Canada at Expo 2005: Nation, Audience, and the Branded Display Complex

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Canada at Expo 2005: Nation, Audience, and the Branded Display Complex Canada at Expo 2005: Nation, Audience, and the Branded Display Complex: by Laurie J. Dalton A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Canadian Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2014 Laurie Dalton Abstract Popular culture events, such as world’s fairs, are important objects of study as they demonstrate how visual culture functions as an agent of nation branding on a global scale. Much of the research on these events has focused on the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as sites of imperialism and modernism. Although less attention has been paid to contemporary world’s fairs, this study argues that these continue to be critical areas of study. Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan was the first world’s fair held in Asia in the twenty-first century. As global power dynamics shift to Asia, an examination of cultural events allows us to explore how countries hope to position themselves in this shift. My case study of the Canadian pavilion at Expo 2005 demonstrates how the display simultaneously projected a federal brand and reflected tourist expectations of Canada for the Japanese audience. I use a visual analysis drawing from iconology and visual semiotics to understand how the design of the pavilion represented the unique expectations of three different stakeholders: the organizers of the Aichi expo who sought to position Japan within a wider global framework, the Canadian federal planners who wanted to project a distinct Canadian identity abroad, and the attending public, who went to be entertained. I draw from critical studies in museology and nation branding to develop a framework, which I term the branded display complex to explain this complex form of representation. At Aichi, the brand of Canada continued to emphasize meta-narratives such as ‘Logs and Rocks,’ ‘Great White North,’ and ‘Unity in Diversity.’ Furthermore, I show that nations are branding themselves in a way that is coded for the audience. Tourism strategies such as collecting and digital interfaces that promote participation result in an experience that personalizes the nation, which in turn contributes to its capacity of being internalized. The branded display complex suggests that in the competitive global exchange such as a world’s fair, pavilions must rely on systems of differentiation, which alter how we come to engage with, and know, the nation on display. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Allan Ryan, not only for his thorough feedback on my dissertation, but also for his support and belief in me, and my work. I would like to express my gratitude to my external, Dr. Evan Potter, whose insightful comments on my framework for the branded display complex helped me to think it through more fully. To my Trent representative, Dr. Keith Walden, thank you for your commitment to the project and to your constructive feedback. To my remaining committee members at Carleton, Dr. Angela Carr and Dr. Anne Trepanier, thank your for your focused questions. There have been many individuals who have provided helpful feedback, and more importantly, support during this process. I want to thank Sue Easun for editing suggestions in earlier versions. This process has taught me that it is important to share struggles and triumphs with those around you, and the importance of community. This acknowledgement would be as long as this dissertation if I listed everyone, but you know who you are. To Jennifer, Kat, Burc, Beth, Phyllis and Matthew, thank you for being there. In particular I would like to offer a special thanks to Rachel and Zelda, whose insightful comments and whose unwavering support and friendship is invaluable to me. Merci, again. My deepest gratitude goes to Sean who is always up for another one of my adventures and whose unfaltering belief in me leaves me speechless. All I can say is ‘franks and beans.’ And to the boys - Toby, Murray and Howard. iii Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... iv Illustrations ................................................................................................................. v 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 2 Framework for Analysis: Context of Production and Access ........................... 23 I: Situating Context: Panofsky and Iconography ........................................................... 23 II: Context of Production: Nation Branding and Tourism ............................................ 35 III: Context of Access: Thinking Through Display ......................................................... 49 3 Situating Canada at World’s Fairs ...................................................................... 