwindenergy development,fourmoreoffshore windfarmswillbebuilt world, buttheDonghaionewillbe the richwindresourcesatsea. At present,thereareabouttwodozensoffshore windparksinthe Offshore windfarmshavehugepotentialastheydonottakeuppreciouslandwhilefullyutilizing Shanghai. families, basedontheaverageannualelectricityconsumptionof1,200kWhperhouseholdin to greettheopeningofExpo. The Donghaioffshore windfarmcanpowertheneedsof200,000 . This 102MW offshore windfarmwillbeoperationalbyMay2010,rightontime turbines, 3MW eachwiththetowerheightatabout100metres,havebeeninstalledbeside Shanghai iscurrentlybuildingthe  Energy WhitePaper rst turbinebeinginstalledintheDonghaioffshore windfarm.  ve MW-class solarpowerplantsby2010. also requiredallgovernment Expo 2010Shanghai,China  Source: ShanghaiGreenEnvironmentalProtectionEnergy CoLtd rst offshore windparkinChina. The Energy WhitePaper  rst in Asia andinadevelopingcountry. According to  nanced buildingprojectstoinstallsolar laidoutacomprehensiveprogramme  cations andstandardforthe  rst ofthe34gigantic Commission (NRDC),in2006Chinahadmorethan90millionm households nationwideusingthem. According totheNationalReformandDevelopment more thenhalfoftheworld’s totalsolarthermalwaterheaters,withanestimateof30million One ofthewellkeptsecretsrenewableenergy utilizationisthatChinausesandproduces Solar ThermalHeatersandStreetLamps and avoiding643tonsofCO It hasbeenproducingapproximately1millionkWhofelectricityayear, saving337tonsofcoal connected tothegridin2007.Itwas Chongming SolarPowerPlantDemonstrationProjectatQianwei Village ontheislandwas in the Yangtze RiverDeltaarea. performance ofdifferent moduleswillbeconductedinordertohelpfurtherpopularizingsolarPV introduced, whichwasthe other modulescomposedofpolycrystallinesilicon. The latestHIT solarcelltechnologywasalso As ademonstrationproject,itusedconventionalmonocrystallinesiliconPV modulesaswell million m Plan ofRenewableEnergy operation, accountingforabout60percentoftheworld’s totalusage. The panels onroadsidehousesoutsidetheurbandistricts. in sub-urbanandruraldistricts.Duringtheauthor’s Solar thermalheatingsystemsarealsowidelyusedinShanghai,especiallyonresidentialrooftops Solar thermalwaterheatingsystems inruralShanghai. 2 oftotalcollectorareasolarthermalsystems,saving20million TCE ayear. (2007)issuedbytheNRDCprojectedthat2010,therewillbe150  2 rst timeitwasusedinChina.Comparativeanalysisontheactual emissionsannually. Expo 2010Shanghai,China  rst grid-connectedMW-class solarPV stationinChina.  eld visits,itwascommontoseesolarthermal 2 ofsolarthermalsystemsin Mid-term Development Source: UNEP

UNEP Environmental Assessment 69 70 UNEP Environmental Assessment ua ra u o oejya1 e etdrc usd. rural area.Buynowtoenjoy a13percentdirectsubsidy.” Solar thermalheatersonsale inaShanghaivillage. The banner reads:“Solarpowergoestothe Solar thermalwaterheatingsystemsinruralShanghai. Expo 2010Shanghai,China

Source: UNEP Source: UNEP the environmentalbene streetlamps. However, itisamissedopportunityforthemunicipalgovernmentifcannotquantify Shanghai shouldbecreditedforitspromotionofsolarthermalheatingsystemsandpowered generation ofgreenenergy andzero-emissionpubliclighting. were beingused.ItisnotknownwhetherShanghaihasacomparableplanofinstallingthisnew  assessment reportpublishedbyinternationalNGOGreenpeace.Duringthetwo-monthlong started, therewere120,000solar-powered streetlampsinBeijing,ashighlightedtheindependent solar-wind poweredpublicstreetlampsacrossthemunicipality. In2008,beforetheOlympics Similarly, therearenogovernment Shanghai usedastate-ledapproachtopromotesolarheaters. A totalof200,000m coal wassaved,andhowmanyairpollutantsCO possible tocalculatehowmuchelectricityhadbeensubstitutedfor, andthushowmanytonsof in itsdistricts. There wasnoestimationaboutthepopularizationrateaswell.Itthereforenot up utilizationofthistechnology. Nodatawasavailableonthetotalcollectorareasofsolarheaters However, theShanghaimunicipalgovernmentdidnot havestatisticsorprojectionsonthebottom- of 200kgcoal. metre ofsolarheatingcansave500kWhelectricityconsumptionayear, savingtheequivalent buildings. Byheatingwaterbysolarpowerratherthenelectricity, itisestimatedthateverysquare integrated solarthermalheatingsystemswereplannedtobeinstalledby2010,mostlyforpublic oa n idpwrdsrelmso hnmn sad Solar andwindpoweredstreetlamps onChongmingIsland. eld investigationinShanghai,theauthorcameacrossseveraldistrictswheresolarstreetlamps  ts oftheseelectricity-savingefforts. Expo 2010Shanghai,China  gures ontheactualnumberorutilizationrateofsolar- and 2 werenotemittedasaresult. Source: UNEP 2 building-

UNEP Environmental Assessment 71 72 UNEP Environmental Assessment fundamental transitionto a cleanandgreenenergy era. The buildingofmodern windfarms More importantlytherapid take-off ofrenewableenergy from2006to 2010inauguratedthe consume lessthanhalfofitsenergy fromcoal. municipality hasputintoplace,itisexpectedbythetime visitorscometotheExpo,Shanghaiwill from 2001to2007,butareductiontrendwassetinto motion. With thecomprehensiveefforts the The relianceoncoalisstillprominentdespiteadecrease from64.5percentto51.5 benchmarks formakingcoal-burninglessinef supercritical generatingunits,aswellthecombined heat-and-powerplants,weresettingnew needed tobereplacedbymodernandcleanerones. The introduction ofsupercriticalandultra- be lessenergy intensive. The manufacturingsectorwasreformedtobemoreenergy ef of energy savingpolicies. The governmentplayedacriticalroleinre-directingtheeconomyto Since ShanghaiwontheExpobid,municipalgovernmenthasadoptedawiderange 4.5 COMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS S NewsolarpoweredstreetlampsinNanhui. It isevidentthatExpo2010acceleratedthegreening ofthepowersector. Older coal- products andpremisesalso. factories, buildingsandpublicservicesrequestedtobemoreenergy ef and thoseenergy-saving and lower-emission onesweregivenincentivestogrow. Notonlywere Thousands ofold-fashionedfactorieswerephasedout.Oldpollutingtechnologiesprohibited Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cient andpolluting.

ource: UNEP  cient butcommercial  red plants  cient. government of Shanghai shouldconsider promoting strongerdemand-sidemanagementstrategies, notonlyto double thenationalaverage. has higherpercapitaenergy consumptionthanBeijinginrecentyears.In2007,itwasmore increase ofpercapitaenergy consumptionisstillontherise. As showninFigure4.9,Shanghai dependency oncoalisstillrelativelyhigh. The demandformoreenergy inabsolutetermsandthe energy intensityagainstabackgroundofrapideconomicdevelopment.However, thecity’s UNEP thinksthatShanghaishouldbeapplaudedforitsimpressiveachievement inimproving Demand-side management Figure 4.8ChangesofEnergyIntensityinShanghai(2000-2008) would beimpossibletomakethisimpressiveprogress. UNEP believesthatwithouttheleadershipandvisionofShanghaimunicipalgovernment,it arching target ofa20percentreductioninenergy intensityby2010,comparedto2005level. With theseintegratedmeasuresinmultiplesectors,itishopedthatShanghaiwillmeetitsover- greening efforts. per centduringthesameperiod,thisimpressiveimprovementscouldlargely beattributedtothe a 31percentdropfrom2000.Sincetheeconomicshareoftertiarysectorincreasedonlyby3 Shanghai. The energy intensityofthemunicipalitywas0.79 TCE perRMB10,000GDP in2008, together withthoseontransportdiscussed,wereevidentinmakingimpressiveresultsforagreener These technologiesandmeasuresonenergy ef appropriately honourthethemeof2010 World Expo: “BetterCity, BetterLife.” the introductionofgreenbuildingsandrelatedenergy ef The demonstrationofgreentechnologiessuchassolarPV andgeothermalheat-pumpsaswell was embracedandpromotedinShanghai. installation ofsolarpoweredpublicstreetlightingareallclearsignalshownewgreenenergy demonstration ofsolarPV plants,theutilizationofsolarthermalheatingsystems,andgradual Donghai offshore windfarmwasthemosticonicsymbolofthiscleanenergy advancement. The added inthisperiodwillaccountforaboutonepercentofthegridcapacityby2010. The 102MW presents renewableenergy asanewcomponentintheenergy mix. The 200-300MW windpower  ces, factoriesandcommercial entities,butalsotothegeneralpublic. The public Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ciency ingeneralandthepowersectorparticular,  ciency technologiesintheExpoPark Source: ShanghaiEPB

UNEP Environmental Assessment 73 74 UNEP Environmental Assessment reducing carbonemissions. help themunicipality, andinfactChinaaswell,tobemoreaccurateabouttheefforts madein promoting ready-madetechnologiesforlowerenergy consumptionandcleanerair, itcanalso for theirmainstreaming. This will notonlyconsolidateandimprovegovernmentdecisionson streetlamps inthemunicipalityshouldbestudiedand usedasthebasisforfurtherpolicysupport utilization andenvironmentalclimatebene climate-related measuresandtechnologiesneedtobe enhanced.Forexample,thedataon To facilitatethat,morecomprehensive andsystemicdatacollectionstatisticsregarding industrial, andpowersectors. climate changedimensionoftheimpactsandimprovementsmadeintransport,construction, by theIntergovernmental PanelonClimateChange,more emphasisshouldalsobeputintothe Shanghai shouldcontinueitsintegratedandmulti-sectorapproachtoincreasingenergy ef Data onClimate-friendlyTechnologies climate change.Giventheburningurgency ofpeakingglobal CO While thesemeasuresarehavingapositiveimpactonairpollution,theydocontributetomitigating Figure: 4.9Per capitaenergyconsumptioninShanghai,2000-2007 energy ef such asincandescentlight-bulbsshouldbespeededup. The newgenerationofgreenbuilding, consumption andcarbonemissions.Phasing-outofobsoleteinef should bemoreinformedandmotivatedabouttheneedtotakepersonalactionsreduceenergy  cient standardsshouldbemandatoryandupdated. Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ts ofsolarthermalwaterheatingsystemsand Source: BeijingMunicipalStatistics,ShanghaiEPB  cient productsandtechnologies 2 emissionby2015aswarned  ciency. target of30GW by2020. According tothe In recentyears,windenergy onacommercialscalehastakenoff, withagovernment-mandated prioritize thedevelopmentofgenuinelygreenandsustainablerenewabletechnologies. entities, environmentorcarbontax,andothereconomicmeasuresshouldbeconsideredtofurther Pricing reform, should bemorecon With thesuccessfulinitiationofrenewableenergy intothegrid,Shanghaimunicipalgovernment Higher RenewableEnergyAmbition the domesticmarketforsolarpanelsandunleashfullpotentialofthesegreentechnologies. its politicaldeterminationmatchedwith 90 percentofthemareforexport. With itsrichexperienceinintroducingnewtechnologiesand largest manufacturersofsolarPV cells,producingonequarterofthe total. However, morethan Shanghai cangofurthertosupporttheboomingChinesesolarindustry. Chinaisoneofthethree Donghai project. Shanghai couldlookintofurtherutilizationofoffshore windresources,basedonitssuccessful plan of2.1GW by2020,whichisonly5percentofthenationaltotal,nottooconservative. In lightofthisnewlyelevatedcon Recently, theChinesegovernmenttripleditstarget forwindpowercapacityto100GW by2020. needs. capacity of Council (GWEC),installedwindpowercapacitycouldreach122GW by2020,equivalenttothe Chinese RenewableEnergy Industries Association (CREIA),GreenpeaceandGlobal Wind Energy  ve Three Gorges Dams,producingabout10percentofthecountry’s electricity  nancial incentives,de-subsidizationofcoalinitssocialandenvironmental  dent andambitiousinpromotingmassivetake-upofwindsolarpower. Expo 2010Shanghai,China  dence inwindpower, Shanghaishouldconsiderifthecurrent  nancial strength,Shanghaicanhelptograduallyexpand China Wind PowerReport2007 published bythe

UNEP Environmental Assessment 75 76 UNEP Environmental Assessment eventually movingtowardsavisionaryzero-wastesociety. expanding treatmentfacilitiestothatofreducingwasteatsourceand for Shanghaitotransformitswastestrategyfromonefocusingon hazardous wasteinsuchashortperiod.Itisevenmorechallenging the municipalitytocopewithgrowingdomesticsolidwasteandother when itprepareditsbidfortheExpo,hasnotbeenaneasytask As Shanghaihadaratherunderdevelopedinfrastructureinthelate1990s waste generatedbyitscitizensinasoundandsustainableway. theme is“BetterCity, BetterLife”tobewell-equippedhandlethe It isparticularlypertinentthattheorganizer oftheExpogiventhat exception. as adenselypopulatedandrapidlygrowingcityinChinaisno is theever-increasing amountofmunicipalsolidwaste.Shanghai One ofthemostdif 5. SOLIDWASTE Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cult challengescitiesaroundtheworldarefacing Figure 5.1: Annual Domestic Waste Production inShanghai(2000-2007) city. generation wasconsistentwith,andcouldlargely beexplainedby, thegrowingpopulationin to 2007,percapitadomesticgenerationwasmoreorlessstabilized. The growthinannualwaste Environmental Agency, Shanghairesidentsgeneratelessmunicipalwasteperperson.From2002 of over1.5kginmanywesternEuropeancountries. According totheassessmentofEuropean In 2008,dailypercapitadomesticwastegenerationinShanghaiwasabout1kgcomparedtothat community-level collectorswasnotre waste generatedbyhouseholdsandcommercialbusiness. The recyclablewasterecoveredbythe treatment facilitiestoencompassasystemofsanitaryland waste managementstrategy. The citydesignedanaggressiveplantoexpanditsdomesticwaste pressure dealingwithwaste.Steppingintothenewmillennium,Shanghaididdesignanoverall With rapideconomicdevelopmentandrisingurbanlivingstandards,Shanghaifacesgreat 5.1 DOMESTICSOLIDWASTE properly. (SeeFigure5.1fordetails). The domesticwaste domestic wasteproducedin2008was6.78milliontons,ofwhich5.22tonsweretreated by vehiclesandvessels. According totheShanghaiEnvironmentProtectionBureau,annual The remainingsolidwasteswerecollectedbythemunicipalsanitaryservices,andthentransferred mostly lessrecyclabledomesticwasteitemssuchaskitchenleftoversandplasticpackaging. separated andrecoveredclosetosource. Those goingtothemunicipalwastetreatmentsystemwere With suchamarket-drivensystem,mostoftherecyclablewastefromhouseholdswouldbe eventually torecyclingfacilities. they “sold.” The scavenger-collectors wouldthenre-sellthispro cans, plasticbottlesandmetalpartstothestoreswouldbepaid,pendingonvolumeofwaste conveniently located.Residentsbringingrecyclablewasteincludingpaper, glass,aluminum common inShanghai. These collectionpointswereusuallysmallinscale,privatelyowned,and Like manyotherChinesecities,community-levelrecyclablewastecollectionworkshopswere treatment facilities. Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ected inGovernmentstatistics.  gures includedconstructionwasteand Source: ShanghaiMunicipal Statistics  ll, incinerators,andintegrated  table wastetomiddlemenand

UNEP Environmental Assessment 77 78 UNEP Environmental Assessment Source: Huetal.(2008). Figure 5.2:Proportion ofdifferent domesticsolidwastetreatment methodsinShanghai and sub-standardfacilities. per cent.Moreefforts wouldbeneededtoclosethegapand toreducepollutionfromtheolder sanitary designsweremandatory. The safedisposalrateby2020isnowexpectedtobe8085 23 percentofsolidwastesweremostlytransferredtoland in May2009,Shanghaiachievedonlyasafedisposalrateof77percent2008. The remaining Report oftheNationalEnvironmental Protection EleventhFive-yearPlanofShanghai Despite themodernizationandrapidexpansionoffacilities,accordingto also built.Figure5.2showstheshareofvarioustreatmentmethodsas2008. scale mechanicalandbiologicaltreatment(MBT)plantsanumberoftransferfacilitieswere The highcapacityandmodernPhaseIV LaogangLand incinerators weresetupinJiangqiaoand Yuqiao, withatotalcapacityof2,500t/d(tonsperday). As aresult,severallarge-scale wastetreatmentfacilitieswerebuilt.By2006,two safe disposal.Inthepastmostefforts wereconcentratedonexpandingtreatmentcapacities. requirements, incinerationandMBT plantsandotherbiologicaltreatmentfacilitiesasmethodsof The Shanghaimunicipalgovernmentregardedsanitaryland “Reduction, Utilization,andSafeDisposal.” also proposedthattheurbansolidwastetreatmentstrategyshouldbebasedonprinciplesof requested thatpublicservicefacilitiesshouldbeplannedandexpandedtomeetsuchneeds.Itwas to 2020 In 2001,theStateCouncilofChinaapproved Waste TreatmentStrategy , whichprojectedthepopulationofmunicipalitywouldbe20millionby2020and Expo 2010Shanghai,China Landfill 48% Master PlanningofShanghaiMunicipality1999  ll startedtooperatein2007.Smaller  lls builtbeforeenvironmentaland  ll withmodernenvironmental Mid-term Evaluation published is apotentgreenhousegas itself, withaglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)23times thatofcarbon gas iscapturedandburntto produceelectricity, which hasdoublebene Leachate iscollectedandtreated byanonsitefacilitybeforedischarging. The methaneinland The newextensionisdesignedandequippedwith modernfacilitiestominimizepollution. underground waterandnearbysystems. membranes norhadanyleachatecollectionsystem. Leachate aretoxicandwouldcontaminate environmental andengineeringstandards.Mostofthe siteswerenotequippedwithanti-leaking The previousphasesofland a totalcapacityof80millionm solid waste,whichisaboutonethirdofwhatthemunicipality generatesperday. The projecthas city centreandcoversanareaof3.36km located inLoagangNanhuiDistrictalongtheseacoastofDonghai.Itis60kmawayfrom combining land facilities. Shanghaihaspledgedtoimproveitstreatmentfacilitiesincludeamodernsystem In thepast,Shanghaihadrelativelyprimitiveandunsophisticateddomesticwastetreatment Waste TreatmentFacilities Vessels unloadingdomesticsolidwasteforLaogangLand Phase IV oftheLaogangLand Land fi ll  lls, incinerators,andmechanicalbiologicaltreatmentplants.  ll sitesinLaogangwerebuiltthe1980sbeforethere weremodern  3 Expo 2010Shanghai,China , whichisthelargest ofitskindin Asia. ll istheextensionof 2 . This modernfacilityiscapableoftreating6,300t/d   rst threephasesoftheland ll.

