Tefl Emk Örr at Efla

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Tefl Emk Örr at Efla ôô TTaaffll eemmkk rrrr aatt eeffllaa…… -Brettspill i vikingtid og middelalder- Annette Dahl Mastergradsavhandling i nordisk vikingtids- og middelalderkultur Høst 2003 Senter for studier i vikingtid og middelalder – Universitetet i Oslo. Teflðo í túni, Teitir vóro, Var þeim vettergis Vant ór gulli, Unz þriár kvómo Þursa meyiar Ámátkar miÔk Ór iÔtunheimom. 1 Forord Da jeg først begynte å tenke på hvilket tema jeg ville velge for avhandlingen kom jeg over ufattelig mange interessante problemstillinger. Det var vanskelig å velge bare én, men brått kom ideen om brettspill! Ved siden av alle de andre de andre alternativene var dette den eminente løsning fordi jeg kunne kombinere to av de største interessene i mitt liv: Brettspill og vikingtid- og middelalderhistorie. Siden jeg finner menneskeheten så interessant som jeg gjør, falt det naturlig å inkludere det menneskelige aspektet i prosjektet. Det har vært en utrolig spennende tid. Derfor håper jeg at du som leser dette, vil erfare den samme gleden ved å lese de følgende sider, som jeg hadde da de ble skrevet. Takk til: Jesus Fernando Guerrero Rodriguez fordi du tipset meg om tilfeller av brettspill i kildene som jeg ikke hadde funnet. Kristiina Püttsepp fordi du velvillig bisto med oversettelse fra russisk. Signe Horn Fuglesang fordi du foreslo at de små bronsestatuettene av Tor og Frøy kunne ha vært brukt som spillebrikker. Gro Steinsland fordi du alltid er imøtekommende og hjelpsom, på tross av at spørsmålene kan synes merkelige. Jón Viðar Sigurðsson fordi du er streng, men rettferdig og fordi jeg slapp å vaske bilen din. Vicky Mikalsen fordi det har vært staselig å ha deg her. Familien min fordi dere er undrsamlingar. Mum fordi du er den beste blant mødre. Tari fordi du er en fantastisk katt. Det har vært en eiendommelig prosess å skrive dette og atskillige ganger har jeg stått på kanten av spillet. — Anja, Marí, Ole, Einar og Espen fordi dere får meg til å le — uten dere ville jeg ikke ha klart det! Oslo, november 2003. Annette Dahl Innhold Forord.................................................................................................................................. 1 Takk til:............................................................................................................................... 1 Innhold ................................................................................................................................2 Illustrasjoner ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.0 Innledning ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Begreper og avgrensning .......................................................................................... 5 1.2 Forskningshistorie..................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Kilder ........................................................................................................................ 9 Eddadikt .................................................................................................................... 11 Islendingesagaer........................................................................................................ 13 Fornaldersagaer......................................................................................................... 14 Skaldedikt ................................................................................................................. 16 Lover......................................................................................................................... 17 Arkeologiske kilder og dateringer ............................................................................ 19 1.4 Brettspill som ble brukt i vikingtid og middelalder................................................ 21 2.0 Der skal atter underfulle, gylne brettspill i gresset finnes… ...................................... 26 2.1 Gylne brettspill........................................................................................................ 27 Vôluspá ..................................................................................................................... 27 Magiske spill............................................................................................................. 31 2.2 Brettspillet og fruktbarheten ................................................................................... 33 Brettspill og gylne horn ............................................................................................ 35 Miniatyrbrettspill ...................................................................................................... 40 Var brettspillet forbundet med en symbolsk handling knyttet til ekteskap?............. 41 Terningspelet og de lange linjene ............................................................................. 47 2.3 Dronningen av kaos og hennes brettspill................................................................ 49 2.4 Odin og Tor som spillebrikker? .............................................................................. 53 2.5 Kan jeg fastslå om brettspill har hatt en religiøs funksjon?.................................... 56 3.0 Brettspillet og mennesket............................................................................................ 58 3.1 Magi og brettspill i menneskenes hverdag.............................................................. 58 Den magiske spillebrikken?...................................................................................... 58 Magi for å vinne........................................................................................................ 60 3.2 De elskende............................................................................................................. 62 Brettspillet mellom de elskende................................................................................ 62 Adam og Eva spiller brettspill .................................................................................. 67 3.3 Kongen, kirken og brettspillet................................................................................. 70 Spill uten penger ....................................................................................................... 73 Gambling................................................................................................................... 75 3.4 Irriterte kvinner ....................................................................................................... 78 3.5 Tavl er jeg god til å spille… ................................................................................... 80 Strategispill speiler samfunnet.................................................................................. 83 Fritid i vikingtid og middelalder............................................................................... 85 Dyktighet og ære....................................................................................................... 88 4.0 Konklusjon.................................................................................................................. 95 Appendiks arkeologiske kilder ....................................................................................... 105 2 Illustrasjoner ................................................................................................................... 109 Kilder .............................................................................................................................. 111 Litteratur ......................................................................................................................... 114 3 Illustrasjoner Fig. 1 Fragment av spillebrett for míl ............................................................................... 21 Fig. 2 Tegning av fragment av taflbrett fra Vimose ca. 400 e. Kr.................................... 22 Fig. 3 Hnefatafl - rekonstruert .......................................................................................... 23 Fig. 4 Sjakkbrikke fra Albania, datert 400-tallet. ............................................................ 25 Fig. 5 Frøya....................................................................................................................... 33 Fig. 6 To menn og et brettspill, Gallehushornet. .............................................................. 36 Fig. 7 Fra Fårdalsfunnet.................................................................................................... 38 Fig. 8 Runeinnskriften til det lille Gallehushornet............................................................ 38 Fig. 9 Gullgubbe. .............................................................................................................. 40 Fig. 10 Śiva og Pārvatī – det guddommelige paret spiller spill........................................ 47 Fig. 11 Statuett av Tor. ..................................................................................................... 53 Fig. 12 Statuett fra Baldursheimskumli............................................................................. 54 Fig. 13 Statuett av Frøy..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 14 Spillebrikke........................................................................................................... 60 Fig. 15 Sjakkspillende par................................................................................................
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