70 I: Government Hegemony and Universal Expositions .................................................. 72 II: Display at Universal Expositions: ............................................................................... 82 Cabinet of Curiosity to Digital Technologies III: Picturing Landscape in Universal Expositions ......................................................... 93 4 Setting the Stage for Branding: Layout, Participation and Technology at Aichi ................................................................................................................. 111 I: Locating the Canadian pavilion at Aichi: ................................................................... 112 An Exercise in Foreign Relations II: World's Fairs as Social Space: Global Loop, Pulsing, and Organization of Visitors .......................................................................................... 127 III. Technology and Object Lessons ............................................................................... 135 5 Projecting Canada: Multiculturalism and Landscape ..................................... 154 I. Fractured Display: The Trope of Multiculturalism ................................................... 155 II: Greening Canada: Reading the Maple Leaf ............................................................... 170 6 Selling Canada to Japan: Tourist Images and Collected Objects ................... 192 I: Tourism and Place: Signifying Canada ....................................................................... 192 II. Place and Imagination: The Aurora Borealis ............................................................ 197 III. Place and People: Anne of Green Gables ................................................................. 206 IV: Making it Personal: Souvenirs .................................................................................. 213 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 226 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 246 iv Illustrations Figure 3.1. Crystal Palace, Great Exhibition 1851, London. | source: Illustrated London News, British Library, MS 35255, 83. Figure 3.2. Crystal Palace, Great Exhibition 1851, London. | source: Official Descriptive Catalogue and Illustrated Catalogue: Great Exhibition 1851, (London: 1851), 84. Figure 3.3. Canadian Section, Great Exhibition 1851, London. | source: Official Descriptive Catalogue and Illustrated Catalogue: Great Exhibition 1851, (London: 1851), 88. Figure 3.4. Film Still, Polar Life, Expo 1967, Montreal, Canada. | source: Graeme Ferguson, 91. Figure 3.5. Installation view, Canada ‘67, Expo 1967, Montreal, Canada. | source: Library and Archives Canada, 92. Figure 3.6. Canadian Timber Trophy, Canadian Section, Great Exhibition 1851, London. | source: Official Descriptive Catalogue and Illustrated Catalogue: Great Exhibition 1851, (London: 1851), 95. Figure 3.7. Sleigh, Canadian Section, Great Exhibition 1851, London. | source: Official Descriptive Catalogue and Illustrated Catalogue: Great Exhibition 1851, (London: 1851). 98. Figure 3.8. Overview of Canadian section, Expo 1967, Montreal, Canada. | source: Library and Archives Canada, 101. Figure 3.9. Architectural Plan, Man the Producer, Expo 1967, Montreal, Canada. | source: Library and Archives Canada, 103. Figure 3.10. Pulp and Paper pavilion, Expo 1967, Montreal, Canada. | source: Bill Cotter of www.worldsfairphotos.com, 104. Figure 3.11. Steel pavilion, Expo 1967, Montreal, Canada. | source: Bill Cotter of www.worldsfairphotos.com,105. Figure 3.12. People Tree showing detail of Canadian flag, Expo 1967, Montreal, Canada. | source: Bill Cotter of www.worldsfairphotos.com, 106. Figure 4.1. Overview of expo grounds, Expo 2005, Aichi, Japan. | source: Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition. Official Guidebook, (Japan: 2005), 120. Figure 4.2. Global Loop, Expo 2005, Aichi, Japan. | source: Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition. Official Guidebook, (Japan: 2005), 121. Figure 4.3. Birds-Eye View of Canadian pavilion on Global Commons 2, Expo 2005, Aichi, Japan. | source: Laurie Dalton, 124. Figure 4.4. Exterior of Canadian pavilion, Expo 2005, Aichi, Japan. | source: Laurie Dalton, 127. v Figure 4.5. Blueprint of Canadian pavilion,
Recommended publications
  • Conceptualizing Mega-Event Flagships—A Case Study Of
