Herders' Congress The oldest industry with the widest tracks We are now joining together in Inari for the 2ndWorld Another equally important part ofthis congress is the - Reindeer Herders' Congress in the period of June 18-23, sibility of meeting each other. People living in a \zst area 200 1. Reindeer husbandry is one of the industries, which and working in a scattered industry need to learn to bow have survived longest and has made the widest tracks in each other. There is a possibility for us now to meet each the North. other and get acquainted, and in the congress pqyam rime The reindeer peoples are now gathering for the third time has been reserved for that purpose. We have been rrying and it is the second time that we are having a worldwide to arrange the program so that there will be a possibility reindeer congress. The first meeting was in 1993 in Trom- for each one of us to get acquainted with the 6eM of rese- so, Norway, with participants from 15 different reindeer arch in different reindeer regions as weU as aih the aut- peoples. It was then that the decision was made for estab- horities working with matters that concern reindeer hw- lishing the Association of World Reindeer Herders (WFU-I). bandry. The reindeer husbandry does not exis alone in its The second meeting took place in Nadym, in the central area, and it is necessary to cooperate with the adminima- reindeer herding area of Nenets in Yamal and it was there tion. that WRH officially was established in 1997. At that cong- The culture is the basic for developing redemhM- ress representatives from 20 reindeer peoples were gathe- ry as a profession. We will not forget this fact chning this red. This time we have come together in the central rein- congress. The participants of the conupsmill experien- deer herding area of the Sami here in . Hopefully ce varied faces of reindeer husbandry and the culrure of all reindeer peoples of the world will be present this time. minority peoples. Primarily that will be the culture of the We do not even know ourselves how many reindeer peop- Sami because this congress takes place here in .%PLUI, but les there are in the world, but propably there are more than there will also be parts of different reindeer cuhures. Dif- twenty. ferent exhibitions, conserts, the worldwide competition The most important task of this congress is to promote in lassoing, marking of calves and different happenings reindeer herders' own views on the fbture of reindeer hus- are a part of the program of this worldnide cmgress. bandry and preservation of nature in the reindeer herding areas. I would like to thank the reindeer herders and rbe authori- Sustainable development in the northern areas is the main ties in Finland who have made & coming-together pos- theme in discussions between the states in the Arctic Coun- sible. Welcome to the 2* World cil. The Association of the World Reindeer Herders has Reindeer Herders' Congress. been asked to participate in this discussion. Using the ex- perience from the reindeer husbandry, the wide know-how, will no doubt be beneficial for the work ofthe Arctic Coun- cil in designing the program for sustainable development and for the communities of the northern areas. The cong- President of the Association of ress in Inari will be an important ground for the participa- World Reindeer Herders tion of the reindeer husbandry in the work of the Arctic Johan Mathis Turi Council. w . . , Dear Reindeer Herding Guests @mmhlrihrnmsreJ

. . -w:tllar-. -, -,--- -,--- qF@@#us; ! *rny*rc!-~.l. Reindeer herding is an indispensable element in a strategy for sustainab- le development in the Arctic. It is a circumpolar industry even if it is often considered as significant only in the European Arctic.

I am very pleased with the decision to organize the Second World Rein- deer Herders' Congress in the domicile area of the Saami people in Fin- land, during the Finnish Chairmanship of the Arctic Council. Your ve- nues, the Education Centre of the Saami Area in Lnari, and , the @&&&- Saami Museum, offer an excellent frame for the Congress. -. .-. ,Hi- &,,*-."--.;-.. .-' . ,. , .- a. fi The Congress is a forum for professional reindeer herders belonging to -~-!& :. - ,; , . ...-. . . ~-..- indigenous peoples and other local populations. It offers an opportunity to exchange views on gained experience and best practices and on how to address challenges which the industry is facing.

