DOCSLIB.ORG

Conceptualizing Mega-Event Flagships—A Case Study Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conceptualizing Mega-Event Flagships—A Case Study Of Frontiers of Architectural Research (2013) 2, 107–115 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/foar CASE STUDY Conceptualizing mega-event flagships—A case study of China Pavilion of Expo 2010 Shanghai China Ying Dengn Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Received 28 August 2012; received in revised form 30 October 2012; accepted 12 November 2012 KEYWORDS Abstract Mega-event flagship; Mega-event flagship (MEF) is a dual instrument for staging a mega-event and catalyzing regional Case study; urban renewal. Despite its unfailing popularity and controversial nature, many initiators seem Conceptualize; to equate MEF development with signature architecture, resulting in a persistent issue of China Pavilion; underuse among MEFs in the post-event era. Although research findings indicate that the early Expo 2010 Shanghai stages hold the key to the future of MEFs, insufficient research on this crucial matter has been China; done to provide useful analyses as to how to achieve this. To rectify this, this paper presents a Clustering case study of China Pavilion (CP) as the most spotlighted MEF initiated by Expo 2010 Shanghai China. Through participant observation, archival records, and documentation, the case of CP was extensively explored to learn how the client organization has addressed the issues of form, function, and future positioning at the early stages. By linking the pre-Expo conceptualization with its post-Expo performance, the case brings a renewed attention to the early stages of MEF development. Although it is a single-case study, this research yields results that indicate the possibility of having beneficial spillover impact on broader-scale urban renewal by balancing an MEF’s dual mandate. & 2013. Higher Education Press Limited Company. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction n 1.1. Mega-event flagships Tel.: +852 2241 5896. E-mail address: [email protected] Peer review under responsibility of Southeast University. The term ‘‘flagship’’ has come out of its naval realm and into the common parlance in order to define the best or most prominent product, building, service, etc., among a group, series, network, or chain (Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and amp; Thesaurus, 2011; Macmillan 2095-2635 & 2013. Higher Education Press Limited Company. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2012.11.004 108 Y. Deng Dictionary, 2012). Developing a flagship product aims to study of China Pavilion (CP) initiated by Expo 2010 Shanghai highlight an organization’s core competitiveness and sustain China. The focus is placed on the challenges encountered the business by making the most profit among all its during its early decision-making process and the solutions products. This logic also applies to the construction industry explored to endure this most spotlighted flagship of Expo where flagship development is built on a single or a handful 2010. It is concluded that CP constitutes an indispensable of prestigious projects to set the stage for synchronized or part of a holistic urban strategy: the ‘‘Big Four’’ (Big4) MEF subsequent regional renewal (Smyth, 1994). cluster, the Expo site redevelopment, and the ongoing Led by global mega-events such as the Olympics or the citywide cross-river renewal. By linking the pre-Expo con- Expos, mega-event flagships (MEFs) constitute a spotlighted ceptualization with its post-Expo performance, the case subset of flagship development (Deng, 2011). MEF develop- brings a renewed attention to the early stages of MEF ment is envisaged by policymakers as not only a global development. Although it is a single-case study, the present platform for place branding, but also an event-based research yields results that indicate the possibility of having mechanism to accelerate the process of urban renewal. Its beneficial spillover impact on broader-scale urban renewal popularity has been fueled by successful urban renewals led by balancing an MEF’s dual mandate. Such a holistic by Expo 1962 Seattle USA and Olympics 1992 Barcelona approach to enduring MEF development is therefore recom- Spain. However, the heavily underused MEFs in Montreal, mended for realizing the bigger objective of place- Moscow, Sydney, and Athens after the Olympics 1976, 1980, branding-oriented renewal for future practices. 2000, and 2004 caused this formula to come under question. As revealed by previous research findings (Deng and Poon, 1.3. Approach 2011, 2012), what is not well noted by the organizers is that for an MEF to play a catalytic role in the bigger renewal The early stages fall into the research area of planning, process, a spectacular shell can be a bonus, but a properly organization, and management where extensive local issues sized and configured layout is a prerequisite. An ignorance mustbedrawnuponthroughthecasestudyapproach(Davies, or disregard for this may lead to potential consequences, 2001; Easterby-Smith et al., 1991; Yin, 2009). Moreover, the including over-capacity, functional obsolescence, mainte- case study approach is suitable for in-depth investigation of nance difficulties, and extra cost for regeneration in the