    Frontiers of Architectural Research (2013) 2, 107–115 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/foar CASE STUDY Conceptualizing mega-event flagships—A case study of China Pavilion of Expo 2010 Shanghai China Ying Dengn Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Received 28 August 2012; received in revised form 30 October 2012; accepted 12 November 2012 KEYWORDS Abstract Mega-event flagship; Mega-event flagship (MEF) is a dual instrument for staging a mega-event and catalyzing regional Case study; urban renewal. Despite its unfailing popularity and controversial nature, many initiators seem Conceptualize; to equate MEF development with signature architecture, resulting in a persistent issue of China Pavilion; underuse among MEFs in the post-event era. Although research findings indicate that the early Expo 2010 Shanghai stages hold the key to the future of MEFs, insufficient research on this crucial matter has been China; done to provide useful analyses as to how to achieve this. To rectify this, this paper presents a Clustering case study of China Pavilion (CP) as the most spotlighted MEF initiated by Expo 2010 Shanghai China. Through participant observation, archival records, and documentation, the case of CP was extensively explored to learn how the client organization has addressed the issues of form, function, and future positioning at the early stages. By linking the pre-Expo conceptualization with its post-Expo performance, the case brings a renewed attention to the early stages of MEF development. Although it is a single-case study, this research yields results that indicate the possibility of having beneficial spillover impact on broader-scale urban renewal by balancing an MEF’s dual mandate.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Legs Intellectuel Des Expos, La Tribune De L'eau, Expo Zaragoza
    1 2 Bureau International des Expositions (ed.) Le legs intellectuel des Expos, La Tribune de l’Eau, Expo Zaragoza 2008 The intellectual legacy of Expos, The Water Tribune, EXPO 2008 ZARAGOZA © Bureau International des Expositions 34, avenue d’Iéna, 75116 Paris Le BIE remercie les auteurs dont les textes figurent dans ce recueil de lui avoir donné l’aimable autorisation de les reproduire. Tous droits de traduction, de reproduction et d’adaptation réservés pour tous pays (à des fins commerciales), la loi du 11 mars 1957 n’autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l’article 41, d’une part, que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l’usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective », et, d’autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d’exemple et d’illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de l’auteur ou des ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa 1er de l’article 40). Ne peut être vendu. Les points de vues exprimées par les auteurs n’engagent que la pensée de ceux-ci et non les avis et opinions du Bureau International des Expositions. The points of view expressed by the authors represent their way of looking at things and not the opinions or convictions of the International Exhibitions Bureau. © 2009 Bureau International des Expositions 3 4 Préface M. Vicente González Loscertales, Secrétaire Général du Bureau International des Expositions Cette année, le Bureau International des Exposition a choisi de consacrer son Bulletin annuel au thème: « Le legs intellectuel des Expos - La Tribune de l’Eau, Expo 2008 Zaragoza » Le legs des Expos est un des éléments les plus importants qui permet à celle-ci de faire perdurer leur message international bien après leur clôture.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada in the Classroom
    Canada in the Classroom Notes to Accompany PowerPoint Presentation (Given at the Canadian Consulate in Denver in September 2005) by Nadine Fabbi, University of Washington Slide #1 – Canadian Studies in the U.S. This power point presentation will introduce you to Canadian Studies in the U.S. and to the rationale behind international education in the U.S. It will orient you to the Canadian Studies “community” and answer the question, “Why study Canada?” In addition, the presentation will provide a quick overview of Canadian-American history and the Linking: Connecting Canadian History to the U.S. curriculum modules available on the K-12 STUDY CANADA website. Slide #2 – Sputnik 1 In 1957, at the height of the Cold War, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite – Sputnik 1. Its launch kicked off the Space Race but, more important to this discussion, the U.S. responded by setting in place a reform movement in science and international education. Millions of dollars were immediately poured into scientific research and international education and the U.S. Department of Education’s International Programs were created. (The largest increase in funding in international programs since that time came after 9/11.) The U.S. defined international education as critical to global competitiveness and to the peaceful resolution of conflict. And, as our world shrinks in size, international studies is increasingly relevant. Slide #3 – Map with National Resource Centers One of the many federally-funded international programs are the Title VI programs whose mandate is to increase international studies content in teaching and research not only at the level of higher education, but also with the general public, business, media, the government, and for K-12 educators.