-:-- Reindeer herding is, however, more than an industry - it is a way of life . ~-., for many peoples in the Arctic. Cultural identity is closely connected to .d ' ..., .., reindeer herding and this aspect is well reflected in the Congress pro- ...... / . -. .~. gram. . .. i. -- > . - ,.- - - ' . -~- future reindeer . I Many developments are influencing the of herding. The . . - ~---- ;.. I Association of World Reindeer Herders has been granted observer status -,- " '; I - - ' . by the Arctic Council. This intergovernmental high level forum offers .... .- .- ..-. ... ~ -- . .. . . reindeer herders a channel through which to draw Mer international ~ .-. -.- -- .. . 7,: ' , . .. , -. , I . - . . -- .. .,.. . . , attention to their concerns. The Arctic Council can also assist in presen- -. -..-, -. ,- --. ....- . ' -- . ting these concerns to the European Union, which has a strong say on 1.: -- , ,- , - ~ 1 ~ reindeer herding through Finland' and Sweden's membership and its ;+"" 2- ..;- -- .'.: - - - -.; -.; ' ._ I -- -88 role in setting rules for market development and trade. The Arctic Council is addressing sustainable development in a broad sense. Protection of the fragile Arctic environment is important for reindeer herding. The work of the Arctic Council to stop the spread of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in the Arctic is of ptimportance also for reindeer herders. The fight against radio nuclides in the food chain is equally relevant for reindeer herding.

Some of the challenges must be handled internally among he herders themselves. The industry itself must take steps to secure its environmen- tal and economic sustainability and to guarantee the quality of its pro- ducts. Consumer confidence in reindeer produce is at present reasonably strong, but confidence in food products can be easily lost Against this background the theme of the Congress, "Sus- tainable reindeer herding", is well chosen.

I wish you all a successful congress and a bright future as reindeer herders in your home corn- munities.

Erkki Tuomioja Minister for Foreign Affairs of Finland Program

Monday, June the 181h Arrival and Registration 15.30 Opening of the Sami Handicraft Exhibition Presentation of the CD Sami musihkka 19.30-21.30 Welcoming Party Opening of Reindeer Herding Exhibition, Siida (invited guests)

II'uesday, June the 19'" 10.00- 13.00 Congress Opening 13.15 - 14.00 Press Conference, SBmi Radio 15.00 - 16.00 Presentation of the Main Theme of the Congress 16.30 - 18.00 Common Meeting for the Delegations and the Board of Editors 18.15 - 18.45 Opening of the Photo Exhibition 20.30 - Joiku Concert, Traditional "Luohti lea bohcco nuohtta"

Wednesday, June the 20tb 9.00 - 16.30 Lectures in the Congress Hall 16.30 Delegational Meetings 17.30 Qualifying Game in Lassoing in the Skiing Station 21.00 Parallel Happenings, Evening Events (Concerts, Dance Performances, Calf Marking)

Thursday, June the 21th 10.00 - 13.20 Lectures in the Congress Hall 14.20 -1 8.00 Round Tour, Delegational Meetings, Working with the Inari Declaration 21.00 Concerts: Wirnme Saari, Rinneradio, Elvel Group, Karntchatka

Friday, June the 2Zth 9.00 -12.30 Delegational Meetings and the Final Form for the Inari Declaration 14.00 Congress Plenary Session in the Congress Hall 17.00 Press Conference 17.30 World Championship in Lassoing 19.00 Price Awarding Ceremony in the World Championship in Lassoing and Graduation Ceremony for the Students in the Educational Centre of Sami Area Dinner in the Congress Hall Midsummer Eve Celebration and Concerts on the Beach of

