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Y\5$ in History THE GARGOYLES OF SAN FRANCISCO: MEDIEVALIST ARCHITECTURE IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA 1900-1940 A thesis submitted to the faculty of San Francisco State University A5 In partial fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree Mi ST Master of Arts . Y\5$ In History by James Harvey Mitchell, Jr. San Francisco, California May, 2016 Copyright by James Harvey Mitchell, Jr. 2016 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL I certify that I have read The Gargoyles of San Francisco: Medievalist Architecture in Northern California 1900-1940 by James Harvey Mitchell, Jr., and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History at San Francisco State University. <2 . d. rbel Rodriguez, lessor of History Philip Dreyfus Professor of History THE GARGOYLES OF SAN FRANCISCO: MEDIEVALIST ARCHITECTURE IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA 1900-1940 James Harvey Mitchell, Jr. San Francisco, California 2016 After the fire and earthquake of 1906, the reconstruction of San Francisco initiated a profusion of neo-Gothic churches, public buildings and residential architecture. This thesis examines the development from the novel perspective of medievalism—the study of the Middle Ages as an imaginative construct in western society after their actual demise. It offers a selection of the best known neo-Gothic artifacts in the city, describes the technological innovations which distinguish them from the medievalist architecture of the nineteenth century, and shows the motivation for their creation. The significance of the California Arts and Crafts movement is explained, and profiles are offered of the two leading medievalist architects of the period, Bernard Maybeck and Julia Morgan. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the ill-fated attempt to create a museum for medieval arts in the City, inspired by William Randoph Hearst's donation of a monastery building imported from Spain. I certify that the Abstract is a correct representation of the content of this thesis. <~ > — ILe? ■ i <-e> Chair, Thesis Committee ^ Date ACKNOWLEDGMENT Heartfelt thanks to the professors in the History Department of San Francisco State University for their bountiful support and encouragement, in particular to Richard Hoffman, Barbara Loomis, Trevor Getz, Jessica Elkind-Breitenecher, and Philip Dreyfus. My special thanks to Jarbel Rodriguez, whose graduate seminar on medievalism inspired the present thesis. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures..................................................................................................................... ix Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 Historical Background..........................................................................................3 What Revival? Whose Gothic? Which Medieval?......................................... 6 Medieval San Francisco.....................................................................................12 California Arts and Crafts.................................................................................20 New Buildings after the Earthquake..............................................................31 Churches..............................................................................................................................33 Grace Episcopal Cathedral................................................................................33 St. Dominic's Catholic Church......................................................................... 43 Trinity Episcopal Church..................................................................................46 First Unitarian Church.......................................................................................48 Notre Dame des Victoires..................................................................................51 St. John the Evangelist Episcopal Church..................................................... 54 St. Brigid Catholic Church and Sacred Heart Church................................55 First Church of Christ Scientist, Berkeley..................................................... 57 The Swedenborgian Church............................................................................ 59 Public and Residential Architecture............................................................................. 63 The San Francisco Armory............................................................................... 64 San Francisco Art Institute............................................................................... 68 Russ Building and Cathedral Building, Oakland........................................69 Green's Eye Hospital..........................................................................................73 Sharon Arts Building.......................................................................................... 74 Masonic Temple.................................................................................................. 76 Residential Architecture....................................................................................78 Two Leading Medievalist Architects............................................................................ 81 Bernard Maybeck................................................................................................ 81 Julia Morgan.........................................................................................................90 The San Francisco Museum of Medieval Art..............................................................95 Santa Maria de Ovila.........................................................................................96 Wyntoon Estate.................................................................................................119 Planning the New Museum...........................................................................123 End of the Dream............................................................................................. 131 The Gargoyles of San Francisco..................................................................................137 Appendix..........................................................................................................................139 Bibliography.....................................................................................................................157 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Medieval masque, Bohemian Grove, 1909.......................................................139 2. Main Entrance, San Quentin Prison...................................................................140 3. Title page, The Simple Home................................................................................. 141 4. Charles Keeler, 1895..............................................................................................142 5. Bodley's design for Grace Cathedral, exterior..................................................143 6. Bodley's design for Grace Cathedral, interior...................................................144 7. Maybeck and family, ca. 1910............................................................................. 145 8. Wyntoon Estate ca. 1902-03................................................................................. 146 9. Wyntoon Estate design by Julia Morgan, after 1930.......................................147 10. Wyntoon Estate sketch by Julia Morgan, 1929..................................................147 11. Dismantling Santa Maria de Ovila.....................................................................148 12. Dismantling Santa Maria de Ovila.....................................................................148 13. Dismantling Santa Maria de Ovila.....................................................................149 viii 14. Dismantling Santa Maria de Ovila...................................................................... 149 15. Santa Maria church portal in Spain....................................................................150 16 Santa Maria church portal in San Francisco..................................................... 151 17. Plan for the Medieval Museum in Golden Gate Park.................................... 152 18. Original layout of Santa Maria de Ovila............................................................153 19. Medieval Museum: presentation drawing....................................................... 154 20. Medieval Museum: architect's model................................................................155 21. Monastery stones in Golden Gate Park..............................................................156 ix 1 INTRODUCTION In the aftermath of the 1906 earthquake and fire which destroyed at least eighty per cent of the city, San Francisco experienced a profusion of building activity continuing without interruption until the slow slide into the Great Depression started in 1929. No stranger to idiosyncratic architectural styles, the city constructed in only three decades a wide variety of buildings incorporating medieval designs and ornamentation. "Moorish Palace" architecture was chosen to contain a massive National Guard armory; a Gothic cathedral built of poured concrete which included a scaled-down replica of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris was undertaken on Nob Hill; a Masonic Temple arose at Van Ness and Market disguised as a trecento Italian palazzo; and the stones from a monastery imported from Europe by William
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