    [Show full text]
  • 134TH COMMENCEMENT James E
    134 th Commencement MAY 2021 Welcome Dear Temple graduates, Congratulations! Today is a day of celebration for you and all those who have supported you in your Temple journey. I couldn’t be more proud of the diverse and driven students who are graduating this spring. Congratulations to all of you, to your families and to our dedicated faculty and academic advisors who had the pleasure of educating and championing you. If Temple’s founder Russell Conwell were alive to see your collective achievements today, he’d be thrilled and amazed. In 1884, he planted the seeds that have grown and matured into one of this nation’s great urban research universities. Now it’s your turn to put your own ideas and dreams in motion. Even if you experience hardships or disappointments, remember the motto Conwell left us: Perseverantia Vincit, Perseverance Conquers. We have faith that you will succeed. Thank you so much for calling Temple your academic home. While I trust you’ll go far, remember that you will always be part of the Cherry and White. Plan to come back home often. Sincerely, Richard M. Englert President UPDATED: 05/07/2021 Contents The Officers and the Board of Trustees ............................................2 Candidates for Degrees James E. Beasley School of Law ....................................................3 Esther Boyer College of Music and Dance .....................................7 College of Education and Human Development ...........................11 College of Engineering ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • International Exhibition EXPO 2005 – M Edge
    Collector Coins Collector Coins National Bank of Poland Reverse: A view of a pair of cranes. On the left-hand side, a view of a pine tree and an inscription: EXPO along the left edge. An inscription: 2005 AICHI along the right edge of the coin. CollectorCollector CoinsCoins Coin designer: : Robert Kotowicz face value 200 z∏ metal 900/1000Au finish proof diameter 27.00 mm weight 15.50 g mintage 4,200 pcs Obverse: A stylised view of a fragment of the monument to Fryderyk face value 2 z∏ Chopin from the Royal ¸azienki Park in Warsaw. Below, on the left-hand metal CuAl5Zn5Sn1 alloy side, an image of the Eagle, established as the state Emblem of the Republic of Poland. Above the Eagle, on the left-hand side, an finish standard inscription: 200 Z¸. On the left-hand side, circumscribed, the notation diameter 27.00 mm of the year of issue: 2005. Below, a circumscription: RZECZPOSPOLITA m weight 8.15 g POLSKA. The Mint’s mark,––w , under the Eagle’s left leg. mintage 1,000,000 pcs Reverse: Stylised views of the Nagoya Castle with the Fuji Mountain in the background and of a branch of a blossoming plum-tree. Above, an inscription: EXPO / 2005 / AICHI. Obverse: An image of the Eagle, established as the state Emblem of the Republic of Poland, a notation of the year of Coin designer: : Robert Kotowicz issue: 20-05 on both sides of the Eagle, below the Eagle, an inscription: Z¸ 2 Z¸; in the rim, an inscription: RZECZPOSPOLITA POLSKA preceded and followed by six m pearls.
    [Show full text]
  • World's Fairs: 1850- 1900." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 56:3 (Winter 1998/1999): 3-56
    World’s Fairs: A Guide to Selected English-Language Resources Compiled for the Center for the Study of Global Change by Kira Homo John Russell Jason Schultz Claudia Silverman Skye Thomsen Under the Direction of Robert Goehlert Indiana University Bloomington 2005 Table of Contents Reference Sources ........................................................................3 Primary Sources............................................................................ 5 Bibliography Comprehensive Resources (multiple fairs) ................................ 9 Chronological Bibliography (individual fairs) .............................. 18 Index .......................................................................................... 86 1 2 Reference Sources Bertuca, David J., Donald K. Hartman, et al. The World's Columbian Exposition: A Centennial Bibliographic Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. Burke, Bridget J. “World's Fairs and International Expositions: Selected References 1987-1993.” Fair Representations: World's Fairs and the Modern World. Robert Rydell and Nancy E. Gwinn, eds. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994. Cagle, William R., Rebecca Campbell Cape, et al. The Grand Event: International Expositions, 1851-1904. Bloomington: Lilly Library, Indiana University Libraries, 2001. Dybwad, G. L. and Joy V. Bliss. Annotated Bibliography: World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893: Supplement with 440 Illustrations and Price Guide, Master Index for Both Volumes Including Subjects, Master Source List with 140 New Entries, over 3500
    [Show full text]
  • BROCK's BANTER: in All of Us Command?