Saturday, June the 23'" Round Tour to Murmansk to those Registered in Advance Homeward Journey Sponsors of the congress A MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

a Lapin liitto Pohjoismaiden MINISTERINEUVOSTO

Fortum METSXHALLITUS The Association of the World Reindeer Herders The Association of World Reindeer about twenty reindeer peoples from to provide information of reindeer Herders (WRH) was officially estab- Russia, China, Sweden, Finland and husbandry in the world. The number lished in 1997. The background was Norway attended the congress. At the of members in the association is ap- a visit in 1990 when representatives congress the sense of affinity was st- proximately 50.000. from Sami Reindeer HerdersAssocia- rengthened and March 2, 1997, the tion ofNorway (NRL) visited the rein- Association of the World Reindeer The head office of WRH was estab- deer people of Evenki in the Repub- Herders was established. Johan Mat- lished in Tromso and the ofiice is lo- lik of Sakha (Yakutia). Then the his Turi from Kautokeino, Norway, cated on the first floor of the NRL- thought of establishing a worldwide was elected as president of the asso- building. Elna Sara is engaged as organisation for the reindeer husban- ciation. Dmitri 0.Khorolya from Ya- Head of Office at the head office. The --bpTl=ve=l* malnd Maria P. Pogodaeva from association also has an employee in NRL invited representatives from Sakha were elected as vice-presidents. Tloscow, mem Rybkin,wm-rts& reindeer peoples all over the world to Other boardmembers are Vladimir . nates the issues of the association in Reindeer Festival i Tromso where rep- Etylen from Chukotka and Pave1 Kh. Russia and keeps contact with the resentatives from 15 reindeer peop- Zaidfudin from Moscow. The associa- head office in Tromsij. les were gathered. At the Reindeer tion has also an elected council with Festival a decision was made to ap- members from each of the reindeer The Association of World Reindeer point a working group, which should peoples represented at the congress in Herders prepare the establishment of a world- Nadym. Later on also Alaska and P.. Box 508. -9255 Tromso wide association for reindeer herders. Mongolia joined the association. Telephone +47 77 65 64 00 Fax+4777656682 Four years later in 1997 the first The aim of the Association of World e-mail: wrh.@online.nO worldwide congress of reindeer peop- Reindeer Herders is to promote pro- les was held in the city of Nadym in fessional, economical and cultural Yamal, Russia. Representatives from contact between reindeer peoples and The multicultural, international and celebrating Inari Dear Reader of the Congress News, ty for the congress. In the same time most any place. Despite of that people You are heartily welcome to Inari - we are privileged to follow from the are moving fiom the north towards the 4~~~-hxxa_ttbemeaning of the basic and growing centres of the south off inland. ------munity in Finland! for us important means of living, the Inari will beat even this challenge an3 Inari is known for its multiculturalism reindeer husbandry, and its meaning come out of it as a winner. People in and internationality as well as for its elsewhere in the world. I wish the Inari are self-confident; that fact and varied beautiful nature. congress success in its aims and I hope the steadily tourism which leans on These things that are important for us that the visit in Inari will be engraved nature, our firm basic means of liveli- living in Inari are at the same time also in the minds of the congress guests. hood, our international position in the its central attractions. Inari is indeed The community of Inari is this year northern part of the European Union one of the most important communi- celebrating its 125th anniversary. Like with Norway and Russia as neigh- ties with tourism and besides of that many communities in Finland we will burs as well as the good cornmuni- also known as an international mee- live through the year of celebration in cations with any place in the world, ting place. a period of a new crisis and in the offer people living in Inari a reliable The multiculturalism and the interna- middle of big changes. The develop- future security. tionalism are visible in the most splen- ment of the information society and did way also here in the World Rein- the communications has nearly faded Once again: welcome! deer Herders' Congress, and we are out the distances and with todays IT- Reijo Timperi honoured to act as hosting communi- communications one can work in al- Municipal manager of Inari Inari: the municipality of reindeer herding and tourism