 ts forclimate.Methane Source: UNEP  ll project  ll

UNEP Environmental Assessment 79 80 UNEP Environmental Assessment Dredgers intheLaogangLand industrial parkequippedwithmodernenvironmentstandardsandfacilities. is alsodevelopingaplantotransformtheLaogangareaintowastetreatmentandrecycling 2009. Ecologicalrecoveryprogrammeswillbecarriedoutafterwards. The municipalgovernment also expectedthatthelongoverdueclosureofolderphasesshouldbecompletedbyend problem. The leachatetreatmentcapacityexpansionforPhaseIV willbecompletedsoon.Itis Aware oftheproblem,municipalgovernmentiscurrentlyspeedingupits workto the residentslivinginneighboringcommunitiesandlocalgovernment. treatment measures. The resultingairandwaterpollutionfromthesiteshaveraisedconcerns old-fashioned sites,PhaseItoIII,werenotdesignedwithrobustenvironmentalandsanitary treatment plantinPhaseIV, underminingthepollutionmitigationdesignsofproject. These Due tosuchoverloading,theamountofleachateexceededhandlingcapacitywater up andshouldhavebeencloseddown,hadtodelaytheirclosurecontinuepilewaste. IV operating beyonditsdesignedcapacity, the day thefacility(allfourphases)receivedabout8,000to9,000t/d. As aresult,notonlywasPhase The managementofLaogangLand electricity generatedwillbeconnectedtothegridforcity-wideconsumption. the totalof12turbinesisputinplace,theywillhaveainstalledcapacity14MW. The Currently therearetwoturbinesof1.25MW generatingelectricityforthefacilityitself. When coal thatwouldotherwisebeneeded,thusfurtherreducingcarbonemissions. dioxide. Utilizingmethaneforelectricitywillpreventitsownemissionaswellsubstitutethe  lPaeI. ll PhaseIV. Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ll toldtheauthorduringhis  rst phasesoftheproject,whichwerealready  eld visitin April 2009thateach Source: UNEP  x the  lled generate 41millionkWhof electricityayearforShanghai. addition totreating280,000tons/yearofdomesticwaste safely, thismodernMBT plantcanalso treated withanaerobicfermentation. The resultingbiogasesareusedforgenerating electricity. In (such askitchenleftovers,tealeaves,andfruitskins)are mechanicallysortedoutandbiologically and 120t/dfororganic waste(e.g.fromrestaurants). The organic componentsofdomesticwaste For example,theMBT plantinPutuohasatreatment capacityof680t/dfordomesticsolidwaste digestion orcomposting. processed onsiteorelsewhere. The remaining bio-degradablewasteistreatedbyeitheranaerobic MBT plantsuseautomatedmechanicalsorters,separatingrecyclableelementsfrommixed Putuo Districts. Two moreareplannedtobebuiltinBaoshanandChongming. for moresustainablewastetreatment.MBT plantswerebuiltinthelastfewyearsPudongand proposed incineratorsinShanghai. it wasnotdif Public concernhoweverremainsanissue,especiallyfornewincineratorproposals.Ontheinternet inspection ofthefacilities. result, theBeijingmunicipalgovernmenttightenedmanagementstandardsandimproved the proposedsiteofanotherincineratorinBeijing,voicedtheiroppositiontoproject. As a the odourandpotentialemissionofdioxins. With similarconcerns,residentsnearLiulitun, complained tothelocalgovernmentandtookontostreetsprotestin20072008about communities. Forexample,BeijingresidentslivingclosetotheGaoantunincinerator(1,600t/d) In recentyears,incineratorsinChinaarousedincreasingpublicconcernespeciallyfromresidential dioxin emissionarealsocarriedoutbylawenforcementof devices forreal-timemonitoringmajorairpollutants.Monthlyunannouncedinspections European Union.Inaddition,incineratorsinShanghaiinstalledonlinesamplinganddetection government followedthenationalstandardondioxinsemissions,whichissimilartothatof pollutants (POPs)whicharebio-accumulativeandcancer-causing. Shanghaimunicipal Incinerators areasourceofairpollution,especiallydioxins,grouppersistentorganic increase theiref Yuqiao andJiangqiaoincineratorsweredesignedwithheatrecoveryfacilitiesforelectricityto It hadatreatmentcapacityof2,000t/dwaste,andwasthelargest ofitskindinChina.Both Another waste-to-energy incinerationfacilitywasbuiltin2003JiangqiaoofJiadingDistrict. producing upto350,000kWhofelectricityperdayforthecity. 1,100t/d ofdomesticsolidwaste.Ithastwogeneratorswith15MW installedcapacityintotal, Incinerator inPudongDistrictwasthe Shanghai hasbuiltseveralwaste-to-energy incineratorsinthelastfewyears. Yuqiao Waste Incinerators domestic waste(suchasmetals,plastics,glassandpaper). The recoveredrecyclablematerialsare Shanghai isleadingChinainexperimentingwithmechanical-biologicaltreatment(MBT)plants MBT plants  cult to  ciency.  nd similarconcernsexpressedbyresidentslivingneartheexistingand Expo 2010Shanghai,China  rst oneputintoservicein2002,withacapacityoftreating  cers

UNEP Environmental Assessment 81 82 UNEP Environmental Assessment metals suchasplatinumgroupmetals,goldandsilvercanberecoveredforreuse. 130 schoolsinShanghai. At theendoftreatmentcycle,usefulmaterialsincludingprecious governmental bodies,butalsofromcommunitiesincludingwastecollectedin“greenboxes” handling 10,000tonsofelectronicwasteperyear. Itreceivednotonlywastefrom industrialand was the The TES-AMM facility, started in2005andlocatedtheJiadingIndustrialParkofShanghai, catalytic converters,areontherise. electronic waste,suchascomputers, TVs, householdappliances,integratedcircuitboards,and tech productioncentreforglobalconsumers.Demandstosafelytreatconsumerandindustrial and itsnearbycitiescompriseoneoftheworld’s largest metropolises,aswellactahigh- development ofworld-classtreatmentfacilitiesspecializinginelectronicwastes.Shanghai in informationtechnology, itisworthnotingthatShanghaihasencouragedandsupportedthe Given thegrowingproblemofelectronicwaste,especiallyincitiesexperiencingarapidgrowth servicing allthehospitalsincity. waste. A medicalwasteincineratorwasalsobuiltin2006withanannualcapacityof25,000tons, kinds ofhazardousmaterials. They cansafelystoreandtreat420,000tonsofindustrialhazardous network ofcerti customer-based services,andmarketizedoperation.Bytheendof2008,municipalityhada Since 1998,abusinesspermitsystemhasbeenestablishedtoencouragemoreinvestment, Shanghai expandedandmodernizeditscapacitytohandlehazardouswasteinthelastdecade. WASTE 5.2 HAZARDOUS decentralized MBT plantshavetheadditionalbene organic fertilizer. Comparedtolarge-scale centralizedfacilitiessuchasland generation. Separatelycollectedbiowastefromrestaurantsandhotelscouldbetreatedusedas which haveendedupinthedomesticwastesystem.Biogasescanbeutilizedforelectricity MBT plantsaremoreadvancedinmaximizingtherecoveryandrecycling ofusefulresources while thisreportwasbeing written. 2010. Nodetailedplanregarding wasteavoidanceandreductionintheExpoSite wasavailable The Shanghaiorganizer isdevelopingmeasuresonwastereductionandmanagementforExpo system failureorblockage,whichdidhappeninsimilar systemselsewhere. underground intheExpoPark.Itisnotclearwhatemergency planhasbeenformulatedincaseof An advancedenclosedaero-dynamicwastecollection andtransfersystemwillalsobeconstructed facilities forutilizationorsafedisposal. Wastes aretobesorted,classi solid wastegeneratedinsidetheExpoPark.Ithasalso promised50percentreuserateofthewaste. Shanghai iscommittedtoachievinga100percentcollectionrateforconstructionanddomestic 5.3 WASTE INTHEEXPOVENUES pollution fromwastetransfer.  rst andlargest electronicwastetreatmentplantinChina withanannualcapacityof  ed facilitiesonsafedisposal,recyclingandreuse,incineration,covering32  Expo 2010Shanghai,China ed, andthentransferredtothemunicipalnetworkof treatment  ts ofreducingenergy consumptionand  lls andincinerators, Without adoubt,thewastesorting,classi organic wasteforcompostorenergy representsagreenerwasteapproach. treatment whichincludesrecoveringusefulandrecyclablematerialsbiochemicalof rate forwaste-to-energy andreuse. The recenttrendofintroducingMBT plantsforcomprehensive decade. Safewastedisposalfacilitieshavebeenmassivelyscaledup,withanincreasingutilization Shanghai shouldbecreditedforspeedinguptomodernizeitswastemanagementsysteminthelast 5.4 COMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS to haveallunavoidablerefuse reused,utilized,orrecycled. emphasis shouldbeputon wastereduction. The aimistoavoidandreducewasteatsource, and further developedandupgradedbasedonutilization principles(suchastheMBT plans),more the totalvolumeandpercapitawastegeneratedin city. While treatmentfacilitiesshouldbe With thisultimate goal,themunicipalitycanstarttosetlimitsandtargets tograduallyreduce recently beenpromoting. is inlinewiththeecologicalandcirculareconomyconcepts thecentralgovernmentofChinahas considers developingalongtermprogrammetowards zero-wastevisionandrelatedpolicies. This UNEP recommendsthatShanghaidevelopsacomprehensivewaste-reduction programmeand important, ifnotmoretoprogressivelyavoidandreducewastegeneration. recycling. While itisimportanttobuildandoperatesafetreatment facilities,itisperhapsequally avoidance andreductionatsource.Itisalsoimportanttohaveseparatewastecollectionforbetter endless treatmentcapacityforever-growing municipalwaste. The only sustainablesolutionis It shouldbeclearthatitisnotpossibleforShanghai,andindeedanycityintheworld,tobuild Developing aZero-wasteSociety its efforts towardsavisionarywastemanagementsystemfor thefuture. leading metropolisesandthe and handlingwastesustainably. Itistherefore particularlyimportantforShanghai,asoneofthe Shanghai. Rather, manyotherrapidlydevelopingcitiesarefacingsimilarchallengesofreducing of wastetreatmentcapacityinthemunicipality. This iscertainlynotaproblemuniqueto The decade-longexperienceshowedthatthegrowthofwastegenerationoutpacedexpansion strategy. to thereductiontrack,whichisprobablymostfundamentalaspectofasustainablewaste and MBT plants,theutilizationtrackhasgearedup.However, notmuchattentionhasbeengiven massive expansionoffacilities.Inrecentyears,withtheaddingwaste-to-energy incinerators reverse ofthesequence.Mosteffort hasbeencenteredonsafedisposal,astranslatedintothe pillars oftheoverallwastestrategy, thefocusofgovernmentseemstobeanimbalanced Shanghai. Although “Reduction,Utilization,andSafeDisposal”havebeenrepeatedasthethree Despite theseimprovementsininfrastructure,theissueofdomesticsolidwastecontinuestohaunt of anelectronicwastetreatmentfacilityshouldalsobecongratulated. handling hazardouswaste,especiallytheforward-lookingattitudeinsupportingestablishment signi  cantly improvedinthelasttenyearsShanghai. The city’s expansioninitscapacity  rst hostoftheExpoindevelopingworld,tofurtherstrengthen Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cation, transferanddisposalsystemshavebeen

UNEP Environmental Assessment 83 84 UNEP Environmental Assessment promote publicawarenessonboththewaterandwaste issueinChina. could besavedduringtheExpo.Itwillalsoprovidean excellentopportunitytotheorganizers to visitors areencouragedandjointhiscampaign,atleast 70millionnon-biodegradableplasticbottles prohibiting thesellingofsuchproductsandencouragevisitorstobringtheirownbottles.Ifall increasing popularizationofbottledwaterinChina,theShanghaiauthoritiesshouldconsider Shanghai hascommittedtoensurethatthewaterwithinExpoParkisdrinkable. With the especially onphasingoutdisposableproducts. managers andinsteadbroughttheirownchopsticks.SimilarideascouldbepromotedinShanghai capital tostopprovidingdisposablechopsticks. Volunteers organized onlineandlobbiedrestaurant 2007/2008 beforetheBeijingOlympicssuccessfullypersuadedhundredsofrestaurantsin For example,the“Bringyourownchopsticks”campaignorganized byGreenpeaceChinain engage citizens. networks, shouldbeencouragedandsupportedtoinitiatecreativemotivatingcampaigns effective wayofengagingthepublic.Emerging NGOs,socialgroups,aswellonline The traditionalgovernment-ledtop-downmodeofeducationinChinamaynotbethemost generation byconsumingless,inasmarterandgreenerway. be encouragedandmotivatedtosharethisresponsibilitybyminimizingtheirindividualwaste and environmentalregulators.Everycitizencontributestoitisaffected byit.Citizensshould It shouldbeemphasizedthaturbanwasteisnotjusttheresponsibilityofgovernmentplanners Creative PublicEngagement determination, Shanghaicanmovetowardsazero-wastesociety. ripple effect ontheenvironmentalawarenessofconsumers.UNEP believesthatwithvisionand designed interventionhadnotonlysharplyreducedplasticbagusageanddisposal,butalsoa about 60percentoftheconsumerswerethusmotivatedtobringtheirownbags. This smartly and drugstoreswerenotallowedtohandoutfreeplasticbags.ShanghaiEPBestimatedthat step towardsthiszero-wastevision. With thisregulation,retailoutletchainssuchassupermarkets The plasticbagbanannouncedbytheChinesegovernmentin2008wasasmallbutveryconcrete programme ofpubliceducationandawarenessraisingshouldalsobedeveloped. could beutilizedtoprovideincentivesanddisincentivesguideactions. A comprehensive measures, suchasprogressivelydifferentiated pricingsystemofgarbagefeesbasedonweight, life-cycle, andeventuallydevelopmoredurablesustainableconsumerproducts.Economic design-out harmfulandun-recyclablematerialsinproducts,takefullresponsibilityoftheproduct’s overall wastereductionprogrammesoastoencourageproducersreducepackagingmaterials, Extended producerresponsibility(EPR)andpolluterpaysprinciplesshouldbeestablishedinthe Expo 2010Shanghai,China comprehensive programmeforwastereduction. necessarily beshortened. Without adoubt,theseshortterm capacity. With anincreaseddailycapacity, however, thedesignedlife-spanoffacilitieswill of theleachatetreatmentfacilitycanbecompletedinnearfuturetoincreaseitshandling Laogang PhaseIV shouldnotoperatebeyonditsdesignedcapacity. Hopefully, theexpansion soon. preparing toimplementremedialmeasuresandtheecologicalrecoveryofwastelandwillstart and longtermenvironmentalimpactsofthesite. The Shanghaimunicipalgovernmentiscurrently Additional treatmentmeasuresshouldbeengineeredandappliedsoastominimizetheon-going be addressed. Their closureislongoverdueandtheirimplementationshouldbeaccelerated. towards addressingthissituation. The sub-standardsituationoftheLaogangphasesI-IIIshould of domesticwastenotproperlyhandledintheyear. Itisrecommendedthatthecity shouldwork time. However, Shanghaistillhadacapacitygapof23percentin2008,with156milliontons noted thatitisnotaneasytasktoexpandtreatmentcapacityonamassivescaleinsuchshort From 2000to2008,Shanghaisigni Issue Addressing theUnder-capacity example ofgoodpracticeforthewholecity. directly participateinthegreeningprogramme.Expo2010wouldbeanopportunitytodevelop Waste isoneofthemostimportantissueswhenitcomestomajoreventsbecausevisitorscan not onlyondisposal,butmoreimportantlyavoidanceandreductionatsource. separation andsafetreatment. An environmentfriendlywastemanagementconceptshouldfocus zero-waste goal.CurrentlythewastemeasuresforExpoaremostlyorientedtowards UNEP recommendsthatShanghaiusesExpo2010toshowcasehowcitiescanstrivetowardsa Expo 2010andaWasteReductionStrategy waste vision. to reducewasteatsource. They areindispensablepartnersifthegovernmentistoachieveazero- refusing touseplasticbags,disposablechopsticksandbottles,citizenscanbemotivated are effective waystoraisepublicawareness.Startingfromsimpleindividualactionssuchas Public campaignswhicharevoluntaryinnature,creativebydesign,andparticipatoryprocess Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cantly expandeditssafetreatmentfacilities.Itshouldbe  xes cannotreplaceamorelongterm,