    This page was exported from - The Auroran Export date: Sat Sep 25 8:14:32 2021 / +0000 GMT BROCK'S BANTER: In all of us command? By Brock Weir Some readers will remember all too well Canada's flag wars of the early 1960s as Liberal Prime Minister ? and hometown boy ? Lester B. Pearson proposed changing the Red Ensign to a flag that was, in his view, uniquely Canadian. In the opposing corner was former Progressive Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, who was a staunch proponent of the status quo. The debate was heated, the proposed changes and mock-ups were endless and, in the end, over 51 years ago, we got our now iconic red maple leaf. In the end, it was a flag neither Pearson nor Diefenbaker had in mind, but a relatively happy medium. If your name wasn't Diefenbaker. The flag was ultimately embraced and while the maple leaf might be forever on our flag, ?The Maple Leaf Forever? certainly took a beating. Written by Alexander Muir around the time of Confederation it, alongside the later entry, O Canada, was widely viewed as one of Canada's unofficial anthems, often sung alongside the de facto official national anthem, God Save The Queen/King. By late 1970s, Canada was still without an official national anthem to call its own. God Save the Queen was still our official theme song, along with several other nations, and the time came to choose something a bit unique. The Maple Leaf Forever, which begins with the memorable line ?In days of yore, from Britain's shore??, heralding Great Britain's victory over France on the Plains of Abraham, along with subsequent victories over the Americans in the War of 1812, was probably not the ideal choice for national unity when the flames of separatism were still hot in Quebec.
    [Show full text]
  • International Exhibitions, Expositions Universelles and World's Fairs, 1851-2005: a Bibliography
    Freie Universität Berlin, Germany California State University, Fresno, USA International Exhibitions, Expositions Universelles and World’s Fairs, 1851-2005: A Bibliography by Alexander C.T. Geppert, Jean Coffey and Tammy Lau 1. Introduction _________________________________________________________ 5 2. Research Aids ______________________________________________________ 7 2.1 Research Aids General _________________________________________________7 2.2 Bibliographies ________________________________________________________8 2.3 Review Articles ______________________________________________________10 2.4 Journals and Newsletters ______________________________________________10 3. History and Theory of International Exhibitions: General Works _______________ 11 3.1 Official Exhibition Regulations ___________________________________________11 3.2 Exhibition Theory _____________________________________________________11 3.3 Exhibition History _____________________________________________________13 4. International Exhibitions, 1851-2005 ____________________________________ 28 4.1 Australia ____________________________________________________________28 4.1.0 Australia Genera l _____________________________________________28 4.1.1 International Exhibition, Sydney 1879-1880 _________________________28 4.1.2 International Exhibition, Melbourne 1880-1881 ______________________28 4.1.3 Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne 1888-1889 _____________28 4.1.4 Expo 88, Brisbane 1988 ________________________________________28 4.2 Austria _____________________________________________________________28
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 World Expo in Aichi, Japan: an Environmental Challenge by Sylvie Grenier
    2005 World Expo in Aichi, Japan: An Environmental Challenge by Sylvie Grenier Summary Most cities hosting a World Expo use this opportunity to revitalize depressed or contaminated urban areas. Unlike other expos, the 2005 World Expo is located in what was a large public park 20 kilometres from Nagoya.Japan's fourth largest city. This article examines the benefits of the Expo and questions the wisdom of investing huge amounts of money in infrastructure projects in a remote area. Sommaire La plupart des vii/es qui accueillent une exposition universe/le prof,tent de /'occasion pour revitaliser des zones urbaines deteriorees ou contaminees. Contrairement aux autres expositions universelles, celle de 2005 se deroulera a /'emplacement d'un ancien grand pare public, a 20 kilometres de Nagoya, quatrieme ville en importance du Japon. Cet article est consacre aux retombees favorables de /'exposition universe/le et met en cause la sagesse d'investir des sommes enormes dons des projets d'infrastrueture mis en reuvre a un endroit eloigne. n 1998, the Japanese Prefecture of IAichi won the right to host World Expo 2005.The two main objectives were to raise the visibility of this successful but not well-known industrial area of Japan and enhance its economy. Expo 2005 will achieve both of these objectives, but not in the way that had been planned. Long before construction began, the organizers had to adjust to an environmental lobby that succeeded in profoundly changing the original location and design of the Expo. Site Selection The first site selected was a 540-hectare area in the Kaisha Forest in the municipality of Seto on the outskirts of Nagoya.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. City of Toronto Uses 13 Projects; 71 Different Items to Be Produced