The municipality of Inari is located In the northern part of the municipa- Still, the municipality has not inve- in the northernmost part of Finland, lity nature consists mostly out of sted only in mass tourism. In the mu- in the province of Lappi. The munici- lichen heath . nicipality there is also the second lar- pality was founded in 1876 and it is gest national park in Finland, Urho the largest municipality in Finland. Reindeer herding and other nature- Kekkonen national park, named after The total area is 17 321 square km based means of livelihood are a re- the late president Urho Kekkonen. and the area covered by water is appr. markable source of living in Inari. The national park covers an area from 2000 square km. Lake Inari, the se- Appr. 14 % of the population work in Saariselka to and Nuorti- cond largest lake in Finland, is loca- nature-based economy including ag- joki. ted in the municipality of Inari. All riculture. people in the world cound stand on The national park offers the traveller the ice of the lake at the same time, a Saariselka, one of the most excellent possibilities to hiking during fact that tells something about its size! popular tourist centres all the seasons. In the wilderness parts During the last decades Saariselka has of the park it is possible to go to long At the turn of the millennium there been one of the fastest growing tourist hiking trips, which suit both experi- were a little less than 7 500 inhabi- resorts in Finland. enced and less experienced hikers. In tants. At the time, 2 200 of them be- The peaks in the tourism are during the same area there are about 200 ki- longed to the indigenous people Sami. the autumn "ruska" when nature is at lometers of ski tracs for the skiers In Finland the Sami belong to three its most colourful in and du- during the winter. different groups: the , the ring the spring with its shimmering and the Sami. The lar- white snow to ski on. Saariselka has gest group are he the Fell Sami. also received appreciation from the EU. In the autumn of 1999 the mee- The centre of the municipality is Iva- ting of the foreign ministers of the EU lo, located 290 kilometers to the north was held in Saariselka. of , the provincial capital. Despite of Inari's location in the north, At the turn of the millennium the mu- the communications are good in the nicipality of Inari had an income of municipality. There is a main road 250 million marks that came directly from the south that leads via Saarisel- from the tourism, out of which ka to northern Norway. On the road amount nearly 65 % came from nati- from to Russia via the frontier ve tourists. The biggest foreign groups crossing point Raja-Jooseppi there is during the last few also a brisk traffic. You can also get years have been to Ivalo daily by flight from the south tourists from Russia of Finland. The flying time from Hel- and Japan. Tourism sinki, the capital of our country, is only is one of the most 90 minutes. significant emplo- yers in the municipa- The diversity of nature in lity. There are alto- lnari gether 140 enterpri- The southern part of the municipality ses in the municipa- of Inari is a typical forest wilderness lity which earn their with pinewoods and vast firwoods are- living from tourism, as and Hylocominum-Myrtillus site and more than one types. In these areas there are many third of those are lo- animal species that prefer living in old cated in Saariselka. forests in their natural state. Separate fells are typical for the southern part. Reindeer husbandry in the world The estimated amount of reindeer in of Sajan have used reindeer as draught ding, so that there is a risk that the the world is about six million and animals and for milk production, but animals get wild. In nearly unregula- nearly half of them are semi-domesti- not for tempting, and reindeer have ted reindeer herding the reindeer are cated. The figures concerning the not been herded with dogs. wild and stroll along freely around the amount of reindeer in the world vary year. remarkably depending on the sources. Reindeer husbandry in During the last few years the amounts Russia Reindeer husbandry in of reindeer have decreased. The rein- Nearly 314 of the semi-domesticated Fenno-Scandia deer herding areas take up about 114 reindeer of the world are in Russia. Reindeer husbandry in Femo-Scan- of the soil of the world and extend The amount of reindeer is estimated dia covers appr. 18 % of the reindeer over the northern hemisphere. to be 1,4-2 million. Reindeer husban- husbandry all over the world and is dry in Russia is concentrated to the the most efficient one when it comes The history of reindeer European side and East Siberia and to its productivity. The