UNEP Environmental Assessment 85 86 UNEP Environmental Assessment neighbouring provinces. industrial, municipalandagriculturaldischarges, aswellregionalcooperationwith improving infrastructureandimplementingpolicieswithagoaltoreducetreat The challengeforensuringacleanandstablewatersupplyShanghai,involves water systemsinaregionwhichShanghaiislocateddownstream. in Wuxi, wasnotanisolatedevent, butsymptomaticoftheincreasingeutrophication which ledtoaweek-longterminationofwatersupply, affecting overtwomillionpeople increased eutrophication. The large-scale outbreakofalgaebloomin Tai Lakein2007, In recentyears,thelakesandriversin Yangtze deltaregionhavebeensuffering from aquaculture remainsapersistentproblem. industrial andmunicipalwastewater, non-pointsourcepollutionfromagricultureand While thelocalgovernmentsofregionhavebeenmakinggreatefforts toregulate in recentyears. This denselypopulatedregionisrapidlyurbanizingand industrializing. The watersystemsinthe Yangtze deltaareahavebeenundergreatenvironmentalstress its waterplanningandmanagement. Hosting Expo2010presentsanopportunityaswellachallengeforShanghaitoimprove 6. WATER Expo 2010Shanghai,China hard targets for2010onwaterintensityperRMB10,000GDP at105m The Shanghaimunicipalgovernmenthasdeclareditscommitmenttobeingawater-saving city, with have posedmajorthreatstothedrinkingwatersecurityofShanghai. municipality ismoreonwaterqualityratherthanscarcity. Pollutionandseawaterintrusion While Shanghai’s geographicallocationprovidesanabundanceofwater, thechallengefor thus amuchhigherpercapitawateravailability. average annualprecipitation(1238.2mmin2008comparedtolessthan700Beijing),and Creek joinstheHuangpuRiverbefore River, connectedtothe Tai Lake,runsthroughthecentralurbanareasofShanghai. The Suzhou shortage pressureasthelatterislocatedfurthersouthin Yangtze riverdeltaarea. The Huangpu Compared toBeijingwhenitwaspreparingfortheOlympics,Shanghaihaslessofawater 6.1 WATER SOURCES&THEIRPROTECTION In 2008,Shanghaiconsumedatotalof11.9 billionm water consumptionat82.4percent,andcapita155litreday. Figure 6.1: Water Sources inShanghai (about 20percent)(seeFigure6.1). water istakenfromtheHuangpuRiver(about80percent)upstreamandChenhangReservoir Shanghai reliesmostlyonthewatersystemof Yangtze delta.Currently, mostofitsdrinking and municipalpublicservicesused14.3percent9.2respectively. were thecoal- water consumptionaccountedonlyfor10.1percent. The largest consumerofwaterinShanghai  red powerplantsandcoal- Expo 2010Shanghai,China  owing tothe Yangtze River. Shanghaialsohasahigher  red factories,whichtookup56.1percent. Agriculture Source: ShanghaiEPB(Map made byShao Yiping) 3 ofwater, outofwhichdomesticresidential 3 , recycling rate of industrial , recyclingrateofindustrial

UNEP Environmental Assessment 87 88 UNEP Environmental Assessment Qingcaosha reservoirhasamaximumstoragecapacity of553millionm daily waterconsumptionofthecity. in 2010,thislarge reservoir can meettheneedsofabout10millioncitizens,or50percent being developedinQingcaoshaontheChangxingIsland Yangtze Estuary. When completed In ordertoimprovethestabilityofwatersupplyforcity, athirdmajorwatersourceis were nineintrusionsofseawaterintoShanghai’s freshwatersystems. sea level,aneffect ofclimatechange.Betweenthewinter of2004andthespring2005,there the ChenghangReservoir. This isattributedtothedecreasingdischarge indryseasonsandarising increasingly frequentandlastedforlongerinthemaintributaryof Yangtze River, threatening drinking watersupplyfortheurbanpopulation.Inrecentyears,seaintrusionhasbecome the Yangtze Estuary. Ithasawater-storing capacityof8.3millionm The othermajorfreshwatersourceforShanghaiistheChenhangReservoiralongcoastat 2009. source protectionandanexpansionofcatchmentzoningisscheduledtobelaunchedlaterin forest forsourcewatercovering4395hectares. To stepupefforts, tighterregulationsonwater River. Trees werealsoplanted200metresbesidetheHunagpuRiver, formingaconservation banned ontheShanghaisideofDianshanLake,majorupstreamsourceHuangpu end of2005,morethan173livestockandpoultryfarmswereclosed.Cageaquaculturewasalso the UpstreamHuangpuRiver Water Sourceswasrevisedanditsenforcementtightened.Bythe The governmentwasawareoftheurgency toimprovethesituation. The regulationonprotecting the municipalgovernmenttopreventpollutionatsource. Yet, thepersistenceofexcessiveNH3-Nand TP inthewatersystemrequiredmoreefforts from Properly processedinthedrinkingwatertreatmentplants,fromthisareaissafetodrink. standard, thewaterqualityofupstreamHuangpuRiverwouldhavetobeclassi water samplesasnon-compliantifanyoneofthemeasurementfactorsexceededrequired consistently exceedingstandards.Usingasingle-factorassessmentmethod,whichclassi However, themeasurementson Ammonia Nitrogen(NH3-N) and Total Phosphorus(TP)were Source Protection Area metClassIIIrequirements. 2000 and2008,mostofthewaterqualitymeasurementsHuangpuRiverUpstream Water have tomeetwithClassIIIIIstandards.DatafromtheShanghaiEPBshowedthatbetween Standard forSurfaceWater most ofthedrinkingwaterforcityatpresent. According tothenational be eased. standard The waterqualityintheQingcaoshaareacurrentlymeets ClassIIrequirementsofthenational intrusion oranothernaturaldisasterdisruptnormalreplenishing. city foratleast68dayswithouttakinginfreshwater fromthe Yangtze Rivershouldseawater Huangpu RiverUpstream Water SourceProtection Area, witha surfaceareaof1,058km . Itishopedthatwithitscompletion,thestressonShanghai’s drinkingwatersupplywill (see Figure6.2),thequalityofwaterinsurfacedrinkingsources Expo 2010Shanghai,China 3 , providingone 3 , whichcansupplythe Environmental Quality  ed asClassIV.  2 , provides fth ofthe  ed Figure 6.3: Water QualityofMajor Waterways inShanghai,2008 one-third (29%)ofthereviewedsectionswereclassi one ortwoexceptions.Mostoftheexcessivepollutants inthesecaseswereNH3-Nand TP. About as “mostlycompliant,”meaningthattheoverallindicatorsmetwithrequiredstandards, requirement onwaterquality. There wereninesections,whichwas14percentofthetotal,classi In the63cross-sectionsreviewed,only57percentofthemwerecompliantwithfunctional Phosphorus (TP). tributaries weremainlyorganic pollutantsasmeasuredby Ammonia Nitrogen(NH3-N)and Total Quality Report and rapidurbanizationinthelasttwodecades. According tothe Shanghai’s waterwayshavebeenquiteheavilypollutedasaresultofcentury-long industrialization Figure 6.2:China’s Environmental qualitystandardsfor surfacewater adopted thesingle-factorassessmentmethodforwaterqualityassessment. Standards weresetforeachclasswith24measurementfactors,suchasCOD, TP and TN. Italso water resourcesfordrinkinghadtomeetClassIIstandards(seeFigure6.2details). and settargets fortheirprotectionaccordingly. Forexample, waters, includingrivers,lakes,andreservoirs,accordingtotheirdifferent environmentalfunctions water qualityandhumanhealthaswellmaintainingasoundecosystem.Itclassi This standardwasformulatedwiththepurposeofpreventingwaterpollution,protectingsurface China adoptedthe 6.2 WATER QUALITY Class II Mainly applicabletoheadstreamwaterandnationalnatureprotectionzones Class I ls Mainly applicabletowaterresourcesforagricultureandgenerallandscaping Class V Class IV Class III for resources fordrinkingwater, rareaquaticorganism habitats,spawninggrounds Mainly applicableto recreational usewithoutdirecthumancontact Mainly applicabletowaterresourcesforgeneralindustryuseand aquaculture, swimmingareas water resourcesfordrinkingwater, winteringgrounds,migrationchannels, Mainly applicabletosecond-classprotectionzonesofconcentrativesurface released bytheEnvironmentalProtectionBureau,pollutantsinmain 

Environmental QualityStandard forSurfaceWater sh andshrimp,feedinggroundsforinfantile Expo 2010Shanghai,China  rst-class protectionzonesofconcentrativesurfacewater Source: MinistryofEnvironmentalProtection,China.  ed aslightlyorheavilypolluted   shes rst-class concentrativesurface 2008 ShanghaiEnvironment (GB3838-2002)in2002. Source: ShanghaiEPB  ed surface  ed

UNEP Environmental Assessment 89 90 UNEP Environmental Assessment capacity of6.72millionm By theendof2008,Shanghaihadconstructed50seweragetreatmentplants,withatotal also added,including: across thecitywereupgradedandextended.Severallarge-scale sewagetreatmentfacilitieswere municipality hasbeenimprovingitssewagetreatmentinfrastructure. The municipalsewersystems In 2000,Shanghai’s treatmentplantsonlytreated55percentofthecity’s sewage.Sincethen,the 6.3 SEWAGE TREATMENT waste wateracrossthecity. source waterarea,thegovernmenthasalsoinvestedheavilyincleaningupwaterwaysandtreating Action Plans. Apart fromthemeasuresmentionedaboutensuringdrinkingwatersupplyin government putwaterpollutionasoneoftheprioritiesinconsecutive Three-year Environmental It isclearthatShanghaifacesseriouschallengesinaddressingwaterpollution. The municipal Figure 6.4:Sewagetreatment rateinShanghai, 2000-2008 treatment rate,withatarget of80percentby2010and902020. mostly fromdecentralizedandremoteruralareas.Shanghaiplanstocontinueimprovingthe such asBaoSteelCorporation,accordingtogovernmentstandards. The untreatedsewagewas A signi areas is52.8percent. sewage (seeFigure6.4).Forurbanareasthetreatmentrateis85.8percent,whilethatofrural systems havebeenbuilt. For theruralareas,manysmallerscaleseweragetreatmentplantsandconstructedwetland „ „ „ Bailonggang Sewage Treatment Plant(2milliont/d). Zhuyuan Sewage Treatment PlantPhaseIandII(2.2milliont/dincombination); Shidongkou Sewage Treatment Plant(0.4milliont/d);  cant amountoftheremainingsewagewastreatedbylarge industrial consumersthemselves, 3 /d. This capacityenablesthemunicipalitytotreat75.5percentofits Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: ShanghaiEPB Bailonggang Sewage Treatment Facility closed. treatment. Yet comparedtoadvancedcitiesindevelopedcountries,therearestillsomegaps be With thesetreatmentfacilitiesbeingbuiltandexpanded,Shanghai leadsthecountryinsewage facility upgradedandexpanded. Zhuyuan Sewage Treatment Plant,thesecondlargest ofthecity, willhaveitssludgetreatment municipality isplanningtofurtherexpanditssafetreatmentcapacityforsludge.Forexample,the then incineratethesludge,andresultingheatenergy from theprocesscanalsobereused. The the sludgegenerated. The methanefromsludgewillbeusedtogenerateenergy todryupand facilities. BoththeBailonggangandShidongkouplantsarecapableofdryingincinerating Shanghai alsopaidincreasingattentiontomanagingthesludgeresultingfromsewagetreatment inspections werecarriedoutbythelocalenvironmentalof pH value, Ammonia Nitrogen(NH3-N), Total Phosphorus(TP),and Total Nitrogen(TN). Weekly monitor theincomingandoutgoingwasterquality, measuringChemicalOxygenDemand(COD), For allthemajorsewagetreatmentfacilities,24-houron-linemonitoringdeviceswereinstalledto stringent ClassIbstandard. required theBailonggangplantandothernewsewagetreatmentfacilitiestomeetwithamore 01) issuedbytheMinistryofEnvironmentProtection. The Shanghaimunicipalgovernmenthas Standard ofPollutantsforMunicipalWastewater Treatment Plants In China,facilitieslikethishavetobecompliantwiththeClassIIstandardof 136,000 tonsofchemicaloxygendemand(COD)peryearforthecity. needs ofmorethansevenmillion,oronethirdthecitizensinShanghai. The facilitycanreduce treatment facilityin Asia. Itiscapableoftreating2millionm Bailonggang Sewage Treatment Plant,startedoperationin2008,andisthelargest wastewater their environmentalimpacts. The newurbansewagetreatmentfacilitiesareequippedwithup-to-datetechnologiestominimize Urban SewageTreatment Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cers toensurecompliance. 3 ofsewageperday, meetingthe (GB18918-20022003-07- Source: LoSzePing Discharge

UNEP Environmental Assessment 91 92 UNEP Environmental Assessment Constructed WetlandforRuralAreas Citizens visitingaSewagetreatmentplanton World Water DayonMarch22,2009. capacity of1.63milliontons/year, servicingmorethen12,000households in10villages. biological treatmentdesigns. This new small scalestand-alonetreatment pointsbeingestablished,usingvariouskinds ofecologicalor wetlands havebeenpromotedthemostwidelysince2008. Bytheendofyear, therewere2,064 and decentralizedsewagetreatmentplantsinruralareas. Nanhuiisthedistrictwhereconstructed low levelsofinvestmentandtechnologicalinput, arethusespeciallysuitableforsmallscale Constructed wetlandsdonotcreateanysecondarypollution intheory. They requirerelatively and aestheticvalue. wetland, dependingonlocalclimaticfeatures,theconcentration ofnutrientsandtheireconomic nutrients bynature,tobetakenupthevegetation. Different kindsofplantsaregrowninthe to irrigatespeciallydesignedconstructedwetland allow organic pollutants,mostofwhichare chemical processestoreducetheconcentrationoforganic pollutants. Then thesewageischanneled collected fromnearbyhouseholdsistreatedpreliminarily, usuallybyphysical,biologicaland Constructed wetlandsforsewagetreatmentarebasedonecologicalprinciples.Sewagewater friendly waytotreatsewage. years alsointroducedconstructedwetlandsystemstotheruralareasasanewandenvironment- Apart frombuildingsewernetworksandsmallersizetreatmentplants,Shanghaihasinrecent Expo 2010Shanghai,China  eet ofecological-basedfacilities hasacombinedtreatment Source: http://www.swrf.org.cn/news-detail.asp?nid=971 6.4 RIVERCLEANUP Facility Figure 6.5:ConceptualizationoftheChenjiazhenConstructed Wetland Sewage Treatment ecological educationsitesforcitizensandstudents. bene multiple bene Constructed wetlandsandotherecologically-basedruralseweragetreatmenttechnologieshave applications willbeveryvaluableforfurtherpopularization. t/d) andanotherinQianweicun(600t/d). The experiencesandlessonslearntfromtheseearly wetlands havealsobeenconstructedonChongmingIsland,includingoneinChenjiazhen(2,000 experience oftheprosandconsef Several different typesofeco-designwereexperimentedinthisprogramordertogainmore osrce eln nteFrs ak hnmn sad Constructed Wetland intheForestPark,ChongmingIsland. In In  ow   ow t fromthegreeningoflandscape. These park-likewetlandscouldalsobeexcellent Inspection Coarse gravel Shaft Intake area  ts. Notonlyissewagetreatedandenvironmentalimpactminimized,villagersalso Expo 2010Shanghai,China Fine gravel  ciency ofvariousmodels. Village-scale demonstration Source: Shanghai Academy ofEnvironmentalSciences Treatment area Rain Collector pipe Source: LoSzePing Outlet area Out  ow

UNEP Environmental Assessment 93 94 UNEP Environmental Assessment constructed Aerial viewoftheMengqing Parkwhichtreats10percentoftheSuzhouCreek waterbyits wetland. last hundredyears. illustrated, andalsosymbolized,thetransformationofcity’s attitudetowardsitsriversinthe a multi-storeymuseumonthehistoryofwaterpollutionanditsrehabilitationinShanghai.It treating about10percentoftheriverdischarge passingthrough. This eco-parkalsofeatured The revenuewasusedtooperateaneco-parkopenthepublicwithaconstructedwetland Old factoryloftsweretransformedintoof public friendly. or relocated.Greeningprojectsandleisurefacilitieswereaddedalongtheriver, makingitmore sediment ofmanysectionswasdredgedandtreated.Factoriesalongthecreekwerecloseddown Sewage Treatment Plant. Two dozengarbagewharfsandcargo dockswereremoved. The Sewer networksandtreatmentfacilitieswereconstructed,includingthesizeableShidongkou billion. Thousands ofindustrialandmunicipaldischarges wereinterceptedinthecatchmentsarea. river. The programmewasledbyamayor-chaired taskforcewithatotalbudgetofRMB14 Shanghai initiatedacomprehensiverecoveryprogrammefrom1998to2008rehabilitatethe colour andsmeltbad.Itwassopollutedthattheoncerich the waterqualityofriverdegradedrapidly. Formorethen80years,theriverbecameblackin the lowerstream,53km,fallsunderShanghai’s jurisdiction. With decadesofuncheckedpollution, Suzhou CreekrunsthroughShanghaifromwesttoeast.Ithasatotallengthof125km,which Suzhou Creek main focusoftheclean-upeffort. US$3.5 billion).SuzhouCreek,alongwhichearly-dayindustrializationstartedin1910,wasthe 18,000 kmofwaterwayswithamassiveinvestmenttotalingRMB25.5billion(approximately to cleanupitsrivers.By2008,thisdecade-longrehabilitationprogramhadcoveredmorethen Water pollutionhaslongbeenaprobleminShanghai.Since1998,Shanghaimadehugeeffort 6.4 RIVERCLEANUP Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ce spaces,nowrentedoutascreativeindustrialsites.  sh andshrimpspopulationsdiedout. Source: ShanghaiEPB roughly 266,700tons/yearin2008. 2001 andareboundin2002,theannualdischarge ofCODstartedtodropagainfrom 2005to been signi signi in Shanghaithelastfewyearsrevealedthat,whileannualCODintensityhasdecreased 15 percentofCODemission(intotalvolume,notinintensity). A closerlookatCOD The EleventhFive-yearPlan(2006-2010)ofthecentralgovernmentrequiredShanghaitocut been lessthanhalfthenationalaverageinlastdecade. Figure 6.6 When comparedtotherestofcountry, CODintensityinShanghaihasconsistently of solution.From2001to2007,Shanghai’s CODintensity reducedalmost70percentasshownin usually measuredinmilligramsperlitre(mg/L),indicatingthemassofoxygenconsumedliter common indicatorChinausestomeasuretheamountoforganic pollutantsinsurfacewater. Itis that isbyhowmuchCODwasdischarged foreveryRMB10,000GDP, overtheyears.CODis The positiveimpactcanbemeasuredbythechangesinChemicalOxygenDemand(COD)intensity, its waters. industrial discharge, andmorethoughtfulurbanplanning,Shanghaihasreducedthepollution of farms, persistentandcity-widewaterwaycleanups,tightermonitoringlegalenforcementof of ecologically-baseddecentralizedruraltreatments,theclosingdownanimalandpoultry With themassiveexpansionofmodernwatertreatmentplantsandsewernetworks,application Results ofCleanUpEfforts and moneytocleanup. the rehabilitationprovedthatitwaseasyandcheaptopollute,buttookmuchmoretime,energy “develop recognized. Itisagoodexampleoftheheavypricelatergenerationswillbeariftheyfollow The determinationandinvestmentofthecityauthorityinrestoringSuzhouCreekshouldbe standard forsurfacewater. Groupsofsmall monitoring stationshavebeenmostlycompliantwiththeClass V requirementofthenational bad smellhasgoneandthewaterbodyceasestobedark.Since2002,indicatorsfromkey was beyondthemeasuringclassi improving inrecentyears.Beforetheclean-up,SuzhouCreekwassopollutedthatitsquality With thesemassiveefforts andanexpensivepricetag,thewaterqualityofSuzhouCreekhasbeen  cantly, theactualamountoforganic pollutantsdischarged asmeasured byCODhavenot   rst andthencleanuplater”developmentmode. The hugeamountofmoneyspenton cantly reduced.Figure6.6showsthatafteranobviousreductiontrendfrom1997to Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cation (usuallylabeledas“Worse thanClass V”). Today the  shes havealsoreappeared.  gures

