Cathedrals, Stained Glass, and Constructive Painting in Joaquín Torres-García and in the European Avant-Garde

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Cathedrals, Stained Glass, and Constructive Painting in Joaquín Torres-García and in the European Avant-Garde The Medieval in Modernism: Cathedrals, Stained Glass, and Constructive Painting in Joaquín Torres-García and in the European Avant-garde Begoña Farré Torras Tese de Doutoramento em História da Arte (versão corrigida) Novembro 2019 Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em História da Arte, realizada sob a orientação científica da Prof. Doutora Joana Cunha Leal e a coorientação científica da Prof. Doutora Joana Ramôa Melo Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. Declaro que esta tese/ Dissertação /Relatório /Trabalho de Projecto é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O seu conteúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas no texto, nas notas e na bibliografia. O candidato, ____________________ Lisboa, 11 de Novembro de 2019 To Rogério, Marc and Ana (in no particular order) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Professor Joana Cunha Leal, for her unfailing support for my project, rigourous and constructive critique of it, and personal encouragement along the way. Many thanks, too, to my thesis co-supervisor, Professor Joana Ramôa Melo, for her incisive reading of my work and encouraging support for it. THE MEDIEVAL IN MODERNISM: CATHEDRALS, STAINED GLASS, AND CONSTRUCTIVE PAINTING IN JOAQUÍN TORRES-GARCÍA AND IN THE EUROPEAN AVANT-GARDE O MEDIEVAL NO MODERNISMO: CATEDRAIS, VITRAIS, E PINTURA CONSTRUTIVA EM JOAQUÍN TORRES-GARCÍA E NA AVANGUARDA EUROPEIA BEGOÑA FARRÉ TORRAS KEYWORDS: constructive painting, medieval referents, modernism, cathedral, stained glass, Joaquín Torres-García PALAVRAS-CHAVE: pintura construtiva, referentes medievais, modernismo, catedral, vitral, Joaquín Torres-García ABSTRACT This thesis examines modernist attitudes towards the past generally and towards the medieval past in particular, by exploring the significance of gothic architecture and stained glass to the constructive pictorial enquiries of Joaquín Torres-García, František Kupka, Robert Delaunay, Otto Freundlich, Piet Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg and Josef Albers. Torres-García is taken as a case study given that his painted and written work shows an actual engagement with the medieval that has hitherto gone largely unnoticed. The discussion thus traces Torres-García's complex and changing relationship with the gothic over time, and examines its place in his constructive pictorial practice. Close attention is given to two particular periods in Torres-García's career. Firstly, his transition from Noucentisme to the avant-garde in the mid-1910s in Barcelona, coinciding with his involvement in a stained glass project for a public building. This period is examined under the light of prevalent attitudes towards the medieval in classicist noucentista Barcelona, which are inferred through a comprehensive survey of local modernist magazines. A second period of interest is Torres-García's late-1920s formulation of Constructive Universalism, the distinct primitive-constructive idiom he characterised as "the style of a cathedral," coinciding with a time when he was closely associated with three of the artists also under study here, van Doesburg, Freundlich and Mondrian. The discussion on these, as well as on Kupka, Delaunay and Albers, takes into consideration that, unlike Torres-García, they all developed their practice within a cultural context that celebrated the gothic. Their rapport with the gothic is analysed, when relevant, in the light of Worringer's theories on the subject. Additionally, several of these artists' interest in the pictorial constructive was concomitant with research into the sensorial properties of colour fragmentation and interaction. This area of pictorial enquiry, in which the study of stained glass proved especially useful, is also explored in the relevant cases. The focus on the constructive as a common denominator to the practice of all these artists, and a common motivator of their engagement with the cathedral, implies a largely formal approach to the issue at hand. This, nevertheless, takes into consideration that these artists' rapport with the gothic was mediated by contemporary discourses surrounding the Middle Ages and their legacy. As such, the analysis necessarily considers the ideological factors (political leanings, identitary issues, religious backgrounds) that came into play in each artist's relationship with the medieval. This, ultimately, serves to address the problem of how these forward-looking artists found a legitimate place in their modernist practice for references sourced in the