reindeer her- husbandry to the Chukchi-peninsula, from the ding areas in Finland are divided into Reindeer husbandry is believed to Finnish border to the Bering Strait and 56 reindeer herding districts and citi- have developed independently and in the south to Lake Baikal and Mon- zens living in those areas have a right simultaneously in several places. One golia. The reindeer herding area in to own reindeer. In Finland there are of the oldest written sources is a Chi- Russia covers 67 % of the total area about 203 000 reindeer. In Sweden nese source from 200 .., according of the country. About one half of the reindeer herding is a right of the Sami. to which a people called ting-ling met area is good reindeer pasture. 60 % The reindeer herding area in Sweden in the north a hunting people who were of Russian reindeer pastures are lo- is divided into 5 1 LappISami villages. supposed to represent Samoyeds. In cated in the tundra or in the forest The amount of the reindeer is appr. those times Samoyeds may have got tundra. These pastures are already for 230 000. Even in Norway reindeer acquainted with reindeer herding. the most part in use, but on the boreal herding belongs to the Sami. The Sami forest belt there are still pasture are- area is divided into 78 reindeer pas- Different reindeer herding as, which are not in use. turing districts. In each district there Reindeer husbandry is one of the most can be one or more reindeer herding practices important industries in the North of The area of distribution is vast, and Russia. Because of because of herding practices and the nature conditions, conditions of nature reindeer differ reindeer husbandry from each other when it comes to e.. differs in the diffe- nd physique. Reindeer her- rent parts of the cO1ydin practices can be devided into five vast herding area. different types: 1) Reindeer herders Nature conditions among the Lapps or the Sami have have also influen- used reindeer as draught animals and ced the physics of for tempting wild reindeer and for the reindeer. In milk prodution, and they have herded Russia there are at them with dogs. 2) Reindeer herders least ten different among West-Siberians or Nenetsians reindeer races or (Samoyeds) have also used reindeer mes.,r You can dis- for carrying, as draught animals and tinguish between for tempting, but not for milk produ- three reindeer her- tion. 3) Reindeer herders among the ding in Evenkies in Mid-Siberians have used Russia. In totally reindeer as draught animals, for riding regulated reindeer herding the rein- villages or siida's. There are 171 000 and for milk production. 4) Reindeer deer are herded day and night and the reindeer in Norway. The most impor- herders in East-Siberia have used rein- reindeer herders move with their tant products are reindeer meat, hides deer as draught animals and for milk herds. In partly regulated reindeer and utility articles as well as arts han- production, but they have not used the herding the reindeer owners affect dicrafts, which are made out of rein- dog in reindeer herding. 5) Reindeer their reindeer only slightly. Especial- deer products. herders of South Siberia or the district ly in the winter there is not much her- Other reindeer husbandry In other places in the northern he- areas misphere there have also been at- There is original reindeer husbandry tempts to build new reindeer popula- also in Mongolia, where the reindeer tions. There are about 3 000 reindeer are being used for riding on hunting in Greenland and in Iceland the and fishing tours. Reindeer meat, milk amount of reindeer which run wild is and skin are important products. In the about the same. northwestern part of China near the In South Georgia, which is the only border between Mongolia and Russia reindeer herding district in the sout- there is smallscale reindeer husband- hern hemisphere, there are about ry, There are nearly on thousand rein- 2 000 wild reindeer, as well as on the deer. The most important products are Kerguele Island in the Indian Ocean. the reindeer meat, the milk and the In Japan there are about 330 reindeer antlers. (Reindeer meat, milk and ant- in farm. In Scotland one couple owns lers are the most important products). about 300 reindeer. There have been attempts to build new The importance of the reindeer hus- reindeer populations in the indigeno- bandry as an industry is notable in the us peoples' living areas with varying northern areas, especially in Russia success. To day there are about 20 000 and in Fenno-Scandia. Life and cul- reindeer in Alaska and about 14 000 ture of the indigenuous peoples espe- in Canada. cially in the north depend greatly on reindeer and reindeer husbandry.