explorativenatureandisflexibletoaccommodatemultiple long term. This would eventually cause negative impacts on data sources (Baxter and Jack, 2008; Flyvbjerg, 2006). In the affiliated renewal initiative. particular, participant observation was used because the author has worked as a key project coordinator for the Expo 2010 1.2. Aim and significance organizer, Bureau of Shanghai World Expo Coordination (SEB), from 2004 to 2007. Since the author was detached from any of the project clients of the Big4, the impact of potential bias In principle, an MEF aims to provide a global platform on which (Easterby-Smithetal.,1991)wasminimized. the vision of place branding can build and offer a unique selling The rest of this paper is structured into three parts. To point for attracting sustained resources. This makes it a perfect set the international scene for MEF development and high- candidate for signature architecture. However, because of too light its post-event difficulty, the first part briefly introduces much attention given to short-term image building, the devel- the national pavilion as a special building type and reviews opment often ends up as a loser in playing its long-term flagship two previous reutilization attempts. To explore the com- role. Given this inherent controversy, a challenging question is plexities and challenges of enduring MEF development, the raised:IsitpossibletohaveanMEFthatcanfulfillitsdual second part presents an in-depth analysis of its urban mandate? This leads to the need for exploring the early stages connectivity as well as its planning, programming, and of an MEF where decisions on its form, function, and future design competition stages. The last part offers insight into position are framed. To date, MEF development is not well MEF development based on the findings of the case study. researched in terms of this crucial dimension. Case data were acquired through participant and non- Amid the global boom of national branding and city participant observations, as well as documentation and marketing, many mega-event organizers in emerging markets archival records from key stakeholders involved in the tend to exhibit more enthusiasm than their counterparts in Big4 development from 2004 to 2010. They are the SEB, developed countries in building spectacular showpieces. which is the Expo organizer and the coordinator of the Big4 Nevertheless, there is nothing necessarily wrong with that: development, and Shanghai World Expo (Group) Co. Ltd. creating landmarks is an ongoing tradition that has existed (Expo Group), which is the initial developer of CP. The data for centuries in the course of urban development worldwide. collected mainly range from official publications, factual The sticking point is an overwhelming emphasis on short-term records, and technical documents (e.g., master site plans, formal expression over long-term functional performance. To detailed regulatory plans, urban design reports, feasibility define a framework for future improvement, both methodo- study reports, and client’s programs). logical issues and contextual complexities in decision-making process should be taken into careful consideration. However, the literature is especially scarce in an era where MEF 2. National pavilions and Expos development is exploring new territories such as East Asia, Middle East, and South America. National pavilions, a type of exhibition facility dedicated for a To highlight the unequivocal obligation to endure MEF World Expo, originated from Expo 1867 Philadelphia USA where development in general and to open up research on MEFs in 11 countries built their national pavilions for the first time in emerging economies in particular, this paper presents a case history (Gross and Snyder, 2005). As a lasting attraction on the Conceptualizing mega-event flagships—A case study of China Pavilion of Expo 2010 Shanghai China 109 exhibition grounds, each national pavilion constitutes a brand- of Expo 2010, the Expo 2010-led riverfront development, ing platform for the country it represents. According to the and Shanghai’s comprehensive renewal. The Big4 refers to regulations of the Expo’s sanctioning body, national pavilions an MEF cluster that comprises CP, Theme Pavilion, Expo are usually constructed on a temporary basis (Bureau Center, and Performing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World Expo 2010 Shanghai Final Report
    Final RepoRt WoRld expo 2010 Shanghai Final Report WoRld expo 2010 Shanghai Cities Pavilion “ BetteR WateR – Best Urban liFe” ContentS A WoRD FRoM tHe BOARD 5 1. INTRodUCtion 6 tHe WoRlD eXPo 6 CHina – sHanGHai 9 WoRlD eXPo 2010 sHanGHai / URBan Best PRaCtiCes aRea 10 2. HOW the pRoJeCt CaMe aBoUt 13 Cities PAVILION Basel GENEVA ZÜRiCH 13 BetteR WATER – Best URBan liFe: A CoMMon tHeMe 14 3. PRoJeCt oRGANISATION 16 tHe tHRee Cities’ CollaBoRATION 16 THe ASSOCIATION 17 ORGANISATIONAL CHaRt 18 GOALS 19 4. EXHIBition Content 20 PanoRaMiC FilM 21 Best-PRaCtiCe eXaMPles FRoM tHe tHRee Cities 22 5. PAVilion deSign 26 DesiGn ConCePt 26 360°-PanoRaMa 27 FLOATING WalKWaY, Pool anD FoUNTAINS 28 AUDITORiUM 29 INTERaCtive TOUCHsCReens 30 SHoP 30 6. OPERATION and eVentS 32 oPeRATION 32 EVENTS 33 VISITOR nUMBeRs 36 7. PUBliCitY 37 WeBsite 37 TRi-CitY MeDia CaMPaiGn 38 8. PRoJeCt PARtneRS 39 9. FinanCeS 40 10. MileSTONES 42 11. Final ReMaRKS and ConClUSion 45 12. PAVilion ContRiBUTORS 48 PUBlisHinG inFoRMATION 50 The World Expo has developed into one of the most important platforms for sharing past experiences and exchanging innovative ideas and visions of the future. a WoRd FRoM the BoaRd The World Expo 2010 in Shanghai has gone down What conclusions can we draw from the event? in history. Bigger than ever before, the 2010 Expo The pavilion in Shanghai was certainly a success. smashed the previous visitor record and set a new The three cities took full advantage of this unique standard for the years to come. It also launched a opportunity to foster contacts and to tell the world new idea – the Urban Best Practices Area (UBPA).
