Modelling of Particulate Matter and Ammonia Emissions from German Agriculture
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Institute of Farm Management University of Hohenheim Department of Farm Management Prof. Dr. Drs. h.c. Jürgen Zeddies MODELLING OF PARTICULATE MATTER AND AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM GERMAN AGRICULTURE Dissertation Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” (Dr.sc.agr. / Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences) to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences presented by Olga Beletskaya Stavropol, Russian Federation 2016 This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” (Dr. sc. agr. / Ph.D. Agricultural Sciences) by the faculty Agricultural Sciences of the university of Hohenheim on 10.11.2014. Date of oral examination: 14.01.2015 Examination Committee Supervisor and Reviewer Prof. Dr.Dr.h.c. Jürgen Zeddies Co-Reviewer PD Dr. Eva Gallmann Additional Examiner Prof. Dr. Reiner Doluschitz Head of the Committee Prof. Dr. Stefan Böttinger Dedicated to the dearest and beloved friend Juan Guillermo Cobo ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With all my heart and mind I am grateful to all those, who directly or indirectly has contri- buted to this study. At first place I would like to thank my colleague and direct advisor Dr. Elisabeth Angenendt and my doctoral thesis supervisor Prof. Dr. Jürgen Zeddies for support, and sharp but reasonable critic and useful advice. Many thanks go to my colleague and co- worker in the project framework, Dipl. Ing. Susanne Wagner (IER, University of Stuttgart) for the best teamwork, informational support and encouragement. From the representatives of the same institute, I would like to express my gratefulness to Jochen Teloke for helpful infor- mative support and for the organization of efficient project meetings; and to Balendra Thiru- chittampalam for a good collaboration. I also express my thanks to PD Dr. Eva Gallmann for her agreement to be my second referee. For the readiness to play role of my third referee I thank Prof. Dr. Reiner Doluschitz. I want to thank my precursor, Dr. Steffen Triebe, for the introduction into the work and readi- ness to answer any related questions. In the Institute for farm management, where I have worked and conducted this study, there are and there were many people, which helped not on- ly with practical advice, but charged me spiritually in everyday life: Prof. Dr. Frank Lizka, Nicole Schönleber, Silvia Andres, Daniel Blank, Vasilina Nekrasova, Tatyana Vorontsova, Angelika Konold, Tetyana Tonkoshkur, and Yulia Droganova. I am also grateful to: Caroline Seeman and Johannes Empel for technical expert advice, Mr. Gamer for informational and technical support, and Yannick Kühl for technical help as a system administrator. For the close collaboration and subjective support I am grateful to Prof. Torsten Hinz, Ulrich Dämmgen and Jochen Hahne from TI institution (former vTI and FAL), Prof. Roger Funk from the University of Leipzig, Mr. Ewald Grimm (Dipl.-Ing. techn. Umweltschutz) from KTBL, and Mr. Winfried Gramatte from DLG. For the great support in organizational issues and for overall readiness to help, many warm thanks to our institutional secretary Mrs. Ulla Held and to Mrs. Agnes Bardoll. Further I would like to mention great support of my family and in this regard to express my thanks to my parents and to my best friend Juan Cobo, who witnessed the most part of the work process with patience and support. Mentioned and not mentioned here acquaintances and friends, all directly or indirectly contributed to this project and study. Thank you for all your reliance, assistance and encouragement. v TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ xi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF APPENDIXES ...................................................................................................... xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... xix 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Goal and Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... 3 1.4 Outline of the Study ............................................................................................................. 3 2 POLLUTANTS: ORIGINS AND IMPACTS ..................................................................... 5 2.1 Particulate Matter (PM) and Ammonia (NH 3): Sources, Climate Impact and Mitigation ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Particulate Matter ....................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1.1 Sources and Levels of PM Emissions ............................................................ 6 2.1.1.2 Impact of PM on Climate ............................................................................ 10 2.1.1.3 Mitigation of PM Emissions ........................................................................ 11 2.1.2 Ammonia .................................................................................................................. 13 2.1.2.1 Sources and Levels of NH 3 Emissions ........................................................ 14 2.1.2.2 Impact of NH 3 Emission on the Environment ............................................. 17 2.1.2.3 Mitigation of NH 3 Emission ........................................................................ 18 2.2 Impact of PM and NH 3 Emissions on Human and Livestock Health ................................ 25 3 POLITICAL REGULATIONS .......................................................................................... 29 3.1 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) .................................................................................. 29 3.1.1 Luxembourg Agricultural Reform ........................................................................... 29 3.1.2 Health Check ............................................................................................................ 31 3.1.3 Regional Programs ................................................................................................... 32 3.2 National Environmental Regulations and International Climate Policy ............................ 32 3.2.1 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution ....................................... 34 3.2.2 Kyoto Protocol ......................................................................................................... 35 3.2.3 Gothenburg Protocol ................................................................................................ 35 3.2.4 EU Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control ................................ 36 vii 3.2.5 Other Directives ....................................................................................................... 37 4 STUDY REGIONS .............................................................................................................. 39 4.1 Brandenburg ....................................................................................................................... 39 4.2 Lower Saxony .................................................................................................................... 41 4.3 Baden-Württemberg ........................................................................................................... 43 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................ 47 5.1 Choice of the Methodology ................................................................................................ 47 5.2 Data Collection and Processing .......................................................................................... 48 5.2.1 FADN Data .............................................................................................................. 49 5.2.2 Census (Statistical) Data .......................................................................................... 50 5.2.3 Sources of Additional Information ........................................................................... 51 5.2.4 Choice of PM Emission Factors ............................................................................... 53 5.2.5 Choice of NH 3 Emission Factors ............................................................................. 58 5.3 Extrapolation ...................................................................................................................... 63 5.4 EFEM Structure and Approach .......................................................................................... 69 5.4.1 Farm Structure Module ............................................................................................ 70