UNEP Environmental Assessment 95 96 UNEP Environmental Assessment occasionally borderedonthethreshold(seeFigure6.7). Creek wasrequiredtobeinClass V. The average WQI ofitssectionsstayedwithinClass V, and 5. The Yangtze EstuaryhasperformedbetterwithasteadyClassIIrecord,asrequired.Suzhou areas) toClassIV forsectionsfurtherdown. The average WQI forHuagpustayedbetween4and should maintainastandardbetweenClassII(forupstreambecauseofthesourcewaterprotection According tothe the mainwaterpollutionfactorslistedinnationalstandard. assessment methodcommonlyused,the WQI providesacomprehensiveassessmentbasedonall and <6meanthatthewatertestedmetClass V requirement.Comparedtothesingle-factor against theclassi WQI wasdevelopedandusedbytheShanghaiEPBtoassesssurfacewaterqualitybenchmarking three mainwaterways,i.e.SuzhouCreek,HuangpuRiver, andthe Yangtze Rivermoutharea. The or lessstableinthelastdecade.Figure6.7illustratedaveragewaterqualityindex(WQI)of The overallwaterqualityofthemainriversmettheirfunctionalrequirementsandremainedmore 10,000 GDP) Figure 6.6:CODIntensityofShanghaiCompared toNational Average, 2001-2007(kg/RMB 1997 19981999200020012002200320042005200620072008 Functional ZoningPlanoftheWater Environment inShanghai  cation hierarchyofthenationalstandard.Forinstance,a WQI between5 Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: MinistryofEnvironmentandShanghaiEPB , HuangpuRiver ≤

Figure 6.8:Changesof Water QualityIndexofvarioussectionsinSuzhouCreek indicated bythepersistenceofexcessiveNH3-Nand TP. signi provinces. Itseemedthattheefforts ofsewagetreatment, discharge reductionandclean-upwere Both HuangpuRiverandSuzhouCreekareconnectedtoupstreamwatersystemsinneighbouring the pollutioncontrolmeasuresinShanghaisectionsofriver. the upstreamcross-sectionanddownstreamonenarrowedovertime,re Class V standards. The excessivepollutantsweremainlyNH3-Nand TP. The difference between to 6.5from2003,showingthatthewaterqualitywasmostlymeetingwithrequirementsof that blacknessandbadsmellhadbeenremoved. The WQI ofvarioussectionswerebetween5.5 after theclean-uphadbeeninitiated.From2000onwards, WQI waslowerthan7,whichmeant the challengesbetter. Figure6.8showsthe WQI ofthreerepresentativesectionsfrom2000-2007, A closerlookatSuzhouCreek,whereunprecedented rehabilitationefforts weremade,illustrates 2000-2008 Figure 6.7: Water QualityinHuangpuRiver, SuzhouCreek and Yangtze Estuary,  cantly neutralizedbycontinuouspollutionupstream,especiallyfromagriculturalsourcesas WQI Expo 2010Shanghai,China  Source: ShanghaiEPB Source: ShanghaiEPB ecting theresultsof

UNEP Environmental Assessment 97 98 UNEP Environmental Assessment About 100,000tonsofwaterhyacinthwasremovedfrom upstreamHuangpuriverin2006. reappeared again,coveringanareaasbig390,000m the upstreamofHuangpuRiver. InJune2009,asthisreportwasbeingwritten,massiveduckweed instead. Forexample,inJune2008,agigantic hyacinth wastakenoutthewaterways.Duringsummer, duckweedbloomsaffected Shanghai more extensiveandfrequent.Forexample,inthewinterof2008-2009,166,000tonswater In recentyears,large-scale waterhyacinthbloomsintheupperstretchesofHuangpuRiverbecame decay, depletingtheoxygenlevelandthusthreateningtowipeout Productivity ofwaterswillbeenhancedbyeutrophication,leadingtoexcessiveplantgrowthand from livestockfarms,aswellnon-pointsourcessuchfertilizerrunoffs fromagriculture. and phosphorus,frompointsourcessuchasuntreatedsewage,industrialdischarge, runoff The eutrophicationofaquaticecosystemsiscausedbyexcessivenutrients,typicallynitrogen blooms ofchokingaquaticvegetationinShanghai’s watersfurtherprovedthis. In manyofthewaterways,NH3-Nand TP areconsistentlyexcessive. The increasingly rampant Eutrophication isamajorproblemfacingtheaquaticsystemsinShanghai,asacrosscountry. 6.5 EUTROPHICATION ANDALGAE BLOOMS Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: http://news.sohu.com/20061207/n246854204.shtml  oating beltofduckweed10kmlonggatheredin 2 intheJinshanarea.  sh andothermarinelives. ranging andfar-reaching initiativesinthenecessaryclean-up. to acomprehensivewatershedmanagementprogramme fortheentireregiontoensurewide- Shanghai shouldalsoprovideleadership,enhancedby its the experienceofShanghai. large, includingthenotoriouslypolluted Tai Lakeregion,canbene be combinedtoreducepollutantdischarge andimprovetreatments. The Yangtze RiverDeltaat Shanghai haddemonstratedhowpoliticalwill,technology, policymeasures and is necessaryinordertofundamentallyturnaroundthetrendofriverpollution. from tributariestothemainrivertrunkandupstreamdownstream.Regionalcooperation pollutants respectnoarti demonstrated byShanghaishouldbepromotedbeyondtheprovinceintonearbyareas.Justasair It isrecommendedthatcomprehensivewatertreatmentandpollutionreductionmeasures rivers upstreamandtheircatchmentsinneighbouringprovincesunderminedShanghai’s efforts. frequency ofduckweedandwaterhyacinthblooms,indicatedthatcontinuouspollutionfrom room forfurtherimprovement. The trendofeutrophication,provenbytheincreasingextent and comprehensive efforts, theoverallwaterqualityofriversand lakesinShanghaistillleavesmuch its drinkingwaterqualityandthegeneralaquaticenvironment. Yet, despitetheenormityofthese All theseefforts andtheirresultsshowedthatShanghaihad thedeterminationtoimproveboth Enhancing RegionalCooperation importance ofenvironmentalprotectionareallachievementsthemunicipality. well asmovestoeducatethepublicaboutfar-reaching consequenceofwaterpollutionandthe symbolic transformationofpollutingriverbanksintoaleisureparkcapablepurifyingwater, as comprehensive efforts inrehabilitatingSuzhouCreekareallimpressivemeasures.Inadditionthe principled constructedwetlandsystemsfordecentralizedruralwastewatertreatmentandthe The buildingofadvancedmunicipalsewagetreatmentfacilities,theapplicationecologically- „ „ „ „ be con up itsmeasuresintreatingsewageandcleaningpollutedwaterways.Impressiveresultscan In thelastdecade,Shanghaihasgreatlyimprovedasafeandstabledrinkingwatersupply, stepping 6.6 COMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS persistently andsystemically discharged totheecosystem. nutrients, particularlynitrogen andphosphorus,themaincompoundsoffertilizers, hadbeen eutrophication ofthelakes andriverswereclearindicationsthatlarge amountsofexcessive little attentionwasgiven to thecontinuousnon-pointsourcepollutionfrom agriculture. The closed down. Washing powderinShanghaihasbeen phosphorus-freeformanyyears.However, sewage andindustrialplants.Hundredsofanimalfarms andaquacultureoperationshavebeen Shanghai haddonealottoreducepollutionresulting frompointsourcessuchasmunicipal toDecreaseEutrophication Reducing Fertilizers the improvementinCODintensityandtotaldischarge. the lengthofwaterwaysbeingtreated; the numberofindustrialpointsourcesbeingcontrolled; safely treated; the increasedpercentageofmunicipalsewagebeingtreatedandresultingsludge  rmed by:  cial boundaries,waterpollution Expo 2010Shanghai,China  nancial andtechnologicalcontribution,  ows, accumulatesandconcentrates  t enormouslybyfollowing  nancing can

UNEP Environmental Assessment 99 100 UNEP Environmental Assessment to shiftecologicalagriculture. to reduceandgraduallyphaseouttheuseofchemicalfertilizerspesticides,assistingfarmers which enduppollutingtheirrivers. The governmentshouldalsodevelopprogressiveprogrammes and encouragedtobuyorganic foodinordertoreducethe syntheticfertilizersappliedtofarms, Citizens inShanghai,withhigherincomesthanthoseneighbouringareas,shouldbeeducated use oforganic fertilizers. of croprotationmeasuresthatensurenaturalnitrogen emphasis onasystemapproachtoimprovesoilfertilityandorganic matterinsoil,takeadvantage should bereducedandtransferredtopromotemodernecologicalfarmingmethodsthatput region. Subsidiesandpolicysupportforproducingsyntheticfertilizersespeciallyureafertilizer fertilizers, shouldbepromotedwithmoregovernmentsupportinShanghaiandtheEastChina Ecological agriculture,especiallyorganic agriculture,whichdoesnotuseandrelyonsynthetic the relianceonsyntheticfertilizers. Shanghai anditsnearbywatersystems,acomprehensiveprogrammeisurgently neededtoreduce in restoringandimprovingtheirecologicalbalance.Giventhepersistenceofeuthrophication is notonlyessentialtopreventingfurtherworseningofwaterquality;italsothecriticalfactor are clearlyhuman-induced.Preventingexcessivenutrientsbeingconcentratedinaquaticsystems While algaebloomsarenaturalintheiroccurrence,theincreaseintensityandfrequency the Yangtze RiverDelta. synthetic fertilizersandtheworseningeutrophicationofriverslakesinChina,especially and 60percentrespectively. Ithasbeenargued thatthereisaclearlinkbetweentherisinguseof use ofnitrogenfertilizerandphosphorusonChinesefarmshadincreasedby40percent Food and Agriculture Organisation oftheUnitedNations(FAO) statistics,from1996to2006the and theirrunning-off toaquaticsystemsinChinahadbeenseriouslyneglected. According tothe and NGOssuchasGreenpeace(2008;2009)showed,theexcessiveuseofsyntheticfertilizers As recentstudiesfromChinesescientists(LiuandQiu,2007;Qinetal., Tang etal.,2006) discharges, willalsohelptheregulatorstomonitorpolluting factoriesmoreeffectively. together. A moreactivecitizenry, concernedabouttheenvironmentandwilling toreportillegal products andusingphosphorus-free detergents mightbetrivialbutaremosteffective whentaken changing towater-ef actions suchassavingwateronadailybasis,recycling andreusingkitchenbathtubwaters, up theirresponsibilitiesinreducingwaterconsumption andimprovingwaterquality. Individual The availabilityofwateranditsqualityaffects everyone.Citizensshouldbeencouragedtotake put intoavoidance-at-sourceratherthanend-of-pipe treatment ofpollutants. sourcing, manufacturingandprocessing,consumeruse anddisposal.Moreemphasisshouldbe production oftoxicchemicalsduringtheproductlife-cycle, fromproductdesign,rawmaterial Factories shouldberequiredtoevolvetowardsclean productioninordertoavoidtheuseand industrial wastewaterrecyclingandreuseshouldfurtherbepromotedfacilitated. given toremovingphosphorusandnitrogeninsewagetreatmentfacilities.Bothdomestic raising thecurrentwastewatertreatmenttarget of90percent by2010.Moreattentionshouldbe UNEP encouragesShanghaitostrengthenitsongoingefforts. The Governmentshouldconsider CurrentEfforts Furthering  cient toiletsystems,buyinglocalandorganic vegetables,avoidingchemical Expo 2010Shanghai,China  xation, nutrientrecyclingandtheef  cient aqa re ra Kaiqiao Green Area