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai, China's Capital of Modernity
    SHANGHAI, CHINA’S CAPITAL OF MODERNITY: THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE AND URBAN EXPERIENCE OF WORLD EXPO 2010 by GARY PUI FUNG WONG A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOHPY School of Government and Society Department of Political Science and International Studies The University of Birmingham February 2014 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines Shanghai’s urbanisation by applying Henri Lefebvre’s theories of the production of space and everyday life. A review of Lefebvre’s theories indicates that each mode of production produces its own space. Capitalism is perpetuated by producing new space and commodifying everyday life. Applying Lefebvre’s regressive-progressive method as a methodological framework, this thesis periodises Shanghai’s history to the ‘semi-feudal, semi-colonial era’, ‘socialist reform era’ and ‘post-socialist reform era’. The Shanghai World Exposition 2010 was chosen as a case study to exemplify how urbanisation shaped urban experience. Empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews. This thesis argues that Shanghai developed a ‘state-led/-participation mode of production’.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Legs Intellectuel Des Expos, La Tribune De L'eau, Expo Zaragoza
    1 2 Bureau International des Expositions (ed.) Le legs intellectuel des Expos, La Tribune de l’Eau, Expo Zaragoza 2008 The intellectual legacy of Expos, The Water Tribune, EXPO 2008 ZARAGOZA © Bureau International des Expositions 34, avenue d’Iéna, 75116 Paris Le BIE remercie les auteurs dont les textes figurent dans ce recueil de lui avoir donné l’aimable autorisation de les reproduire. Tous droits de traduction, de reproduction et d’adaptation réservés pour tous pays (à des fins commerciales), la loi du 11 mars 1957 n’autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l’article 41, d’une part, que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l’usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective », et, d’autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d’exemple et d’illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de l’auteur ou des ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa 1er de l’article 40). Ne peut être vendu. Les points de vues exprimées par les auteurs n’engagent que la pensée de ceux-ci et non les avis et opinions du Bureau International des Expositions. The points of view expressed by the authors represent their way of looking at things and not the opinions or convictions of the International Exhibitions Bureau. © 2009 Bureau International des Expositions 3 4 Préface M. Vicente González Loscertales, Secrétaire Général du Bureau International des Expositions Cette année, le Bureau International des Exposition a choisi de consacrer son Bulletin annuel au thème: « Le legs intellectuel des Expos - La Tribune de l’Eau, Expo 2008 Zaragoza » Le legs des Expos est un des éléments les plus importants qui permet à celle-ci de faire perdurer leur message international bien après leur clôture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Image of the 2010 World Expo: Residents' Perspective
    Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 2017, 28(2), 207–214 The Image of the 2010 World Expo: Residents’ Perspective Kangjuan LV1, Gyula Mosoni2, Mengyi Wang3, Xiaosong Zheng4*, Yan Sun5 1,3,4,5 SILC Business School, Shanghai University 20 Chengzhong Road, JiaDing District, Shanghai, 201800, P.R.China E-mail. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 School of Economics, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road, BaoShan District, Shanghai E-mail. [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.28.2.3048 Hosting mega-events has been regarded as an effective catalyst for city branding. But increasing environmental cost of mega- events has been highlighted recently, which affected local residents’ actual perception. The inconsistence between governments propagandizing benefits from holding mega-events and citizens’ real experience will decrease the real effect of the events. This paper demonstrates the inconsistence by Shanghai example, which is a support to the theory of mega-event impact on city. Shanghai 2010 World Expo officially aimed to improve the quality of life and building a harmonious society, while there are fewer studies focusing on whether the proposed vision is accepted by citizens. This paper explored the influences with a particular focus on residents’ attitudinal survey after the event from December 2010 to February 2011 and 148 respondents were collected. Using structural equation model, the results illustrated that surveyed residents recognized more with 4 dimensions (culture, environment, economic and technology), which reflected the harmony between man and nature, as well as harmony between spiritual and material content.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter 17