Reindeer husbandry in the autonomic administrative district of Yamalo-Nenets (Reindeer husbandry in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area)

The autonomic administrative district sula ofYamal. There are 100 000 rein- reindeer sovkhotz in Yarsalinsk are of Yamalo-Nenets (Yamalo-Nenets deer pasturing on the five million hec- mostly between 18 and 35 years old. Autonomous Area) is located in West tares pasture area of the sovkhotz. The Dmitri himself was born in a hut and Siberia behind Ural and Yarnal has the amount of people working in Yarsa- grew up in the tundra. Following the highest amount of reindeer in Russia. linsk is 1000. Unlike in Scandinavia, usual practise, after becoming seven There are over half a million reindeer there reindeer herders and their fami- years old he went to a boarding in the area, which is 25 % of the total lies move along with the reindeer. The school. During the holidays he always amount of reindeer in Russia. Rein- distance they wander with the rein- went straight to the tundra. deer husbandry is practised in Nen- The Yamal peninsula is a large-scale ets, Hanti, Selkup, Komi and Mansi. reindeer herding area. Nature is fo- The Nenets people are known to have rest tundra and the climate is similar started reindeer herding behind the to that in Inari.Today, 90 % of all na- Urals as early as in the 1lh century. tural gas in Russia is being produced They started practising reindeer her- there. The industrialized production ding in a large scale between 1600 and of gas or oil influences of course the 1800. Lots of reindeer meat, skins and pasture area in a negative way: the antlers are being produced in the area. pastures diminish and pasturing be- Dmitri Khorolya comes from Yamal, comes more difficult because of the the autonomic administrative district towers and the pipes and the railway. ofYamalo-Nenets. He is president of According to Dmitri Horolja it is still the Reindeer Herders' Union in Rus- possible to cooperate, because you sia, vice president of the Association On the left Dimitri Khorolya cannot manage without gas. Still, of the World Reindeer Herders as well reindeer husbandry has always as leader of the reindeer sovkhotz deer can be as much as 1000 km. Ac- existed and there will still be reindeer Yarsalinsk. The reindeer sovkhotz in cording to Dmitri Horolja young husbandry even when there is no gas. Yarsalinsk is biggest in the whole people are interested in reindeer hus- world and it is located on the penin- bandry and people working in the Reindeer husbandry in Finland Reindeer husbandry portance for the culture of the Sami everyone takes care of his own rein- With the help of reindeer the human and for their ethnic identity. The rein- deer. beeing is able to exploit the nature in deer and reindeer husbandry connects Natural conditions in the Sami area the north in the ways of sustainable the Sami in the families as well as in are already quite northern but make development. The reindeer industry wider social communities. It is also ty- the nature-based reindeer husbandry is the only way to a constant exploi- pical for Shpmi as well as for the Sami still possible. tation of the sensitive nature. The that women and young people are - Reindeer husbandry is interesting reindeer husbandry creates sustainab- more common as reindeer owners than and you never know what will hap- le jobs without causing harm to natu- elsewhere. pen. The good and bad years go pret- re. Supply of labour is guaranteed of - In my opinion it is good that there ty much together with natural condi- young people who want to become are also women participating in rein- tions. This winter is an easy one. The- reindeer herders. The positive deve- deer husbandry. Of course, women do re were not much snow and no cru- lopment is partly due to the educati- not do the hardest works. But they go sted snow, Anne tells. on of reindeeer herders. In the Edu- to the round-ups, they feed the rein- Reindeer husbandry has become less cational Centre of the Sami Area, at deer, attend the calving and make hey. important as a mean of living, but it Toivoniemi, it is possible to study the I myself take part in everything they has kept its position well, compared reindeer husbandry by attending cour- let me do, Anne explains. to other nature-based economies. ses in nature- and forest-based eco- Reindeer husbandry today takes pla- nomy. During the first year there is Natural conditions ce on terms of the financial conditions, studies in common subjects, after that The future of reindeer husbandry is even if it still is an entrepreneurship the student specializes in reindeer, quite open, though. The reindeer must depending on nature. fish or forest economy. be fed more all the time because there - I was interested in reindeer already are too many reindeer and the pastu- The reindeer herding