PROTECTED AREAS 7. GREENCOVERAGEAND fellow citizens. of treeswerealsoplantedinthelastdecadebycitygovernmentand enhanced tomaintainandimprovetheirecologicalfunctions.Millions valuable andsensitiveareaswereprotectedefforts werefurther green coverageinurbancentresandforestsruralareas.Ecologically In preparationfortheExpo,anambitiousplanwascarriedouttoincrease would respectivelyaccountforonethirdofthetotal. urban development,agriculture,ecologicalgreencoverageandforests development withnature. As aresult,itoutlinedthatthelandusefor that urbanzoningofthemunicipalityshouldbebasedonharmonious The MasterPlanofShanghaiMunicipality1999to2020established aims totransformitselfintoagreener, morelivablecityforitscitizens. Responding tothetheme“BetterCity, BetterLife”oftheExpo,Shanghai Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: Shanghai 101 UNEP Environmental Assessment 102 UNEP Environmental Assessment Since 2000,Shanghaiputingreatefforts toimprovethegreencoverageinurbancentres,re 7.1 URBANAREAS green coverageareapercapitaincreasedto12.5m By 2008,Shanghai’s greeningrateincreasedto38percent,almostdoublethatof2000. The urban prevent overdevelopment. its regulationonurbanconstructioninvariousareasbasedtheirzoningfunctionssoasto metres fromanywherewithintheInnerRing hectares ofgreenareasandparksforthecity. This meanttherewouldbe agreenarealessthan500 Area, MinhangSportsParkandN including Yanzhong Green Area, XujiahuiPark,Xi In thecentralareasofcity, wherelandwasmostcostly, aseriesofpublicparkswereestablished, along theHunagpuRiver, SuzhouCreekandcross-city Yanan Highway. renewal ofthehundred-yearoldcity. Urbanlandscapingandecologicalcorridorswerecreated the municipality’s willtoprotecttheenvironment. This coincidedwiththelarge-scale urban Figure 7.1:Greening RateandUrbanGreen Area Per CapitainShanghai the centralgovernmentin2004. With theseimpressiveachievements,Shanghaiwasawardedthetitle “NationalGardenCity”by By 2010,theurbangreeningrateisexpectedtoreach40percent. green space(seeFigure7.1). This meansthatinlessthenthreedecadeseveryShanghaicitizenenjoys12timesmoreofpublic Expo 2010Shanghai,China orth Bund Green orth Bund Area. All thes Road. The municipal govern municipal Road. The 2 , comparedto4.6m njiangwan CityGreen e addeduptoatotalof33,000 2 in2000and1.0m Area, Changfeng Green Changfeng Area, ment alsostrengthened Source: ShanghaiEPB 2 in 1990. in1990.  ecting Chongming, coveringsewage treatment,airquality, solid wastedisposal,energy use,andlimited Strict targets weresetbythemunicipal governmentforawiderangeofenvironmental efforts in Hengsha Island)wastobe developed intoashowcaseislandofsigni It wasalsoplannedthatChongmingDistrict(including ChongmingIsland,ChangxingIslandand UNEP. city, asacontributiontotheExpowellanactiveresponseBillion Tree Campaign of Shanghai pledgedtoplant20milliontreesby2010, which meansatreeforeverycitizeninthe intensi reached 11.6 per cent,whichwasfourtimesthatof2000.Itisevidentreforestationefforts By 2008,therewasaltogether95,000hectaresofforest landinShanghai. The forestcoveragerate Haiwan ForestParkandShanghaiGongqingweresetupasnationalforestparks. conservation forests.SongjiangSheshanForestPark,ChongmingDongpingShanghai were madetoacceleratethedevelopmentofcoastalprotectionforestsandsourcewaterarea For theruralareas,reforestationandafforestion accelerated inthelastdecade.Specialefforts 7.2 RURALAREAS  ed whileShanghaiwasrefashioningthecityforExpo. Huangpu RiverRiverside Avenue uihiPr Park Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: ShanghaiEPB Source: ShanghaiEPB  cant ecologicalimportance. 103 UNEP Environmental Assessment 104 UNEP Environmental Assessment hnhiByNtoa oetPr. Shanghai BayNationalForestPark. hnmn ogigNtoa oetPr. Chongming DongpingNationalForestPark. protection ofwhichhasbeenaprioritythemunicipalgovernment. Chongming DistrictisalsowheretheecologicallyvaluableDongtanwetlandlocated, details). farms andsolarPV powerplantswerealsorapidlydeveloping(seetheEnergy Chapterformore use ofchemicalfertilizers.Renewableenergy facilitiessuchason-shoreandoff-shore wind Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: ShanghaiEPB Source: ShanghaiEPB Dongtan andthenearbywatersarebreedingfeedinggroundsto202classesof species arelistedintheChinaRedDataBookofEndangered Animals. leucorodia,Platalea leucorodia,Cygnus columbianus, Aix galericula managements ofbothareaswereclassi and reviewedbytheMinistryofEnvironmentalProtection ofthecentralgovernment. The carried outtoaddresstheintrusionofalienplantspecies. In2008bothreserveswereinspected the ecosystemsinDongtan Wetland andtheJiuduansha Wetland. Specialprogrammeswere the municipalitycarriedoutaseriesofconservationprogrammestoenhanceprotection impacts resultingfromtheintrusionofalienspecies,waterpollution,andotherhumanactivities, for thelongtermsurvivaloftheserarespecies.Inrecentyears,inordertopreventnegative The Shanghaimunicipalgovernment’s determinationtoconservethesenatural areasiscritical a hundredclassesofinsect. 180 formsofphytoplankton,170zooplankton,335kindsmacrofauna,andmorethen including Chinesepaddle albicilla under First-gradeStateProtection( documentation andrecentsurveys,thereare298speciesofbirdsfoundinDongtan,includingfour Yellow SeaandEastChinaSea,isthereforeveryrichinbiodiversity. According tohistorical Chongming Island,whichisformedbythesedimentscarried Yangtze River. Itbordersthe safe havenformanyendangeredandrarebirds Of theseprotectedareas,ChongmingDongtan Wetland isparticularlyrichinbiodiversityanda values (seeFigure6.1). covered, moreorless,alltheareaswhichwereecologicallysensitivewithhighconservation protected areasinShanghai,whichisabout14.8percentofthemunicipality’s totalarea. This for ChinesePaddle provincial-level natureprotectionareas,namelythe Yangtze RiverMouth Chinese Reserve the centralgovernmentasNationalNatureReservesin2005.Shanghaialsoestablishedtwo Wetland Protection Area andJiuduansha Wetland Protection Area. They werebothnamedby Based ontheprinciplesofConventionBiologicalDiversity, ShanghaisetuptheDongtan sustainable developmentoftheregion. Shanghai iscrucialnotjusttotheecologicalfunctionstheyperform,butalsolongterm and localmarinespecies. Their conservationamidstthespectaculareconomicgrowthofgreater are richinbiodiversity. The riverdeltawetlandsareimportanthabitatsforbothmigratorybirds Despite itsintenseurbandevelopment,Shanghaihasseveralhighconservationvalueareasthat 7.3 PROTECTEDAREAS ) and37speciesofSecond-gradeStateProtection(  sh andtheJinshan Three-Islands Reserve.By2008,thereare938km  sh andpaddle Expo 2010Shanghai,China Ciconia boyciana,Grusmonacha,nigra,Haliaeetus  ed as“excellent.”  sh ofFirst-gradeStateProtectionstatus. There arealso  shes. Dongtan Wetland islocatedatthetipof including Egretta eulophotes,Platalea ta). Among them,22bird  2 of sh, 105 UNEP Environmental Assessment 106 UNEP Environmental Assessment (Numenius phaeopus) Whimbrel (Calidris tenuirostris) Great Knot (Charadrius mongolus) Lesser Sandplover Expo 2010Shanghai,China (Charadrius dubius) Little RingedPlover (Numenius madagascariensis) Far EasternCurlew (Charadrius alexandrinus) Kentish Plover bene especially thosetree-plantingprojects,bestudiedand reviewedinthefuturetodeterminetheir It isalsorecommendedthattheimpactsoncarbon dioxidelevelsbythesegreeningefforts, biodiversity inreforestationprojectsandmonocultureplantationsshouldbeavoided. assessments andtheirpotentialriskstobiodiversity. Attention shouldalsobegiventoensure modi rare andengendered,shouldbeprioritizedinbothurbanruralgreeningefforts. Genetically on theenvironmentovertime.Itisalsorecommendedthatindigenousspecies,especiallythose irrigation requirements,useofpesticidesandfertilizerstheimpactthesechoiceswouldhave All tree-plantingandlandscapeplanningshouldpaycloseattentiontotheselectionofspecies, and aremoreenvironmentallyawareShanghaiachievedinitsoverallgreeningcampaign. an opportunityofparticipatoryenvironmentaleducation.Byensuringcitizenstakeresponsibility residential estatesandschoolscouldprovideacleansustainablewayofwasteutilization Given thatdomesticwastechallengesShanghaifaced,communitycompostingbasedin facing withwaterpollution. possible. Syntheticfertilizersshouldbeavoided,giventheseriouschallengesShanghaihasbeen environmental balance.Collectedrainwaterandrecycledshouldbeutilizedasmuch the waterandfertilizerconsumptionofurbangreeningprojectsinordertogainanetpositive Some concernsandchallengesremainforthefuture.Shanghaiothercitiesneedtolookinto citizens andotherlivingorganisms. Expo: A bettercityhastostepupitsconservationefforts inordertoprovidebetterlivesforits rapidly developingcitiesaroundtheworld.Itisalsoasimplemessageandcomplements standards ofitspeoplewhilealsoimprovingtheecologicalrobustnessisgreatvaluetoother some oftheworld’s richestbiodiversityhotspots. The experienceofShanghaiinraisingtheliving coverage inthecountryside. Within halfadayoftravel,theycanalsoexperienceandlearnfrom will beabletobene As aresultoftheseefforts after2000,citizensofShanghaiandvisitorscomingfortheExpo achievements giventheconcurrenteconomicdevelopmentofcity. more urbangreenareaspercapitaandfourtimestotalforestcoverage. These werenoteasy should beapplauded.Between2000and2008,inlessthanadecade,thecityenjoyedthreetimes increasing forestcoverageandconservingecologicallysensitivehighlyvaluablenaturalareas Shanghai municipality’s continuousefforts toprovidemoreurbangreenareasforitscitizens, 7.4 COMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS offsetting). and accuratelytheircontributiontotheoverallnet carbonbalance(betweenemissionsand   ts overtime. This iscrucialinhelpingexpertsandgovernmentsto determinescienti ed varietiesoftreesand  t fromagreenercitywithmoreparksintheurbandistrictsandforest  Expo 2010Shanghai,China owers shouldbeavoidedduetothelackoflongtermbio-safety  cally 107 UNEP Environmental Assessment 108 UNEP Environmental Assessment the pavilionsthemselvesweredesignedtoinspirevisionsofalowcarbonfuture. Providing aplatformfordemonstratingandexchanginggreenideas,theevent the Expo’s UrbanBestPractice Area aswellinnationalpavilions. improving thequalityofurbanlivingwhileloweringtheirenvironmentalimpactsin around oftheworld. They will besharingvariousexperiencesandbestpracticeson The theme“BetterCity, BetterLife”willbescrutinisedbycitiesandcountries architecture itself. technologies forsustainableurbandevelopmentthroughexhibitionsandbythe during theExpo.Different pavilionswillbeshowcasingnewconceptsandlatest used forthenewbuildings,toactualmanagementandexhibitioncontents from theselectionandplanningofSite,eco-designsgreentechnologies Environmental protectionhasbeenaprominentfeatureintheentireeventcycle, friendly Expo. environmental protection,theorganizer committedtoorganizing anenvironment- and advanceitsenvironmentalinitiatives.Extendingthemunicipality’s efforts in Expo 2010toimproveitsmunicipalinfrastructure,tightenpollutioncontrols Shanghai, asdiscussedinpreviouschapters,hastakentheopportunityofpreparing 8. THEEXPOSITE Expo 2010Shanghai,China Figure 8.1:SiteandLocationof World Expo2010ShanghaiChina theme “BetterCity, BetterLife”. environmental requirements. This transformationinitselfisapreciseexpressionoftheExpo The areawasfundamentallytransformedtomeetwithupdatedsocio-economicfunctionsand were compensatedandrelocated.Factorieseithercloseddownorrelocatedwithupgrades. The siteconstructionwasthereforealsoamassiveurbanrenewalprojectforthearea.Residents chemical industries,mechanicalworkshopsandshippingmanufacturers. the area,mostlyoutdatedandheavilypolluting,wereamosaicofpowerplants,steelre site wascrammedwithshabbydwellings,factories,docksandwarehouses. The 272factoriesin the HuangpuRiver, coveringalandareaof5.28km The Exposite,afterroundsofdiscussionsandcomparativestudies,wasdesignatedtobealongside sustainable developmentofthecity. Shanghai intendedtousethesiteconstructionandorganization oftheExpotoaccelerate the aspiredharmonyamonghumanrace,betweenhumansandnature,historyfuture. on theconceptofharmoniouscitydevelopment.Itwasexpectedthatlocationcouldexpress In choosingandplanningthesiteforExpo2010,Shanghaimunicipalgovernmentworked 8.1 SiteSelectionandPlanning Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: ShanghaiBureauof World ExpoCoordination 2 . After decadesofindustrialdevelopment,the

 neries, 109 UNEP Environmental Assessment 110 UNEP Environmental Assessment Figure 8.3:ZoningofExpo2010 Figure 8.2:GeneralLayoutofExpo2010 Source: ShanghaiBureauof World ExpoCoordination Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: ShanghaiExpoBureau „ „ would besafeforhumanactivitiesduringtheexhibition. was conductedandconcludedthattherecoveredsitecompliedwithrelevantrequirements exhibition sites of contaminatedsoilsweretreatedsafelybasedonthe out fromDecember2006to April 2008. According totheShanghaiEPB,about331,000tons more then400,000soildatasamplescollected,aremediationplanwasformulatedandcarried Environmental Scienceswerecommissionedtosurveyandmonitorthesoilquality. Basedon the factories. The ShanghaiEnvironmentalMonitoringCenterandthe Academy of The Expoorganizer alsopaidattentiontotheremediationofcontaminatedsoilafterrelocating old buildingsasarealizationofsustainabledevelopment conceptsembodiedintheExpotheme. exchange andrecreationalfunctions. The organizer regardedthepreservation andutilizationof Modern Architecture”. Sucharchitecturalheritagewouldberestoredforexhibitions,cultural Within theExposite,sevenoldbuildingswereclassi pavilions. Otherswererevampedtobeof Shipyard, ShanghaiNo.3SteelFactory, NanshiPowerPlantandotherswererenovatedasExpo of 370,000m About onesixthoftheoldwarehouse,workshopsandotherfactorybuildings,withatotalarea Buildings andUtilizationofOldFactory Preservation „ pollution sourceshavebeenshutdownorremoved,includingthefollowing: China According tothe Cleaning-up theSite while newbuildingswould beutilized.Forexample: businesses, tourism,recreation,andaccommodation.Old buildingswouldcontinuetobepreserved turned intoanareaofmodernserviceindustries,meeting theneedsofexhibitionsandconferences, The organizer tookthisintoaccountintheplanningstage. After theExpo,siteitselfwouldbe these buildingsandfacilitiesiscrucialtominimizing theenvironmentalimpactsofevent. The Expositeinvolvesalotofrenovationandnew construction. The post-Expoutilizationof Post-Expo UtilizationofFacilities Best Practice Area intheExpoSite. September 2007andwillbetransformedintoanewenergy exhibitioncentreintheUrban area withitsannualwastewaterdischarge, CODdischarge, SO Shanghai PudongIron&SteelGroup,amajorcontributortowaterandairpollutioninthe date environmentalstandards. District. The newfactorybecameamodernsteelproductionbaseincompliancewithup-to- 84 percent,7614centand9ofthetotal,wasrelocatedtoBasshan Island. The originalfacilitieswillberetro Shipyard,anothermajorsourceofpollution,hasbeenrelocatedtoChangxing of SO Nanshi PowerPlantusedtobethebiggestairpollutionsourceinthisarea,itsannualemission , 21majorindustrialpollutionsourceswereidenti 2 anddustaccountedfor80percent88ofthetotal.Itwasshutdownin 2 , weretobepreservedandreusedforExpo.BuildingsfromtheoriginalJiangnan

(HJ 350-2007)setbytheMinistryofEnvironmentalProtection. A riskassessment Environmental Impact Assessment oftheMasterPlanExpo2010Shanghai Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ces, hotels,andotherExpofacilities.  tted intotheChinaShippingPavilion.  ed andpreservedas“OutstandingEarly Standard ofsoilqualityassessmentfor  ed in2000thesitearea. All these 2 anddustemissionreaching 111 UNEP Environmental Assessment 112 UNEP Environmental Assessment Table 8.1:EnvrionmentalManagementSystem withtheExpoBureau so astoensuretherealizationofenvironmentalobjectives(see Table 8.1). de 700 staff workingin37departments. An environmentmanagementsystemhasbeenestablished, agency incharge ofthepreparation,operationandmanagement ofExpo2010.Ithasateamover The BureauofShanghai World ExpoCoordination(“ExpoBureau”hereafter)isthegovernmental 8.2 EnvironmentalManagement were plannedtoberecycledandreused. and re-assembling.Steelusedforelevatedwalkwayselectricalmotorstemporarybuildings For thetemporarystructures,reusablematerialswererecommendedtoenablefuturedismantling Transport infrastructuresuchassubwaysystemsandroadswouldalsobesustained. municipal facilitiesincludingsewersandcableswouldbekeptaftertheeventforfutureutilization. Most ofthegreenspacesinExposite,includingthosealongrivers,aswellallunderground „ „ „ „ Visitors: Service Centerfor Exhibitors Service Centerfor Visitors’ Department General Of Incorporationofgreenconceptsandmeasuresthroughoutthe Planning Department Planning Department Comprehensive RolesandResponsibilities Director Director andDeputy Department  ning therolesandresponsibilitiesofvariousdepartmentsinentirelife-cycleExpo, commercial purposes. The World Expo Axis inPudongwillbepreservedandfurther developed forleisureand performances; The PerformanceCentrewillcontinuetobeamajorvenueforartsandcultural media centreandbanquethalls; The ExpoCentrewillbeturnedintoaninternationalconferencefacilityequippedwitha exhibition centers; The ChinaNationalPavilionandthe Theme Pavilionwillbeturnedintoconferenceand  ce / requirements manuals, facilitatingvisitorstoobserverelevantenvironmental Incorporating environmentalrequirementsinservice guides and operation oftheexhibitors Providing servicesforensuringgreenconstruction,preparation and Expo environmental issuesduringtheconstructionandoperation ofthe Handling correspondenceandvisitsbylocalresidents on improvement ofthesurroundingareas coordination andsupervisionoftherehabilitationenvironmental planning oftheExpo,issuingGreenGuideline,and management system Expo concepts,executionandsupervisionoftheenvironmental Overall coordinationofExpoaffairs, realizationoftheGreen Holding overallresponsibility Expo 2010Shanghai,China The organizer alsopublishedthe to-face surveys. the masterplanningofExposite.Publicopinionwassoughtthroughonlinepollingandface- Environmental impactassessmentshadbeenconductedpriortothebiddingprocessaswellon Figure 8.4:FrameworkofExpo2010ShanghaiChinaGreen Guide their environmentalmeasuresandpractices. 2010 ShanghaiChina United NationsEnvironmentProgramme,theorganizer also issuedthe of air quality, wastemanagementandradiationaswelladvocatingforgreenprocurement, requiring theparticipantstofollowrelevantChineselawsandregulations,suchaswaterprotection, Technology Of Department and Engineering Construction Center Volunteer Training Department Traf Department Forum Affairs Organizing environmentalactivities,coordinatingwithother Events Department Department Communications Expo 2010 Green Guideline  ces, reuseandrecycling. Working withtheUnitedNationsDevelopment Programmeandthe  c Control  eProvidingtechnicalsupportonenvironmentalandenergy issuestothe ce Exhibitors Visitors Providers Service , encouragingexhibitors,serviceprovidersandvisitorstofurtherimprove impact ofconstruction construction ofvenuesandfacilities,minimizingtheenvironmental Ensuing environmentalrequirementarebeingmetduringthe environmental protectioninformationregardingtheExpo Training andmanagementofExpovolunteers,equippingthemwith commuting andenvironment-friendlyvehicles Traf Planning andorganizing ofthesummitonenvironmentalprotection environmental protectionactivities governmental departmentsandsocialgroupsforjointcooperationon releasing informationabouteducationandcommunicationcampaigns Drafting andreleasingmediamaterialsonenvironmentalissues, approval processofvenueconstruction  c controlforthe World Expo,andpromotionofgreen Expo 2010Shanghai,China Participation GuidelinesforExpo2010Shanghai,China Green transportation Green participation Ecological design Pollution control Greenmarketing Green restaurant Green hotel

Green GuidelinesforExpo Green transportation Green management Green consumption Green construction Program service Logistic service Source: ShanghaiEPB Green of Green living  ce