    Autumn 2010 - Newsletter n°17 the BIE newsletter Shanghai, Closing of a Great Expo ! Special Edition n°4 Expo Shanghai Extracts of the Closing Speech by Mr Jean-Pierre Lafon, President of the BIE, during the Closing Ceremony of Expo Shanghai 2010 “Expo 2010 Shanghai China is an astounding success for China. It is a success “The theme of Shanghai Expo, “Better City, Better Life is more relevant now than for the city of Shanghai; it is also a success for the World of Exhibitions: the BIE ever for the whole planet and in particular for China, for all developing countries and its Member States.” who are undergoing an uncontrolled increase of their cities’ populations and for “Shanghai shows that with a talented organisation, a wish to succeed and an developed countries who must renew their suburbs and neighbourhoods.” excellent international communication campaign, a World Expo always brings “The light of the Shanghai World Expo will continue to shine long into the out a true fascination.” future.” FLASH BIE Wishing you a New Year 2011 with dreams and projects coming true! 2 - BIE INFO n°17 EXPO x EXPOS, the BIE Itinerary Exhibition, built in the area A of the Expo Site of Shanghai among the International Pavilions, received more than 2 million visitors and had a very good coverage in the press. The City of Liège, in Belgium, will host EXPO x EXPOS in Summer 2011. Tribute to Gabriele Words cannot express our shock, sadness and pain at losing one of our most dear colleagues, Gabriele Fasan. We mourn the loss of our friend.
    [Show full text]
  • World Expo – Building the Foundations for Shanghai’S Future Shanghai Has Spent Over USD 95 Billion on Developments
    April 2010 World Expo – Building the Foundations for Shanghai’s Future Shanghai has spent over USD 95 billion on developments. In addition, the Expo has given infrastructure investment in preparation for the Shanghai an opportunity to implement stricter 2010 World Expo. To reflect the theme of “Better environmental protection and an occasion to City, Better Life” – the Expo investments will make beautify its surroundings, making the city a more Shanghai a more integrated and more accessible attractive place to live, visit, and conduct business. city. The real legacy of the event will come from the opportunities that this new infrastructure The making of a better city creates across Shanghai in all commercial The Expo has played a central role in driving and residential property sectors. Indeed, the the infrastructure build out which is transforming foundations for a new decade of growth and Shanghai. Similar to Beijing’s experience with expansion for the city of Shanghai have been put the Olympics, the Shanghai government has in place. mobilised enormous resources to ensure that all projects are completed on time, and the city can In this paper, we seek to answer three questions: show its best face to the world. As of November • What opportunities does the 2010 World Expo 2008, the total infrastructure investment committed hold for Shanghai real estate? through 2010 was estimated at RMB 500 billion • What are the specific impacts on each (USD 73 billion). Another RMB 150 billion (USD property sector? 22 billion) were newly allocated by the Shanghai government in conjunction with the Central • What are the longer term opportunities that government’s 2008/2009 fiscal stimulus plan – part result from the city’s infrastructure investment? of the response to the global financial crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada at Expo 2005: Nation, Audience, and the Branded Display Complex
    Canada at Expo 2005: Nation, Audience, and the Branded Display Complex: by Laurie J. Dalton A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Canadian Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2014 Laurie Dalton Abstract Popular culture events, such as world’s fairs, are important objects of study as they demonstrate how visual culture functions as an agent of nation branding on a global scale. Much of the research on these events has focused on the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as sites of imperialism and modernism. Although less attention has been paid to contemporary world’s fairs, this study argues that these continue to be critical areas of study. Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan was the first world’s fair held in Asia in the twenty-first century. As global power dynamics shift to Asia, an examination of cultural events allows us to explore how countries hope to position themselves in this shift. My case study of the Canadian pavilion at Expo 2005 demonstrates how the display simultaneously projected a federal brand and reflected tourist expectations of Canada for the Japanese audience. I use a visual analysis drawing from iconology and visual semiotics to understand how the design of the pavilion represented the unique expectations of three different stakeholders: the organizers of the Aichi expo who sought to position Japan within a wider global framework, the Canadian federal planners who wanted to project a distinct Canadian identity abroad, and the attending public, who went to be entertained.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Residents' Perceptions of Mega Event-Dubai Expo 2020