as a child. I went to round-ups, I fed res are worn-out. The technique is cooperatives the reindeer, I was in the forest and I beeing used in reindeer husbandry in Reindeer husbandry is an independent was present during the calving, but a large scale. In everyday reindeer her- means of living. Every EU-citizen li- mostly I suppose I was in the way of ding snowmobiles, motorcycles, ter- ving in the reindeer herding area is al- the others, 22- year-old Anne Terva- rain vehicles and helicopters are being lowed to practice reindeer husbandry. niemi, first acquainted the reindeer used. The basic unit in reindeer herding is through her grandparents, explains Unlike elsewhere in the country, rein- reindeer herding cooperative. The ter- laughingly. Anne specialized in rein- deer husbandry in Enontekio is still ritory of one reindeer herding coope- deer economy and now she has soon taken care of by the families or villa- rative is the natural pasturing area of finished her studies. Still, the best ges according to a traditional herding each herding cooperative with fixed education comes through practice. model. No fees are payed per day by boundaries. In 1999 there were 56 Reindeer husbandry has a great im- the reindeer owners' association but herding cooperatives. The reindeer herding cooperative is The three peaks of the work with rein- The round-ups start in the end of Sep- lead by the reindeer herders' host, the deer husbandry tember and continue until Christmas. vice host and four other members who One can distinguish three peaks in the The round-up fences are either fixed form the management. They are work with reindeer husbandry: the ear or movable. elected at the herding cooperative's marking time, the round-ups in the The breeder reindeer are being meeting for four years a time. The autumn and in the winter, and the win- counted and in most herding coope- herders' host is an elected official of ter herding. ratives they get medicine against pa- the herding cooperative who at the The reindeer calve normally in May- rasites. There have been about 200 same time is the leader of the reindeer June. The calves are born on bare 000 reindeer for breeding during the herding cooperative. spots on the ground until the begin- last few years. The Association of the reindeer her- ning of June. Every year 120- 130 000 In the round-ups a part of the oldest ding cooperatives (Paliskuntain yh- small but quickly developing calves reindeer bulls are castrated in order distys =The Association of Reindeer see the daylight. Anne is looking for- to get good slaughter reindeer. The Herders in Finland) runs the reindeer ward to the calving time in the spring. foreman of the slaughtery and a vete- husbandry in Finland and serves as a - The calving is really exciting. New rinary inspector watch over the link between the reindeer herding animals are born and the small calves slaughter. They also check the meat. cooperatives and takes care of the re- are so cute. I don' think my interest in The causes of reindeer damage lations of the reindeer husbandry to- reindeer will ever vanish. Even if it does The efficient forest industry, the po- wards the state and the society. It also not become my occupation I will al- wer industry with its artificial water developes means for practicing rein- ways be interested in reindeer matters. reservoirs, the tourism, the commu- deer husbandry, looks succesfully af- During midsummer the insects or nications and the development of ter the interests and promotes the of- "riikka" drive the reindeer in herds up them, the mining industry, the peat ficial picture of the reindeer husban- to the fells and to the bogs, which industry, the army and other kinds of dry. helps the herder to collect the reindeer exploating the soil are taking over, There are altogether 203 424 breeded for the summer markings. The marks diminishing and splitting the pastu- reindeer in Finland. Out of these Sami are made with a sharp knife. A rein- res and disturbing reindeer husband- own 62 000 reindeer over the age of deer mark proved by the Association ry in many ways. The traffic, the ar- one year. The amount of people ear- of the reindeer herding cooperative med forces and other peat production ning their living through reindeer hus- must be cut in the ear of each rein- areas cause direct reindeer damages. bandry has been nearly the same year deer. In the herding cooperatives the Because of the clear fellings caused after year. Appr. 700 households get marking often continues ti1 August. by the forest industry and the violent the main part of their livelihood from The calves, which have not been mar- actions of renewing the forests both reindeer husbandry. For another 900 ked during the summer, will be mar- lichen areas and old forests are being households reindeer husbandry is an ked in the round-ups of the autumn or