medieval past. RESUMO A presente tese explora as atitudes do modernismo em relação com o passado em geral e o passado medieval em particular, por meio de uma análise da relevância da arquitetura e do vitral góticos nas pesquisas pictóricas construtivas de Joaquín Torres- García, František Kupka, Robert Delaunay, Otto Freundlich, Piet Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg e Josef Albers. Torres-García constitui o caso de estudo da tese uma vez que a sua obra pictórica e teórica evidencia um diálogo com o medieval que até a data passou largamente desapercebido. O estudo traça portanto a complexa e variável relação que Torres-García estabelece com o gótico ao longo do tempo, e examina o lugar deste referente na sua prática pictórica construtiva. Dois períodos concretos da carreira de Torres-García merecem particular atenção. Em primeiro lugar, a sua transição do Noucentisme para a vanguarda, em meados da década de 1910 em Barcelona, que coincide com o seu envolvimento num projeto de vitral para um edifício público. Este período é analisado à luz das atitudes predominantes em relação ao medieval no ambiente classicista noucentista de Barcelona, atitudes estas que são inferidas a partir de uma análise abrangente da sua expressão nas revistas modernistas da cidade. Um segundo período de interesse situa-se nos finais da década de 1920, quando Torres- García formula o Universalismo Construtivo, a sua singular linguagem primitiva- construtiva que ele próprio caracteriza como "um estilo de catedral", num momento em trabalha em estreita associação com três dos artistas objeto de estudo desta tese: van Doesburg, Freundlich e Mondrian. A discussão acerca da obra destes três artistas, bem como a de Kupka, Delaunay e Albers, leva em consideração que, ao contrário de Torres-García, todos eles desenvolveram a sua prática num contexto cultural que celebrava o legado gótico. A sua relação com o gótico é examinada, segundo o caso, à luz das teorias de Wilhelm Worringer sobre a arquitetura medieval. Em alguns dos artistas aqui contemplados, ao interesse pela dimensão construtiva da pintura acrescia a pesquisa sobre as propriedades sensoriais da fragmentação e a interação da cor. Esta área de pesquisa pictórica, em que o estudo do vitral se revelou particularmente fecundo, é também explorada aqui para os casos pertinentes. O enfoque na dimensão construtiva da pintura enquanto denominador comum da prática destes artistas à par que motivo comum da sua interação com a catedral, resulta numa abordagem fundamentalmente formal. No entanto, a discussão tem em consideração que a aproximação destes artistas ao gótico esteve mediada por discursos contemporâneos acerca da Idade Média e do seu legado. Em consequência, a discussão contempla necessariamente os fatores ideológicos (inclinações políticas, questões identitárias, filiações religiosas) que entraram em jogo na relação de cada um destes artistas com o medieval. A análise destes fatores serve, em última instância, para abordar o problema da legitimação de referentes apropriados num passado medieval, na prática de artistas cujo modernismo implica um olhar para o futuro. CONTENTS Purpose, methodology, literature review ....................................................................... 1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Problem, thesis structure and methodological considerations .......................................... 5 Literature review ...................................................................................................................... 15 Part I – Cathedrals, stained glass, and the European pictorial avant-garde................ 24 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 24 1 František Kupka - Vertical rhythms and prismatic colour kinesis in French cathedrals............................................................................................................. 35 2 Robert Delaunay – "Destruction" and "construction" in the Saint-Séverin and Windows series ......................................................................... 57 3 Otto Freundlich – 'Lead-less stained glass' as an analogy for socialism ....................... 68 4 Piet Mondrian – Gothic architecture as the expression of verticality .......................... 80 5 Theo van Doesburg – How to "completely destroy the Middle Ages" ......................... 89 6 The medieval at the Bauhaus ............................................................................................ 103 7 Josef Albers – Between lux nova and "a new type of glass picture" ........................... 107 Part II – Joaquín Torres-García ..................................................................................... 125 1 The medieval in modernist art theory in Catalonia
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