    sustainability Article Exploring Residents’ Perceptions of Mega Event-Dubai Expo 2020: A Pre-Event Perspective Mohit Vij 1,* , Amitabh Upadhya 1 , Anu Vij 2 and Manoj Kumar 1 1 School of Business, Skyline University College, Sharjah, 1797, UAE; [email protected] (A.U.); [email protected] (M.K.) 2 School of Business Administration, Aldar University College, Dubai, 35529, UAE; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +971-505904702 Received: 31 December 2018; Accepted: 24 February 2019; Published: 3 March 2019 Abstract: This study explores the residents’ perceptions of economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts of a mega-event (World Expo 2020) to be held in Dubai, as well as their level of inclination to participate in the event. The event organizers announced a requirement of thirty thousand volunteers to assist them in successfully organizing the mega event. Such events could prove to be landmarks in destination brand building and may lead to an increase in the number of tourists. The purpose of the study is to gauge the level of understanding about the event impacts within the resident population and their willingness to get involved in event organization. Priory studies of perceptions about the economic, cultural and environmental impacts of a mega-event, are well-nigh non-existent, especially for World Expositions. This study explores residents’ perception to get a fair idea of how they get involved in a mega event that will surely have profound impacts on the destination. Drawing on stakeholder theory and triple bottom line (TBL) model, the study uses primary data collected from more than two hundred fifty residents of the region, through a structured questionnaire.
    [Show full text]
  • Vital Tourism Statistics and Information on 18 Asian Countries
    PPS 1789/06/2012(022780) 2011/2012 Vital tourism statistics PRODUCED BY and information on 18 Asian countries ATG1112 p01 cover.indd 1 12/14/11 12:14 PM 2 ASIAN TOURISM GUIDE 2011/2012 EDITORIAL Raini Hamdi Group Editor ([email protected]) Gracia Chiang Editor, TTG Asia ([email protected]) Karen Yue Editor, TTGmice ([email protected]) Brian Higgs Editor, TTG Asia Online ([email protected]) Linda Haden Assistant Editor ([email protected]) Amee Enriquez Senior Sub-editor ([email protected]) Sirima Eamtako Editor, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar and Laos ([email protected]) With contributors Byron Perry, Rahul Khanna, Vashira Anonda Mimi Hudoyo Editor, Indonesia ([email protected]) Sim Kok Chwee Correspondent-at-large ([email protected]) N. Nithiyananthan Chief Correspondent, Malaysia ([email protected]) Marianne Carandang Correspondent, The Philippines ([email protected]) Maggie Rauch Correspondent, China ([email protected]) Prudence Lui Correspondent, Hong Kong ([email protected]) Glenn Smith Correspondent, Taiwan ([email protected]) Shekhar Niyogi Chief Correspondent, India ([email protected]) Anand and Madhura Katti Correspondent, India ([email protected]) Feizal Samath Correspondent, Sri Lanka ([email protected]) Redmond Sia, Haze Loh Creative Designers 2011/2012 Lina Tan Editorial Assistant SALES & MARKETING Michael Chow Publisher ([email protected]) Katherine Ng, Marisa Chen Senior Business Managers ([email protected],
    [Show full text]
  • Towards the Expo 2015
    Towards the Expo 2015 1 Towards the Expo 2015 An Expo is a large international event that aims at the enrichment of human knowledge and technological progress, to promote cooperation and dialogue with international press. Given the importance of these major events, for almost a century now the need has arisen to standardise some aspects, such as duration, frequency and above all quality. The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), established in 1928 with the International Convention of Paris is the international organisation responsible for establishing the parameters that control the Expo; the objective of the BIE is therefore to guarantee continuity of these events and maintain the level of international prestige earned over the years, selecting venues and dates and organising new Expos. The members of this organisation, with official headquarters in Paris, are all the States that have signed the convention. There are two different types of Expo: "Universal Expositions" (World Expo) and "International Expositions" (International Expo). The Expositions in the first category involve topics that concern the whole of humanity and therefore are global in nature. States, International Organisations, NGOs, Companies and other institutions can participate in these events, there is no limit to the size of the Exposition venue, and participants arrange the set-up of their own pavilions. Since 1996 these events have lasted six months and take place every five years. A Universal Expo will take place in Milan in 2015. 122 On the other hand the “International Expositions" take place in the period between the two Universal Expos and last for three months. The possible participants are the same as for a Universal Expo while the theme is more specific.