lost. The changes in the politics when important additional income. The the winter. in protecting the big beasts and the Sami still get the main part of their During the summer and the early au- eagle also have an effect on the extra income from other sources of liveli- tumn reindeer improve their conditi- feeding of the reindeer during the hood. on, grow and gather spare nutrition. winter. The multicultural and international Educational Centre of Sami Area (SAKK) When the occupational educational The educational centre of the Sami language and culture. The college also centre of the Sami area in the late 70s area which was established in 1993 offers education in the fields of busi- was established, it was clear that in- has continued and developed this ness and food economics, social work, ternationality was going to play a cent- cooperation creditably so that the ac- tourism and media communications. ral role in the activities ofthe college. tivity in the most important means of One of the reasons was already the livelihood for the Sami, the reindeer The college has been active in estab- fact that the Sami live in four diffe- husbandry, has been extended to con- lishing higher education in fields of rent states. The decision was also in- cern the reindeer husbandry in the importance for the Sami on the natio- fluenced by the fact that the Sami in whole world. The college also has a nal, Nordic and international level. the had been active very central position in the 2ndWorld The college has joined the Arctic uni- in matters concerning indigenous Reindeer Herders' Congress in Inari versity in 2001. The most important peoples. in June. fields in this project will still be those mentioned above, but there will also Ever since the establishment of the There is also a five-year project bet- be a new one, tourism. On this field college in 1978 the cooperation with ween Finland and Russia, the goal of we are aheading cooperation with In- Norway and Sweden has been very which is to grant the students in the dians in the area of Yokon (Canada). natural and periodically even lively. student groups the possibility to get a Our target is to see culture as an im- The cooperation between these count- degree in nature-based economy va- portant part of the tourism and in that ries is possible as a normal activity lid both in Finland and in Russia. The way reduce the conflicts caused by the without any special agreements. The first students will get their degrees tourism in the northern areas. In this cooperation with the Sami in Russia during the congress. The moment will matter, Finland and especially Lap- started by the end of 1980s, when the be historical and it will, hopefully, in land has much to offer to other peop- doors began to open towards the east. near future lay a ground to an interna- les in the north. An agreement on cooperation with the tional examination in reindeer her- occupational school of Lovozero was ding, the planning of which has alrea- made during 1991. The agreement dy started. concerned mainly the Sami culture and the means of livelihood closely The many-sided educational supply of related to it. The cooperation has been SAKK emphasizes nature-based very vivid right from the beginning. economy, Sami handicrafts, the Sami The Association for Sami Reindeer Herders in Finland

Suoma boazosamitlthe Association opinions, co-operates with other in- organisations. The association is for Sami Reindeer Herders in Finland digenuous and reindeer herding peop- member of the Association of World was established in 1993 and listed in les, provides services in connection Reindeer Herders. the register of associations in 2000. with reindeer herding and practices experimentative, educational, infor- The association sees as its most im- The intention of the association is to mative, publishing, consultative and portant target that reindeer husband- supervise, maintain and promote the research activities in connection with ry is developed in accordance with common rights and benefits of the the reindeer herding culture of indi- targets set by the Sami, and that rein- reindeer herding Sami as well as to genuous peoples. deer husbandry can be practised in function in order to develop and main- accordance with the rights granted by tain the common preconditions of The association has established good national and international agreements reindeer husbandry in national and connections with the orther Nordic and laws. international connections. and Russian reindeer herders' organi- sations, with ministries in charge of Juha Magga The association follows and supervi- reindeer herding and land use, with the ses the rights of the reindeer herding Sameting, with te Educational Centre Sami, takes initiatives and expresses of Sami Region and with other Sami

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