113 UNEP Environmental Assessment 114 UNEP Environmental Assessment Expo site. lamps, andotherlightingaswellsolarthermalheatingsystemswillalsobewidelyusedinthe of Chinawiththelargest building-integratedsolarPV system.Solar-powered streetlamps,lawn the participatingcountries’ pavilions. The Theme Pavilionwillbethetypicalarchitecturalstyle Pavilion, theExpoCenterandatNanshipowerplant(see Table 8.2),aswellinsomeof taic panelswillbeinstalledontheroofsandglasswallsof Theme Pavilion,theChinaNational Solar energy the Expo2010 designed. Their actualperformance againstcommonpracticesneedstobefurtherassessedafter strategies towardalow-carbonfuture. The technologieslistedbelowwerediscussedasthey energy andenergy savingapplicationsinthevenuescouldhelpcitiestore-orienttheirenergy consumption tomitigateclimatechange. The large-scale demonstrationofcuttingedgerenewable The organizer ofExpo2010respondedproactivelytothe urgent challengesofreducingenergy Energy 8.3 GreenTechnologies andMeasuresattheExpoSite public transportationinformationtohelpvisitorsplantheirtrips. Website willalsohaveinformationabouttheenvironmentalinitiativeofExpoaswell Expo throughInternet,reducingtheenergy consumedandpollutantsemittedfromvisits. The The organizer alsodevelopedthe"Online World Expo”sitetoenablevirtualparticipationinthe „ „ „ „ „ A seriesofenvironmentalqualityassurancemeasureswerealsocarriedout: pollution sourcesaretobestrengthenedwithcapacitybuildingandtechnicalsupport. Emergency responses,environmentalmonitoringsystemsandroutinesupervisionof dynamic wastetransfersystem. Modern municipalsanitarytechnologiesweretobeapplied,includinganunderground aero- Plans weredevelopedtocollect,sort,transfer, andtreatthewastegeneratedduringExpo. urban non-pointsourcepollutiontowatersystems. heavy rains.Improvementstorainwatersewersandpumpstationswerestudiedreduce Research wasconductedonminimizingwaterpollutionresultingfromsurfacerunoff during quality duringtheExpo. An action plan willbedraftedandreadyforenforcement. Yangtze Delta-wideregionalmodelingandscenarioshavebeenstudiedforensuringair similar tothatofUSandtheEU. Soil remediationhadbeencompletedandriskassessmentconcludedbasedonstrictstandards isextensivelyusedthroughouttheExposite. A totalof4.68MW ofsolarphotovol-  nished. Expo 2010Shanghai,China „ Expo buildings: Various kindsof Table 8.2:Solar PV installationinkeyExpobuildings vegetations hasbeenconsideredwhendesigningpublic spaces. provided bynetworksofelevatedwalkways,whilethe naturalventilationandcoolingeffects of control measures through architectural design Considering Expo2010willbeheldduringthehottestmonths inShanghai,additional saving andaremuchmoredurablecolourful. Compared toconventionalincandescentlight-bulbs,LED lightscanresultinan80percentenergy nocturnal lightings. The UrbanBestPractice Area would predominatelybeusingLEDlighting. be themaintechnologyusedforindoorandoutdoorillumination,especiallylandscape Green lighting „ „ 2.Itwasestimatedthatthecombustionof1 TCE produced2.66tonsofCO 1.In2007,thecountry’s coalconsumptionforpowergeneration was357gofcoalperkWh. Notes: hm aiin .2 5 9 2,375 893 250 2.825 Theme Pavilion China National Nanshi Power World Expo Applied in Pavilion energy ef to conventionalairconditioners,thesenon-electricmodelsaremorecompactinsize, A totalof44decentralizedgas-poweredairconditioners willbeusedinthesite.Compared for thebuildings. the site,water-source heat pumpscouldprovidecoolinginsummerandwarmingwinter Expo CentreandtheBestUrbanPractice Area. Taking advantageoftheriversidelocation of conditioning fortheExpo Axis anditsUnderground Complex,thePerformanceCenter, the Water-source andground-thermal be usedforcoolingduringthehotdaylighthours. for betterutilization.Icewillbemadeduringoff-peak hours (coolernighttimehours)and Centre andthePerformanceCenter. Thermal storagesystemsenableenergy tobe“stored” Thermal-storage airconditionerswillbeusedintheChinaNationalPavilion,Expo Centre Plant oa .8 3 ,3 4,086 1,536 430 4.687 Total  cient, andcouldrelievepeakelectricityconsumptioninsummers. will alsobeappliedenmassintheExposite.Light-emittingdiode(LED) energy-savingair conditioningtechnologies (MW) .0 0107285 30 0.302 Scale .410357950 100 1.04 .25 179476 50 0.52 Expo 2010Shanghai,China Annual power (10,000 kWh) generation

heat pumpswouldwidelybeusedinthesitetoprovideair will beutilized.Forexample,shade Annual coal reduction (Tons) will alsobeincorporatedinto Annual CO Source: ShanghaiEPB 2 inChina. reduction (Tons) temperature 2 emission

115 UNEP Environmental Assessment 116 UNEP Environmental Assessment the trendsoffutureeco-architecture. outlines thegreenbuildingsincityfor2030. These ecologicalprototypeswillhopefullyset world willbedemonstrated,includingthelocallydesigned “ShanghaiEcologicalHome”which Practices Area. Visionary andinnovativegreenarchitectureideaspracticesfromaroundthe The organizer alsoexploredhowfutureeco-friendlybuildings willlooklikeintheUrbanBest can bedisassembled,collected,andreused. building materialsovercementandbricks.Mostofthematerialfortemporarystructures of temporarypavilionsforexhibitions,theorganizer encouraged theutilizationofrecyclable use wasrestrictedwithprocurementstandardssetbytheorganizer. As therewillbeanumber Various kindsofnewlydevelopedeco-friendlybuildingmaterialweremadeusedof. Timber in the American LEEDsystem. premier “Three-starGreenBuildingCerti For example, The ExpoCenterwasoneofthe practices forenergy ef permanent buildingsfollowedstate-of-the-artgreenarchitecturestandards,incorporatingbest The Expositeinvolvedlarge scaleconstructionandre-construction. The designsofallthe Green Architecture vehicles withintheExpositeandlowemissiononesforconnections. some oftheimpressiveachievements. The organizer alsoplannedtousezerolocalemission An extensivenetworkofrapidtransitsandtheintroductionnewenergy vehicleswereamongst transport systems,soastoupgradeurbanmobility, reducepollutionandmitigateclimatechange. The Shanghaimunicipalgovernmenthasputingreateffort inprioritizingandimprovingpublic Transport „ saw theneedtopromotewaterconservationandutilization: With theabundanceofandproximitytowaterresourcesinShanghai,organizer nevertheless Water Green Coverage „ large. will beprovidingrecreational, landscapingandecologicalfunctionsfortheExpo andthecityat were planedfortheSite.Equippedwitheco-friendlydesigns andnewgreeningtechnologies,they hectares) andtheBailianjingPark(12hectares), othersmallergreenspacesandcorridors rate of50percent. Three parks,namelytheHoutanPark(14hectares),Expo Garden(23 The Expositewillhaveatotalof1millionsquaremetres ofgreencoverage,reachingagreening Water-saving facilities pavements topreventstormwaterrunoff andtheirresultingpollution. those forsanitaryandirrigationpurposes.Permeablematerialswereusedextensively metres ofwater. would beusedinthesiteforgeneraldomesticuse,savingapproximatelyonemillioncubic with Centre, the Theme Pavilions,theChinaNationalPavilionandExpo Axis wereequipped All themajorpermanentnewbuildingsinsite,includingExpoCenter, thePerformance building-integrated rainwater collectionandreuse systems  ciency, waterconservationandenvironment-friendlybuildingmaterials. have beenwidelyappliedthroughouttheExposite,especially Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cate” inChina,andhasappliedforthegoldstandard  rst buildingsinthecountryawardedwith . Processedrainwater about. comprehensive post-Expoassessmentwouldbeneeded toevaluatetheactualbene and measuresused. They havebeendiscussedhere withtheirdesignedenvironmentbene and adoptedcertaincuttingedgeapplications. Tables 8.3to8.7summarizekeygreentechnologies Expo Axis. These buildingsweredesignedwithmanybestavailablepracticesandtechnologies, Expo Center, thePerformanceCentre, Theme Pavilions,theChinaNationalPavilionand The coreareaoftheExpositewillbecomposedfourpavilionsalongcentralaxis: andPermanentPavilions 8.4 ExpoAxis Figure 8.5:MainparksintheExposite the waterinHuangpuRiver. newly constructedwetlandwillbeaddedtostrengthenthearea’s ecologicalcapacityofpurifying The originalriversidewetlandintheHoutanParklocationwillberecoveredandenhanced. A Expo 2010Shanghai,China Source: BureauofShanghai World ExpoCoordination  ts theybring  ts. A 117 UNEP Environmental Assessment 118 UNEP Environmental Assessment Table 8.3:SummaryofGreen Technologies usedintheExpo Axis The Expo Axis 1 2 Technology Category # Renewable energy utilization Water savingand Ground-source heatpump Solar streetlamps utilization Rainwater collectionand ae-aigtiesAltiesWater saving Water-source heatpump Alltoilets Water-saving toilets h xoAi The Expo Axis The Expo Axis Expo 2010Shanghai,China MW Cooling capacityof11.4 MW Cooling capacityof17.4 building the plazasouthof All streetlampsin 515 tons processing capacityof design, withadaily Integrated withroof Application Scope of - Annual CO - Annual - Annual savingof245 TCE - Annual CO - Annual equivalent) - Annual savingof490 TCE (tonofcoal Saving energy andreducingemissions - Saving50%ofwateruseinthebuilding pollution - Reducestormwaterrunoff andresulting Environmental Bene 2 2 reductionof652tons reductionof1,303tons  t Table 8.4:SummaryofGreen Technologies usedintheChinaNationalPavilion 3 5 4 Technology Category # 6 6 5 4 3 2 Technology 1 Category # 7 management Environmental Exhaustheatrecovery Air conditioning Building facilities Design Architecture reigRotpgre of Insulationandgreening Reducingstormwater runoff Roofs Energy saving Rooftop garden Plaza The Allelevators Greening Permeable pavement Building material Energy savingelevators Building facilities Air conditioning Design Architecture Renewable energy utilization Water savingand Air puri Security checkarea Misting systemforcooling pumps Variable-frequency water system Smart lightingcontrol “Sun valley”structures conditioning Thermal-storage air dougong generation Solar photovoltaicpower utilization Rainwater controland ae aigtiesAltiesWater saving glazed windows Curtain wallswithdouble- Alltoilets Water savingtoilets  cation device bracketsdesign Expo 2010Shanghai,China underground level Security checkareaon conditioning Fresh airsystemfor cooling thermal heatingand conditioning andhydro- water consumption,air- Pumps fordomestic structures Six large cup-like units forice 14 unitsofthermalstorage building) National Pavilion(main MW Installed capacityof0.4 Integrated withroofdesign structure) Pavilion (theextension Facade oftheProvincial Application Scope of Application Scope of - Energy saving - Effective coolingthroughmistspraying Designed tosave20%ofenergy forlighting Air puri Energy saving Energy saving - Energy saving levels - Directingnaturalsunlighttotheunderground - Energy saving - Utilizingoff-peak energy compared withconventionaldesigns Energy savingbymorethan25% CO - Annual - Annual savingof107 TCE greening irrigationandroadcleaning - Water collectedwouldbereusedfor pollution - Reducestormwaterrunoff andresulting Environmental Bene  cation Environmental Bene 2 reductionof285tons  t  t 119 UNEP Environmental Assessment 120 UNEP Environmental Assessment Table 8.6:SummaryofGreen Technologies usedintheExpoCentre Table 8.5:SummaryofGreen Technologies usedinthe Theme Pavilion aeoyTcnlg cp fApiainEnvironmental Bene Scopeof Application 1 Technology Category # 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 Technology Category # utilization Water savingand uligmtra emal aeetReducing stormwaterrunoff Greening Permeablepavement Building material Air conditioning Building facilities Design Architecture energy Renewable utilization Water savingand ae aigtiesAltiesWater saving irrigation forgreenareas Programmed micro- Alltoilets utilization system Grey watercollectionand Water savingtoilets utilization Rainwater controland walls Vertical greenplantedcurtain recovery technology Fresh airandexhaustheat running withvariablefrequency Water-cooled centrifugalchiller Naturallightingandenergy saving Smart emergency lighting Integratedwith roofdesign LED lighting ef lighting withhighluminous Energy-ef Dormer windows Ventilation curtainwalls Sunshading byprojectingeaves walls Double-glazed glasscurtain generation Solar photovoltaicpower Rainwater controlandutilization  cacy  cient fluorescent Expo 2010Shanghai,China Irrigation ofgreenareas annual waterconsumption Providing about58%ofthe water consumption providing about14%ofannual vertical greeningcurtainwalls, Integrated withroofdesignand 4,000 m Total surfaceareaofabout conditioning Fresh airsystemof common lighting Landscape lightingand design Insulation Integrated ventilation the roof Large-scale extensionfrom Exterior walls capacity of2.83MW design, withaninstalled Integrated withtheroof curtain walls and verticalgreening Integrated withroofdesign Application Scope of 2 sprinkler irrigation surface irrigation,15-20%comparedto - Saving50-70%ofwatercomparedto collected andreusedannually - About123,000 tonofgreywater and reusedannually - About 30,000tonsofwatercollected pollution - Reducestormwaterrunoff and resulting Energy saving Energy saving Natural ventilation Sun shadingandpassivecooling CO - Annual - Annual savingof893 TCE greening irrigationandroadcleaning - Water collectedwouldbereusedfor resulting pollution - Reducestormwaterrunoff and Insulation andgreening Environmental Bene 2 reductionof2,374tons   t t 6 5 4 3 Environmental Bene Scopeof Application 2 Technology Category # 7 reigLresaero reig5%o ofae Insulationand greening 52%ofroofarea Large-scale roofgreening Greening material Building Air conditioning facilities Building Design Architecture energy Renewable ae-oreha upCoolingcapacityof35.5MW Water-source heatpump systems Solar thermalheating ls uti al Recyclable Recyclable Mainstructureofthebuilding Permeable pavement Glass curtainwall Steel structure conditioning Thermal-storage air Naturalventilation boiler outlet Sunshadingandpassivecooling Energy-saving deviceat Landscapelighting pump Allelevators Variable-frequency water Energy savingelevators Airconditioning Fresh airregulatingsystem Buildingcornice LED lighting Adjustable sunshading curtain walls Temperature--balancing Opening curtainwalls generation Solar photovoltaicpower Expo 2010Shanghai,China domestic hotwater Providing about52%ofannual pavement More then40%ofoutdoor building electricity consumedinthe - Providingabout3%ofthe - Installedcapacityof1MW - Annual CO - Annual - Annual savingof1,000 TCE CO - Annual - Annual savingof59 TCE Reducing stormwaterrunoff - Energy saving - Utilizingoff-peak energy Energy saving Energy saving CO - Annual - Annual savingof357 TCE 2 2 2 reductionof2,660tons reductionof156tons reductionof950tons  t 121 UNEP Environmental Assessment 122 UNEP Environmental Assessment Green technologiesusedinthePerformanceCenter. Table 8.7:SummaryofGreen Technologies usedinthePerformanceCenter Insulation layer ofaluminumplates 5 4 3 Environmental Bene 2 Scopeof Application Technology Category # 1 utilization Water savingand uligfclte LDlgtn ihigEnergy saving lighting Air conditioning LEDlighting Savingenergy andreducingemission Building facilities Roadsandplaza Design Architecture Solarstreetlamp Renewable energy Skylights ae aigtiesAltiesWater saving Alltoilets Water savingtoilets areas Sprinkler irrigationforgreen utilization Rainwater controland aua a olr Heating ef Energy saving conditioners Air-conditioning systems Thermal-storage air Exteriorshadingandpassivecooling Improving coolingef Roof,exteriorandglass Natural gasboilers Exhaust heatrecovery Natural Reducebuildingspaceandreducing Buildingcornice Skylights Roof Insulation Cantilever structure Overallstructure lighting Disk-shape exteriordesign Water-source heatpump Expo 2010Shanghai,China

riaino re ra Saving 40~60%ofwatercomparedto Irrigation ofgreenareas Reducestormwaterrunoff and Integrated withroofdesign curtain wall  greening irrigationandroadcleaning Water collectedwouldbereusedfor resulting pollution Insulation andenergy saving Energy saving Utilizing off-peak energy energy consumption ooding Insulation layer ofexterior wall  ciency Source:ShanghaiEPB ≥ Double-glazed glass 89%  ciency by7%  t selected projectswiththeirgreendesignsandmeasureshighlighted. demonstrating cuttingedgeeco-designsandgreenbuildingtechnologies. Table 8.8showsafew 54 citiesfromallovertheworld,wereselectedforexhibition. A lotoftheprojectswillbe which havehugeapplicationpotential. A totalof59exhibitioncases,covering28countriesand The UBPA mainlypresentsvariouson-goingpractices,alongwithsomeexperimentalexamples of HistoricalHeritageSitesand Technological InnovationintheBuiltEnvironment. four exhibition exchange experiencesinurbanconstructionanddevelopment. The UBPA willbedividedinto improve thequalityofurbanlifebycities,butalsoactasaplatformforthesecitiestoshareand those commonlyacknowledged,originalandvaluableprogrammespracticesdesignedto around theworldtotakepartinExpofor successful attemptsatmakingcitiesmorelivableandsustainable. The UBPA enablescities The Expoorganizer setuptheUrbanBestPractices Area (UBPA) tocollectandshowcase 8.5 UrbanBestPracticesArea  elds, namelyLivableCities,SustainableUrbanization,ProtectionandUtilization Expo 2010Shanghai,China  rst timeinhistory. The areawillnotonlypresent 123 UNEP Environmental Assessment 124 UNEP Environmental Assessment Table 8.8: Selected Projects in the Urban Best Practice Area

Project Artist’s Rendition Green Highlights

z A renewable energy exhibition centre renovated from an old coal-red plant. Reconstruction of Nanshi z Renewable energy: 0.52 MW of Solar PV, small wind turbines, water- Power Plant source heat pump (Shanghai, China) z Natural ventilation, rainwater collection and utilization, grey water recycling, green building materials, LED lighting, intelligent energy management system, etc Expo 2010Shanghai,China

z Aiming to achieve zero energy consumption inside the structure z Energy-saving: the external wall used inorganic insulation mortar, hollow Shanghai Ecological silt bricks, and synthetic gypsum plates (recovered by FGD of coal power Home plants); double glazed low-E windows; exterior sunshades; and living (Shanghai, China) planted façades and roof; solar PV and small vertical wind turbines. z Water-saving: building-integrated rainwater collection and utilization; permeable pavement for water reuse. Project Artist’s Rendition Green Highlights

z An energy self-sufcient building which will have zero gas emissions z The window-wall ratio was calculated by simulation analysis of sunlight in the design process so as to maximize insulation effectiveness of different materials for different parts of the building. Hamburg Home z Air conditioning: combination of natural ventilation and energy efcient (Hamburg, ) indoor air conditioning system. z Energy: 25 KW of building-integrated solar PV installed; Ground-source Expo 2010Shanghai,China heat pump system using U-shape “energy piles” for heat exchange. z Intelligent energy management system for air conditioning and lighting

z Employ a great deal of passive and active energy saving techniques to achieve the goal of zero energy consumption. Beddington Zero Energy z Attaining “zero energy consumption,” this project used only energy from Development renewable sources generated on site (including solar PV panels, solar (London, ) thermal water heating, wind turbines, water-source heat pumps). z Thermal insulation, water efciency, waste recycling and low-impact materials would be demonstrated 125 UNEP Environmental Assessment 126 UNEP Environmental Assessment

Project Artist’s Rendition Green Highlights

Water-curtain Solar z A wall of solar panels with double-layer water-curtains will be controlled Building by a central computer system for maximum energy efciency. (Alsace, France) Expo 2010Shanghai,China

Energy Saving Illuminating System of z Solar PV electricity generation for self-use and connecting to the grid anUrban City z Special painting treatment on building surfaces to reduce heat from direct (Rhône--Alps Region, sunlight France)

z An 18-metre building of , demonstrating renewable energy, New Horizons for Public energy efciency and eco-materials Housing z The building will be self-sufcient in terms of energy generation. Visitors (Madrid, ) can explore how water, wind power and solar energy are transformed into electricity with zero pollution inside the building z Energy-saving glass absorbing sunlight for windows Project Artist’s Rendition Green Highlights

z Based on the largest tent city in the world, this project will demonstrate the Tent City advantage of tents as windproof, rainproof, reproof, resistant to ooding, (Mecca and Mina, expandable and with high accommodation capacity, making sanitary and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) comfortable living spaces possible in harsh environmental conditions. Expo 2010Shanghai,China

Advocating Bicycles z Advocating bicycles to reduce energy consumption and environmental (Odense, ) pollution

Flowing Water Park z Rainwater collection and reuse; biological sewage treatment by constructed (, China) wetland.