    Attachment No. 2 Project Outlines: Maple Leaf Forever Tree Wood Projects Date: June 4, 2014 Contact: Rob McMonagle, Senior Advisor, The Green Economy, Economic Development and Culture [email protected] 1. City of Toronto Uses 13 projects; 71 different items to be produced Project Name: Displays for art and heirloom books Project #: IC01, IC02, IC03, IC04, IC05, IC05 Contact Info: Toronto Public Libraries; The Toronto Public Library has requested a number of items to be made from the wood including art and heirloom book stands for the Toronto Research Library and for the branches close to where the tree once stood. These items will be made by Dixon Hall's Mill Centre with support by Councillor Fletcher and Economic Development and Culture. Pictures Number of Items Being Produced: 6 Status: Wood has been allocated (25-may-14) Links: www.dixonhall.org/our-services/employment- services/mill-centre Project Name: Council Gavels Project #: IC07 Contact Info: City Clerk's Office, Barbara Sullivan, Chief of Protocol Five gavels for use at City Council and each of the community councils will be produced. Pictures Number of Items Being Produced: 5 Status: Wood has been allocated (25-may-14) Links Project Name: Toronto Museum Collection Project #: IC08A/B Contact Info: Wayne Reeves, Chief Curator Museum Services, Economic Development & Culture "Acquiring sections of the Muir maple enables us to link the story of Alexander Muir with the tangible object that inspired the writing of The Maple Leaf Forever," Wayne Reeves. A large wood cookie and a unique "stump" from the tree have been allocated to this project.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Human-Robot Interaction a Socio-Economic Scenario Analysis
    DEGREE PROJECT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2021 The Future of Human-Robot Interaction A socio-economic Scenario Analysis BENEDIKT KRIEGER KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT A socio-economic Scenario Analysis Benedikt Krieger Supervised by Andreas Archenti (KTH) & Thomas Bohné (University of Cambridge) Abstract – English Advancing research in an interdisciplinary field such as robotics is a complex undertaking. Seldom, it is moved beyond the scope of an individual science and the challenges from other fields of research are incorporated. Research on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is attributed interdisciplinarity and, thus, is a case in point. Therefore, this thesis aims to integrate both engineering, psychosocial, and socio-economic research streams. By doing so, the goal is to reveal and to identify underlying questions which are tacitly assumed by either research field, but require explicit contemplation and elaboration. The engineering community is currently focusing on collaboration and cooperation (CoCo) as it enables humans and robots to operate together in heterogenous teams. Human-robot teamwork, in turn, is promising to enable the integration of both a human’s flexibility, dexterity, and creative problem solving with robotic strength, precision, reliability, and efficiency. In contrast, economic considerations evolve around elaborations on technological unemployment and further macroeconomic implications. To unite these streams, this thesis conducts a scoping literature review. Through it, the fundamental design considerations necessary to achieve CoCo are laid out, while pointing towards the currently most promising research direction in each of the design aspects. Both engineering as well as psychosocial aspects are considered.
    [Show full text]
  • What Remains History and Locations of World Fairs
    WHAT REMAINS HISTORY AND LOCATIONS OF WORLD FAIRS This is a chronological list of exhibitions and fairs held throughout the world that gained international attention. A few regional fairs are included if they were significant to the author or for showcasing emerging technology. This list is a compilation from various sources, trying to respect the capitalization traditions from the countries of origin. When controversy arises about the date or name of a fair (should the 1849 fair held in Birmingham, United Kingdom be referred to as “Exhibition of Industrial Arts and Manufacturers” or “Exposition of British Society”) a choice has been made so the checklist remains an index of fairs. Brown text indicates that the fair occurred before the Bureau international des expositions (BIE) on November 22, 1928 or was not sanctioned by them. Purple text also shows the fair was not sanctioned, but indicates there is a link to additional information researched by the author. Black text indicates a BIE sanctioned fair. Blue text indicates a link to additional information about a sanctioned fair. 1790's 1791 Prague, Bohemia; First Industrial Exhibition 1798 Paris, France; L'Exposition publique des produits de l'industrie française 1800's 1801 Paris, France; L'Exposition publique des produits de l'industrie française (Second Exposition) 1802 Paris, France; L'Exposition publique des produits de l'industrie française (Third Exposition) 1806 Paris, France; L'Exposition publique des produits de l'industrie française (Fourth Exposition) 1810's 1819 Paris,
    [Show full text]