    [Show full text]
  • International Exhibition EXPO 2005 – M Edge
    Collector Coins Collector Coins National Bank of Poland Reverse: A view of a pair of cranes. On the left-hand side, a view of a pine tree and an inscription: EXPO along the left edge. An inscription: 2005 AICHI along the right edge of the coin. CollectorCollector CoinsCoins Coin designer: : Robert Kotowicz face value 200 z∏ metal 900/1000Au finish proof diameter 27.00 mm weight 15.50 g mintage 4,200 pcs Obverse: A stylised view of a fragment of the monument to Fryderyk face value 2 z∏ Chopin from the Royal ¸azienki Park in Warsaw. Below, on the left-hand metal CuAl5Zn5Sn1 alloy side, an image of the Eagle, established as the state Emblem of the Republic of Poland. Above the Eagle, on the left-hand side, an finish standard inscription: 200 Z¸. On the left-hand side, circumscribed, the notation diameter 27.00 mm of the year of issue: 2005. Below, a circumscription: RZECZPOSPOLITA m weight 8.15 g POLSKA. The Mint’s mark,––w , under the Eagle’s left leg. mintage 1,000,000 pcs Reverse: Stylised views of the Nagoya Castle with the Fuji Mountain in the background and of a branch of a blossoming plum-tree. Above, an inscription: EXPO / 2005 / AICHI. Obverse: An image of the Eagle, established as the state Emblem of the Republic of Poland, a notation of the year of Coin designer: : Robert Kotowicz issue: 20-05 on both sides of the Eagle, below the Eagle, an inscription: Z¸ 2 Z¸; in the rim, an inscription: RZECZPOSPOLITA POLSKA preceded and followed by six m pearls.
    [Show full text]
  • World's Fairs: 1850- 1900." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 56:3 (Winter 1998/1999): 3-56
    World’s Fairs: A Guide to Selected English-Language Resources Compiled for the Center for the Study of Global Change by Kira Homo John Russell Jason Schultz Claudia Silverman Skye Thomsen Under the Direction of Robert Goehlert Indiana University Bloomington 2005 Table of Contents Reference Sources ........................................................................3 Primary Sources............................................................................ 5 Bibliography Comprehensive Resources (multiple fairs) ................................ 9 Chronological Bibliography (individual fairs) .............................. 18 Index .......................................................................................... 86 1 2 Reference Sources Bertuca, David J., Donald K. Hartman, et al. The World's Columbian Exposition: A Centennial Bibliographic Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. Burke, Bridget J. “World's Fairs and International Expositions: Selected References 1987-1993.” Fair Representations: World's Fairs and the Modern World. Robert Rydell and Nancy E. Gwinn, eds. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994. Cagle, William R., Rebecca Campbell Cape, et al. The Grand Event: International Expositions, 1851-1904. Bloomington: Lilly Library, Indiana University Libraries, 2001. Dybwad, G. L. and Joy V. Bliss. Annotated Bibliography: World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893: Supplement with 440 Illustrations and Price Guide, Master Index for Both Volumes Including Subjects, Master Source List with 140 New Entries, over 3500
    [Show full text]