127 UNEP Environmental Assessment 128 UNEP Environmental Assessment 8.9 showsaselectionofnationalpavilionshighlightingthegreenconceptsbehindbuildings. countries haveneverthelessinvestedinpavilionswitheco-designsandgreentechnologies.Figure were meanttobetemporarystructuresaccordingthetraditionandpracticeofExpo.Many the theme“BetterCity, BetterLives”fromtheiruniqueexperience. These nationalexhibitionhalls in Expo2010.Mostofthecountyparticipantsdesignedandbuildtheirownpavilionstointerpret By mid2009,191countriesand48internationalorganizations hadcon Pavilions 8.6 GreenVisionsinParticipants’ Expo 2010Shanghai,China  rmed theirparticipation Table 8.9: Selected National Pavilions

Exhibitors Artist’s Rendition Green Highlights

Spain Pavilion z This basket-like design is built with a steel structure and a wicker Natural Materials and cover, enabling visitors to enjoy open air and natural lighting. Lighting Solar panels will be installed on the rooftop. Expo 2010Shanghai,China

z The design is based on the concept of balance rooted in the principle of yin and yang. A vast planted roof and two load-bearing cylinders together make up the structure of the building, and are connected by a revolving chair lift system. The architecture incorporates the symbiosis between town and country, and emphasizes the perfect Pavilion balance of man, nature and technology. Displaying Sustainable Development

z The pavilion building is a six storey high object formed from some 60,000 slender transparent rods, which will extend from England Pavilion the structure and quiver in the breeze. During the day, each of Realization of Zero Carbon these 7.5m long rods will act like bre optic laments, drawing Emission on daylight to illuminate the interior. At night, light sources at the interior end of each rod will allow the whole structure to glow. z All material used in “A Pavilion of Innovation” are recyclable z Aiming at achieving zero-emissions during Expo 129 UNEP Environmental Assessment 130 UNEP Environmental Assessment

Exhibitors Artist’s Rendition Green Highlights

z Illustrating sustainable development through appearance and Pavilion content design of the pavilion (forest and fortress). Open Fort Surrounded by z Demonstrating the concept of “small is beautiful” Green Trees z Materials used in this pavilion are steel, wood and glass, all of which are recyclable Expo 2010Shanghai,China

Finland Pavilion z Using environment-friendly materials for construction. Made from Environment- z Show the solution to future urban architecture. friendly Materials z Solar panels for electricity, natural ventilation, greening the rooftop and rainwater collection systems will be used.

z Expressing the development and expansion of the city by changes Nepal Pavilion in construction forms. Seeking the Soul of a City z Highlighting the country’s efforts in environmental protection, renewable energy application and green building. Exhibitors Artist’s Rendition Green Highlights

z The pavilion composed of an open public place surrounded Canada Pavilion by three large structures. The square will be a performing The Living City: area. Inclusive, Sustainable, z Part of the pavilion's exterior walls will be covered by a Creative special kind of greenery and rainwater will be collected by a drainage system for use inside the pavilion. Expo 2010Shanghai,China

z Composed of 17 buildings, the pavilion will be showing the Holland Pavilion innovation in space utilization, energy and water conservancy in Happy Street Holland.

z Surrounded by water, the France Pavilion appears to be oating. France Pavilion z The most advanced building materials and environmental The Sensual City protection technologies will be used. Large scale vertical greening will be featured. 131 UNEP Environmental Assessment 132 UNEP Environmental Assessment

Exhibitors Artist’s Rendition Green Highlights

z The pavilion will be built with a new material, “sticky bamboo” Norway Pavilion a combination of Norwegian agglutinate laminated wood and Powered by Nature Chinese bamboo. The 15 modules of “trees” forming the structure can be disassembled and reused. Expo 2010Shanghai,China

z The theme of the Pavilion is the harmony between the Japan Pavilion human heart and technology. harmony between z The exterior of the pavilion is made of ultra-light membrane the human heart and that can generate electricity from solar energy. The double- technology layer membrane can lter sunshine for natural lighting and “breathe” for better ventilation. make citiesgreenerandmoresustainable. This studywillbeahighlyvaluablelegacyofExpo2010contributiontothecontinuousefforts to saving measures,etc.arequestionswhichneedtobeansweredinascienti share ofrenewableenergy intotalenergy consumption,theeffectiveness oftheenergy andwater and improvementsneededfortheirlarge-scale application andmainstreaminginthefuture. The the Shanghaiorganizer considerscommissioningacomparative studytoidentifyopportunities showcased duringthepreparationandexhibitionperiodofExpo2010,UNEP recommendsthat In ordertomaximizetheexperienceslearntfromdifferent greenideasandtechnologies structures becomewasteafterafewmonths. minimize wastegeneration. The Expowillnotqualifyasagreenprojectifallthetemporary or reassembledelsewheretomaximizethedemonstrationimpactsoftheireco-designsand is recommendedthatthesetemporarypavilionsshouldbeeitherpreservedandreusedon-site, Due tothelimitationofExporules,manypavilionswerebuiltasprovisionalstructures.It will helptosetnewagendasforgreenarchitectureandurbanenvironmentalstrategies. China NationalPavilion),theUrbanBestPractices Area andthoseoftheparticipatingcountries the pavilionsincorearea(Expo Axis, Theme Pavilion,ExpoCenter, PerformanceCenterand The vastamountofgreenideasandtechnologiesthatwillbeextensivelydemonstratedinby articulated sustainabilityvision. design buildingsandthepreservationrenovationofoldones,wascarriedoutwithaclearly of Expo2010. The selectionofthesiteanditstransformation,aswelladditionnewgreen considerations weretakenintoseriousconsiderationduringtheearlierplanninganddesignphases UNEP acknowledgestheenormousefforts theorganizer putintoensuringenvironmental 8.7 COMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS Expo 2010Shanghai,China  c andtransparentway. 133 UNEP Environmental Assessment 134 UNEP Environmental Assessment the directandindirectcarbonemissionsfromtheseevents. neutralize, oratleasttominimizeasmuchtheycan,negativeclimateimpactsresultingfrom Against thisbackground,organizers oflarge internationaleventshavetheresponsibilityto over thenextfewyears. depend heavilyonthelevelofgreenhousegasemissionreductionworldispreparedtomake Whether ornotwecanmakeau-turnandsavetheplanetfromcatastrophicclimatechangewill indicating thattheclimatesystemisdangerouslyclosetoamajortippingpoint. and 2008,aswellmanyotherclimatechangeimpactshaveoutstrippedtheIPCCprojections, worst caseforecastsoftheIPCC. The dramaticmeltingofthe Arctic summersea-icein2007 Recently, amultitudeofnew scienti year fromdiseasesandextremeweather. Organization alsowarnedthatclimatechangeisalreadykillingmorethen150,000peopleevery Global temperatureshavetostayundera have tobereducedby5080percentof1990levels2050avoidrunwayclimatechange. The Intergovernmental PanelonClimateChange(IPCC)warnedthatglobalcarbonemissions According toscience,theworldhasenteredaneraofdangerousanddestructiveclimatechange. carbon dioxidereleasedtotheatmospheredirectlyorindirectlyasaresultofevent. FIFA World Cupaswellthe World Expo,shouldmeasure,curtailandoffset theamountof organizers oflarge internationalevents,includingmajorsportseventssuchastheOlympicsand Climate changepresentsunprecedentedchallengesfortheglobalcommunity. The challengefor 9. CLIMATE NEUTRALITY less than30years. the currenttrendofglacier retreatcontinues,80%oftheHimalayaglacierswould begonein one wastakenin1968,the bottomonewastakenin2007byGreenpeace.IPCC warnedthatif Two comparisonphotos oftheRongbuGlacieronnorthernslope Mt.Everest. The top Expo 2010Shanghai,China  c  2℃ ndings showthatclimatechangeisracingaheadofthe increasebytheendofcentury. The World Health Source: Greenpeace are thosebyallotheractorsandwouldincludeespeciallyinternational planning phase,theconstructionandrenovationofvenues,toactualfair. Indirectemissions direct andindirectemissions.Directemissionsincludeactivitiesundertakenatallstages,fromthe UNEP believesthatanymeasurementoftheclimateimpactmajoreventsshouldincludeboth 9.1 CLIMATE EVENTS ANDMAJOR NEUTRALITY Olympics werecarbonneutral. 1,182,500 tonsofgreenhouse gas.Basedonthiscalculation,itconcludedthat the 2008Beijing 1,181,900 tonsofgreenhouse gases,whilethevariousemissionreductionmeasures wouldsave The BOCOG-commissionedstudyshowedthatthe carbonfootprintoftheGameswouldbe „ „ „ recommendation, astudywascommissionedbyBOCOG, withtheaimto: (BOCOG) todevelopstrategiesachieveclimateneutrality fortheevent.FollowingUNEP’s Prior tothe2008Olympics,UNEP advisedtheBeijingOrganizing CommitteeoftheGames 9.2 EXPERIENCEOFTHEBEIJINGOLYMPICS „ „ „ A comprehensivestrategytoaddressclimateneutralityattheExposhouldincludeactionsto: and themedia,amongstothers. Mechanism undertheKyotoProtocolshouldbefavoured. be adopted. The experienceoftheGoldStandardforcarboncreditsandCleanDevelopment If theExpo2010organizer wants todevelopoffsets foritscarbonemissions,bestpracticeshould counting prevented. into accountintheclimatebalance. Additionality oftheprojectsneedtobeprovedanddouble are infactsaved. Annual thirdpartyexaminationisnecessarybeforesuchsavings aretaken and transparentproceduresneedtobelaiddownforallprojectsensurethatgreenhousegases The avoidedemissionsofcarbonoffset projectshavetobe quanti solar heaterscouldbeconsidered. for electricity, modernbiomassfacilitiesandcommunity-basedsolarPV ortheinstallationof projects onenergy savinganddevelopmentofrenewable energy. Projectssuchasland place byreducingtheminanother. A widerangeofactivitiescanprovidecarbonoffsets, suchas in theoryreferstoinitiativesaimingatbalancingoutthegreenhousegasesemissionsone Offsetting isonlyasecondbestoptiontoensurethenetbalanceofemissions.Carbonoffsetting The priorityofsuchastrategyshouldbeavoidingandreducingcarbonemissionsatthesource. „ „ calculate whetherthenetbalancewaspositiveornegative. estimate thepositiveeffects oftheenvironmentalmeasurestakenonclimate; and assess carbonemissionsdirectlyresultingfromthe2008 Olympics; Increase energy ef Reduce energy demand Measure thecarbonfootprintofExpoatallstages efforts. Compensate oroffset theremainingunavoidableemissionsafterabovementioned Scale uptheutilizationofrenewableenergy, and  ciency Expo 2010Shanghai,China  able andveri  ights of   able. Binding cials, visitors  ll gases 135 UNEP Environmental Assessment 136 UNEP Environmental Assessment „ „ reduce greenhousegasemissions,Shanghaihasdevelopedthefollowingmeasures: carbon emissionsifnoenvironmentalmeasuresweretobedevelopedtackleit.Inorder As theExpowilllastsixmonthsandisexpecting70millionvisitors,itwouldgenerateconsiderable achieve carbonneutrality. been studyingtheexperienceofBeijingaswellothermajorinternationaleventsattemptingto The Shanghaimunicipalityiskeentominimizethecarbonemissionsofevent. They have 9.3 SHANGHAIWORLDEXPO2010ANDCARBONNEUTRALITY measured foralarge internationalevent. athletes andspectatorsintheoverallcalculation,whichwas did acknowledgeBeijing’s methodologicalbreakthroughinincludingtheinternationaltravelof a fewconcernsonthemethodologyusedanddataveri UNEP inits be usefulinthefutureforShanghaitodesignitscarbonneutralitystrategies. Expo, theemissionreductionsofenvironmentalmeasuresandnetbalance. The resultswill UNEP understandsthatShanghaihascommissionedastudytolookatthecarbonfootprintof „ energy ef vehicles willbeusedattheExpositeandvicinity. Buildingsarerequiredtomeethigher heat-pumps andLEDlightingintheExpobuildings.Low-emissionzero-local-emission The Expoappliedmanynewenergy technologies.Solarpanels, ground-andwater-source upgraded toimproveresources-andenergy-ef energy ef factories locatedinsidetheExpositewithold-fashionedpollutingtechnologiesandlower As partofthecity-wideindustrialrestructuringandphasing-outobsoletefactories,those measures aimtoreducecarbonemissionsandenergy consumption. emissions fromtravelling. feasibility ofencouragingvisitorstopurchasecarboncreditsneutralizetheir introduced acitizens’ greencommutingcampaign.Studiesareunderwaytoexplorethe emissions, includingurbangreeningandtheprotectionofstandingforest,aswell The Expoorganizer promotedcarbonoffset projectstobalanceoutsomeofthecarbon Independent Environment Assessment oftheBeijing2008OlympicsGames   ciency havebeencloseddown.Somewererelocatedandtheirtechnologies ciency standardsandencouragedtoapplyforLEEDcerti Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ciency.  cation inthestudy. However, UNEP  rst timesuchaconcernhadbeen  cation. All these cation. All raised carbon neutralExpo. where improvementscanbemadeonthemitigationandoffsetting strategiesforapproachinga international events. An earlycompletionofastudywouldalsoprovideplatform toidentify municipality isadvisedtotakenoteoftheexperienceandlessonslearnedfromBeijingother UNEP wouldliketoseeShanghai’s successinachievingcarbonneutralityfortheExpo. The the event),aswelltransparencyofmethodologyanddata-sharing. strategies (reductionbeforeoffsetting), thescopeofcalculation(directandindirectemissions events organizers, ShanghaiExpoincluded. Attention shouldbepaidbothintheprioritizationof The Beijingexperienceoncarbonneutralityprovidesaveryvaluableexampleforfuturemajor these stakeholderstominimizetheirclimateimpact. participating intheExpo.Shanghaiisencouragedto of theorganizers, suppliers,sponsors,visitors,countriesandinternationalorganizations It isacknowledgedthatefforts tomitigateandoffset emissionsshouldbeacollectiveresponsibility carbon, orevencarbon-neutral, World Expo. large andtheExpoinparticularhaveprovidedasolidbasisforShanghaitoapproachlow- measures inenergy-saving andemission-reductionthegovernmentsetformunicipalityat minimizing theevent’s negativeclimateimpact.UNEP believesthattheintegrated,multi-sector UNEP welcomestheShanghaiorganizer’s efforts topayseriousattentiontheimportanceof 9.4 COMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS Expo 2010Shanghai,China  nd effective andcreativewaystoengage 137 UNEP Environmental Assessment 138 UNEP Environmental Assessment 10. PUBLICPARTICIPATION participation intheprocess. out topromotegreenawareness,aswellthelevelofNGOandpublic communication andeducationprogrammesthegovernmenthascarried city’s infrastructureasdiscussedabove. This chapterwilllookatwhat last fewyears,theShanghaiauthoritieshavedonealottoimprove the importanceofcitiesandtheircitizensforasustainablefuture.In “Better City, BetterLife”isthethemeof2010 World Expo,underlying its citizensforagreenerfuture. fundamental transformationofthecity’s infrastructureandthelifestylesof were engagedinpromotingthevisionofa“GreenExpo”whichentails schools, neighbourhoodcommittees,volunteers,andenvironmentalNGOs, various localgovernmentorgans, corporations,socialorganizations, environmental awarenessamongstitscitizens.Different partners,including and educationalactivitiestopromotethe“GreenExpo”conceptraise In recentyears,theShanghaiauthoritiesbeganawiderangeofcommunication Expo 2010Shanghai,China „ „ environmental issuesthroughawebofgovernment-ledplatforms. These include: The municipalityhasorganized manyactivitiesonthethemeofa“GreenExpo”andgeneral work togethertobroadcastgreenmessages. Expo” andenvironmentalawareness. As aresultwidenetworkofcommunicationchannels neighbourhood levelorganizations inShanghaiweremobilizedtop-downtopromote“Green its communicationandeducationprogrammes.Media,schools,state-ownedcompanies, state-owned andstate-managedorgans, andgovernment-initiatedNGOs(GoNGOs)tomobilize The Shanghaiauthority, like otherlocalgovernmentsinChina,hasawiderangeofgovernmental, 10.1 COMMUNICATIONS ANDCAMPAIGNS „ „ „ „ „ „ high-ranking of Activities promotingpublictransportationwereorganized, includingthemayorandother Car FreeDay:Shanghaiparticipatedintheworld-wideDayon22September. Day activitiesinShanghai. In recentyears,theconceptofa“GreenExpo”hasbeenintegratedinto World Environment World EnvironmentDay, followingthethemessetbyUNEP andthecentralgovernment. World EnvironmentDay:Communicationsandeducationalactivitieswereorganized on encouraged tosetanexamplebyworkingasagreenof Green Of city towelcometheExpo”. saving andemissionreduction. The themefor2008was“Beanationalenvironmentalmodel and resultsoftheEnvironmental Three-year Action Plans.Specialfocuswasputonenergy Media Campaigns: A city-wide mediacampaignwaskickedoff toconveytheinitiatives awareness througheducation andpromotionevents. commercial companies,such asChinaMobile,Bayer, and Tetra Pak,topromoteenvironmental Corporate Cooperation: The Shanghaimunicipalgovernmenthasworkedwith many government. About 80,000studentswerebelievedtobeinvolvedinthiscampaign. environmental communicationandeducationprogramme oftheShanghaimunicipal Campus Activities: Studentsintertiaryinstitutionsareakeytarget audienceofthe million peoplewillparticipateinthisprogrammeby 2010 beforethestartofExpo. “Welcoming ExpoandEveryday-lifeEnvironmentalProtection.”Itisexpectedthatovera organizations topromoteenvironmentalawarenessatthecommunitylevelwiththeme Neighbourhood LevelProgrammes:ShanghaiEPBhaspartneredwithmanyneighborhood more then600schoolsinthemunicipalitywereawarded. as “GreenNeighbourhood”orSchool.”Bytheendof2008,68neighborhoodsand schools withacertainlevelofenvironmentalfacilitiesandperformancewouldbenamed environmental awarenesswithinthecommunityandatschoollevel.Neighbourhoods Green NeighbourhoodsandSchoolsCampaign: This projectaimsatraising  ce: PuttingtheGreenExpoGuidelinesintoeffect, staff oftheExpowere  cials takingbusesandsubwaystoworkonthatday. Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ce. 139 UNEP Environmental Assessment 140 UNEP Environmental Assessment volunteers. However, greenvolunteeringopportunitiesareoften ad-hocandone-off. government-initiated campaigns.Manypeople,especially youngprofessionalsarewillingtobe community levelwetlandeducation.Campusgreen groupshaveprogrammesmostlyechoing scale localNGOsfocusingonenvironmentaleducation programmessuchasbirdwatchingand (World Wide FundForNature)hasabranchof Amongst thenationalandinternationalenvironmental NGOsactiveinChina,onlythe WWF public awareness,Shanghaihasarelativelyunderdeveloped environmentalNGOscene. and engagingatdifferent levelsincluding governmentpolicymaking,corporatebehaviourand the timbertrade,climatechange,toxicpollutions,public participationandinformationdisclosure) local environmentalNGOsactivelyworkingondifferent issues(forexample,natureconservation, very activeinShanghai.ComparedtoBeijingwheretherearemanymoreinternational,nationaland For avarietyofreasons,environmentalnon-governmentalorganizations (NGOs)havenotbeen 10.2 NGOENGAGEMENT “My GreenExpo,MyHome.” On World EnvironmentDay2008,collectivepaintingactivitieswereorganized on thethemeof „ though onlinepolling,writtensurveysandface-to-faceinterviews. opinions andsuggestionstothemasterplanofExpowerecollectedfromin20052006 Public ParticipationintheEnvironmentalImpact Assessment oftheExpoPlanning:Public Expo 2010Shanghai,China  ce inShanghai. There areafewmoresmall-

Source: ShanghaiEPB to promoteawarenessonclimatechange.Invitedby WWF, Shanghaimunicipalityof On 28March2009, WWF calledoncitiesoftheworldtoparticipateinEarthHourcampaign signi successful partnershipbetween WWF ChinaandtheShanghaiMunicipality representeda Bureau, hasbeenopeninguptoworkingwithNGOspromotepublicawareness. The recent Increasingly, theShanghaimunicipalgovernment,especiallyEnvironmentalProtection gains. Shanghai shouldkeepraisingthebar, expandingtheprogrammeandenhancingresulting improving environmentalfacilitiesandtheperformance ofgrassrootsunitsthroughbenchmarking. neighbourhood campaignsweregoodexamplesofhow thegovernmentcanplayapivotalrolein mobilization forthegovernment-ledenvironmental campaigns. The greenschoolsand The uniquenessoftheChinesepoliticalsystemprovided channelsforlarge-scale andtop-down cities forbetterlives. citizens tobechangeagentsfortheenvironmentisthus crucialtothesuccessofmakingbetter environment impactsofacity. Citizensarepartoftheproblemasmuchsolution. Activating of citizens,dependingontheirlifestylesandlevelawareness,areadecisivefactorforthe Citizens arethemostimportantstakeholdersofacity’s sustainability. The environmentalfootprints 10.3 COMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS green commutinginthecityforExpo. Shanghai ExpoBureau,EnvironmentalProtectionBureauandEDFtojointlypromote over privatecarsduringtheOlympics. A year-long seriesofactivitieswillbeorganized bythe generated bythecarbonoffsetting ofBeijingcitizenschoosing publictransportandbicycling in acitypark. The treeswereprovidedbytheEDF-managedGreenCommutingFund,whichwas On 5May2009,theprogrammekickedoff withShanghai of commuting inBeijingbeforeandduringthegames. had workedsuccessfullywiththeBeijingOlympicsorganizer onajointprojectpromoting green of theChinaProgrammeOf In 2009,theShanghaiExpoauthorityalsorespondedpositivelytogreencommutingproposal chance foranadvocacyagreenercityechoingthethemeofExpo. saw itsparticipationasasuitableresponsetotheglobalconcernsonclimatechangewell initiated environmentalcampaignreceivedthislevelofsupportinthecity. The municipality attracted widespread TV, radioandprintmediacoverageheadlines.Forthe schools, 71neighbourhoods,andmorethen100corporationsjoiningthecampaign. The activity commercial buildings(includingthethreetallestskyscrapersinShanghai),15universities,32 This successfulNGO-governmentcollaborationattainedanencouragingresultbygetting163 buildings tofollowsuit. the citycentreduringsaidhour, andrequestedallmunicipality-district-levelgovernment endorsed theactivity, switched off theexteriorlightingofmunicipalgovernmentbuldingin  cant breakthroughintheNGO-governmentrelationship.  ce oftheUS-basedNGOEnvironmentalDefenseFund(EDF).EDF Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cials andEDFstaff planting trees  rst timeanNGO  cially 141 UNEP Environmental Assessment 142 UNEP Environmental Assessment could beusedtohelpdesignmoretargeted futureactionsbothforandbeyond Shanghai. after theeventwouldprovideusefulinsightsongains andgapsofthegreeningefforts, which attitudes towardsthevariousmeasuresimplementedforagreenExpo.Comparingdatabeforeand It isalsorecommendedthatformalresearchtobeconductedmeasurepublicawarenessand for eco-tourisminandaroundShanghaicouldalsobeprovidedon-line. transportation, wasteavoidance,carbonreductionandoffsetting duringtheExpo,aswelltips would-be-visitors andconcernedcitizens.Practicalinformationguidelinesonpublic A specialfeaturewebsitefocusingontheExpoandenvironmentmightbeuseful forvisitors, but alsotheinitiativesinrecentyearstoretro information containedintheof resources, itisrecommendedthattheExpoorganizer enrich andupdatetheenvironmental Given thechallengeofmeetinginformationneedsaworldwideaudiencewithlimited programmes fortheglobalaudience. Shanghai isadvisedtodevelopsuchaplanearlyoneffectively communicateitsgreening for itsenvironmentalinitiatives(aspointedoutintheUNEP assessmentreportafterthegames) Learning fromthelessonof2008BeijingOlympicswhichlackedapro-activemediastrategy maximizing thelinksbetweenExpoandenvironmenthasnotyetbeeninitiated. and adoptedtheGreenExpoconcept,itseemsthatacomprehensivecommunicationstrategy While Shanghaihasimplementedawide-rangeofactivitiestopromoteenvironmentalawareness Comprehensive CommunicationsStrategy Expo togaugetheexperiencesandlessonlearnt. of theseExpo-orientedactivities. A morecomprehensiveassessmentisrecommendedafterthe run uptothe2010Expo. At thismoment, itistooearlytoevaluatetheeffectiveness andimpacts According tothegovernment,manymoreactivitieswereplannedandwouldbecarriedoutin with studentandyouthgroups,NGOs,corporationsbedeveloped. communicate itsprogrammes,itisrecommendedthatwiderandmoreparticipatorypartnerships While Shanghaishouldmaintainitsadvantageinmobilizingmediaandotherchannelsto green guidelines. green of leading byexampleforwidersocialimpact. The Shanghaiauthorityisencouragedtobroadenthe endorsement ofthecar-free dayandtheEarthHourlights-off campaignwerealsowisetacticsin The greenof initiatives beencouragedandsupported. underdevelopment ofenvironmentalNGOsinShanghai, itisrecommendedthatmoreNGO EDF wereverygoodexamplesofeffective government-NGOpartnership.Given therelative The lights-off activityinitiatedby WWF andtheGreenCommutingproject proposedby Activating NGOsParticipation  ce initiativetoothergovernmentagenciesandthecommercialsectorbyenhancing  ce initiativeoftheExpoBureau,reductioninuse  cial website,includingnotonlygreenmeasuresintheExpoPark, Expo 2010Shanghai,China  t thecitytoagreenerone.

 cial sedans,the of the2010Expo. and contributestothegreeningofcitywouldbean appropriateandsustainedlong-termlegacy An active,responsible,andparticipatorycitizenrywhich takescareofitsenvironmentalfootprint enable moreeffective publicparticipationinenvironmentalaffairs. in thelastyearsaretobecommendedandshould further enhancedandexpanded,inorderto Environmental informationdisclosuremeasuresthe Shanghai authoritieshavebeenintroducing citizenship. this integratedprogramme.NGOscanplayaconstructiveandvitalroleinfosteringgreen and voluntarycarbonoffsetting, or“bringing-your-own-water” couldbeorganized aspartof participatory campaignssuchasinstallingenergy ef by publictransport,avoidingandrecyclingdomesticwaste,savingwater. Creativeand acting tominimizetheirenvironmentalfootprint,suchasreducingenergy consumption,travelling Shanghai residentsshouldbeencouragedandfacilitatedtotakeindividualresponsibilityby Guidelines forgreencitizenscouldbepromotedthroughgovernmentalandNGOactivities. responsibilities ofcitizensinacitystrivingtobesustainable. and citizen-initiatedactivities.Moreemphasiscouldbeplacedontheenvironmentalrights but alsobottom-upparticipation.Government-ledinitiativescouldbecomplimentedwithNGO- should bedevelopedfortheExpo,focusingnotonlyontop-downcommunicationandeducation, citizenry. A holisticprogrammeonpromotinganewgreencitizenshipforShanghairesidents The ShanghaiExpoprovidesanexcellentopportunitytoactivateenvironmentallyresponsible Promoting GreenCitizenship conscious citizenry. and citizenorganizations whichareinstrumentalinactivatingamoreenvironmentally could beacatalystfornurturingthehealthydevelopmentofenvironmentalNGOs NGOs areanimportantvehicleofexpressionforpublicparticipation. The Expoitself consider invitingNGOrepresentativestojointheenvironmentaladvisorycommittee.  organizer. A roundtableonidentifyingtheneedsandaspirationsofbothsidescouldbeaconcrete regular andbilateralcommunicationswithNGOrepresentativesshouldbeorganized bytheExpo organizer anddesigncreativeresults-orientedprojectsaccordingly. Itisrecommendedthat On theotherhand,NGOsinShanghaiandelsewhereareencouragedtoanalyzeneedsof participation. as volunteerorganizing experiencecouldbevaluablepartnersfortheorganizer toenhancepublic NGOs withspecializedknowledgeandexpertise,socialmarketingskillscreativity, aswell an engagementstrategyfromtheGovernment,theirenthusiasmhasnotyetbeenharnessed. based inBeijing,havebeenkeentosupportandcontributetheExpo. With theabsence of Environmental NGOsinShanghai,aswellsomeoftheinternationalandnational rst steptofosteringstrongergovernment-NGOcooperation. The Shanghaiauthoritycouldalso Expo 2010Shanghai,China  cient lightbulbsathome,greencommuting 143 UNEP Environmental Assessment 144 UNEP Environmental Assessment and PollutionReductioninShanghai Shanghai MunicipalGovernment(2007),the Application ProgramofEnergy Saving National Environmental Protection EleventhFive-yearPlan of Shanghai, Shanghai EnvironmentalProtectionBureau, Shanghai Shanghai DevelopmentandReformCommission(2006), Shanghai DailyNews(2006), NRDC Strategies Liu, W. andQiu,R.L (2007), Hydrobiologia, 568 on LaogangLand Huang Renhua,ChenShanpin(2007), Environmental Science,3:124-128. Two SchematicModesforMunicipalSolidWaste DisposalinShanghai Hu Dongwen, Tang Qinghe,andJiangJiahua(2008). up stream ofHuangpuRiverandProtection Strategy Han Changlai(2004), climate crisis,brie Greenpeace International(April2009),RacingOvertheEdge:Newscienceon China. Environmental Impact Assessment oftheMasterPlanningExpo2010Shanghai EDF etal.2008BeijingReport:GreenCommuting.EnvironmentalDefenseFund. 18918-2002 2003-07-01)MEP Discharge StandardofPollutantsforMunicipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB BIBLIOGRAPHY

2007 . JournalofChemical Technology andBiotechnology, 82

. The Mid-termDevelopmentPlanofRenewableEnergy   ll Site : ng paper. 245-253. Characteristics ofwaterenvironment inwatersource placeatthe , SuzhouEnvironmentalSanitation,119. Expo 2010Shanghai,China Water Eutrophication inChinaandtheCombating Salt Tide HitTheEastChinaSea Discussion oftheSustainableDevelopmentPlan Mid-term EvaluationReportofthe . Chinawater&wastewater, 20. A ComparisonStudyon Energy WhitePaperof . : 781-786. Qin,B., . Shanghai

Progress inGeography, 1. Wastewater UsingConstructedWetland andItsPresent StatusandFuture Prospects inChina YU Shaopeng, WANG Haixia,and WAN Zhongjuan eds(2004), Hydrobiologia, 581 Xu, P., Wu, Q.,Luo,L.andZhang, Y (2007). District committee, Energy Council(GWEC),ChinesePeople’s PoliticalConsultativeConferenceShanghaiNanhui The ChineseRenewableEnergy Industries Association (CREIA),GreenpeaceandGlobal Wind High-tech Trashing of Asia The Basal Action NetworkandSilicon Valley Toxics Coalition2002, the DevelopmentPlantonSolid Waste Treatment inShanghai, Variations ofHarmful Algal BloomsintheSouthYellow seaandEastChinaSea Tang, D.,Di,B., Wei, G.,Ni,I.H.,Oh,and Wang, S(2006), State Council(2007), White PaperonEnergy. Beijing:StateCouncil. Standard ofsoilqualityassessmentforexhibitionsites(HJ350-2007).2007,8. Southern Weekly (2009), The FightingforEnvironmentalProtectioninGao’antun.2009(308). Shanghai Water ResourcesReport(2008). Shanghai Water Bureau.Shanghai Water (Environmental)FunctionZoning.2004,12. Shanghai StatisticalBureau, Municipality forEnergy-saving andEmission-reduction Work”. Shanghai:SMPG People’s GovernmentonPrintingandDistributingthe“ImplementationPlanofShanghai Shanghai MunicipalPeople’s Government(2007),NoticeofShanghaiMunicipal 2020 Shanghai MunicipalGovernment, Energy DevelopmentinShanghai Shanghai MunicipalGovernment, : China Wind PowerReport2007 3. . Shanghai Statisticalyearbook(2000-2008) Expo 2010Shanghai,China Eleventh Five-yearPlanningand2020Vision ofWind Master PlanningofShanghaiMunicipality1999to Environmental IssuesofLakeTaihu, China . Spatial, SeasonalandSpecies Treatment Technology of Exporting Harm:The , Summaryof . . 145 UNEP Environmental Assessment 146 UNEP Environmental Assessment Shanghai Public Transport Online:http://www.shanghaibus.net/ Shanghai MetroOnline:http://www.shmetro.com/ Shanghai ExpoOf Shanghai EnvironmentalOnline:http://www.envir.gov.cn/info/2006/2006913239.htm Shanghai EnvironmentEnergy Exchange:http://www.cneex.com/eng_index.html www.greenpeace.org/china/zh/press/reports/algae-blue-report Reason Analysis of Agricultural ChemicalPollutionand Algal Bloom.GreenPeace,2008.http:// Of MetroOnline:http://www.nj-dt.com/ http://www.shanghaiwater.gov.cn/web/homepage/index.html http://www.shanghaiwater.gov.cn/web/bmxx/default.jsp?num=td_tab18 Hangzhou MetroOnline:http://www.hzmetro.com/Login.aspx Electronic waste.http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/toxics/e-waste Electronic wastetreatmentcompanyhttp://www.tes-amm.com/ cap/ China EnvironmentalLaw:http://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/2009/03/23/shanghais-car- China ClimateChangeInfo-net:http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/ http://sh.eastday.com/eastday/node439/node3827/index.html Analysis of Agricultural ChemicalPollutionin Taihu LakeandChemicalFertilizerinChina. Internet Sources  cial Website of ShanghaiMunicipalGovernment:http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/  cial Website:http://www.expo2010.cn/ Expo 2010Shanghai,China Wuxi MetroOnline:http://www.wxmetro.net/index.asp#2 Website ofSNEC4 shucm/index.html Website ofShanghaiUrbanConstruction &Communications:http://www.shucm.sh.cn/gb/ China: http://www.cin.gov.cn/ztbd/2008car/ Website ofMinistryHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmentthePeople’s Republicof Website ofEnvironmental Technology: http://www.cnjlc.com/ Website ofChangjiang Water Resources. http://www.cjw.gov.cn/ environment/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=2078 Website ofCenterforEco-economyandSustainableDevelopment:http://www.cesd-sass.org/ Suzhou MetroOnline:http://www.szgdjt.com/ =1&categoryNum=2102 gov.cn/nhzx//showinfo/showinfo.aspx?infoid=26988e92-f1e2-4d46-9316-89210cbfc412&siteid Strengthen theEnvironmentalManagementofLaogangGarbageDisposalSite sh.xinhuanet.com Shanghai: OverallDeclinein Water EnvironmentalQuality of This Year.2006, 6.http://www. Shanghai Water ResourcesProtectionFoundation. http://www.snec.org.cn/Read.asp?ID=1279 th InternationalPhotovoltaicPowerGenerationConference& Expo 2010Shanghai,China

http://www.swrf.org.cn/main.asp : http://zx.nanhui. Exhibition: 147 UNEP Environmental Assessment UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This publication is printed using 60% sugarcane fibre. Recycled content is 15% pre-consumer waste with 25% FSC certified mixed source fibre, the inks are vegetable based. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP's carbon footprint.