Kusmenko: Einführung
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Connections Between Sámi and Basque Peoples
Connections between Sámi and Basque Peoples Kent Randell 2012 Siidastallan Outside of Minneapolis, Minneapolis Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota “D----- it Jim, I’m a librarian and an armchair anthropologist??” Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Connections between Sámi and Basque Peoples Hard evidence: - mtDNA - Uniqueness of language Other things may be surprising…. or not. It is fun to imagine other connections, understanding it is not scientific Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Documentary: Suddenly Sámi by Norway’s Ellen-Astri Lundby She receives her mtDNA test, and express surprise when her results state that she is connected to Spain. This also surprised me, and spurned my interest….. Then I ended up living in Boise, Idaho, the city with the largest concentration of Basque outside of Basque Country Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota What is mtDNA genealogy? The DNA of the Mitochondria in your cells. Cell energy, cell growth, cell signaling, etc. mtDNA – At Conception • The Egg cell Mitochondria’s DNA remains the same after conception. • Male does not contribute to the mtDNA • Therefore Mitochondrial mtDNA is the same as one’s mother. Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, Linwood Township, Minnesota Four generation mtDNA line Sisters – Mother – Maternal Grandmother – Great-grandmother Jennie Mary Karjalainen b. Kent21 Randell March (c) 2012 1886, --- 2012 Siidastallan,parents from Kuusamo, Finland Linwood Township, Minnesota Isaac Abramson and Jennie Karjalainen wedding picture Isaac is from Northern Norway, Kvaen father and Saami mother from Haetta Kent Randell (c) 2012 --- 2012 Siidastallan, village. -
Consonant Gradation in Estonian and Sámi: Two-Level Solution TROND TROSTERUD and HELI UIBO
14 Consonant Gradation in Estonian and Sámi: Two-Level Solution TROND TROSTERUD AND HELI UIBO 14.1 Introduction Koskenniemi’s two-level morphology was the first practical general model in the history of computational linguistics for the analysis of morphologi- cally complex languages. In this article we will reconsider one of the key innovations in Koskenniemi (1983), namely the treatment of consonant gra- dation in finite state transducers. We will look not at Finnish, but at two lan- guages with a more extensive consonant gradation system, namely Estonian and Sámi. The goal of the paper is to demonstrate two different ways of mod- eling consonant gradation in a finite state morphological system - lexical and morphophonological. We will also compare the resulting systems by their computational complexity and human-readability. Consonant gradation is rare among the languages of the world, but stem al- ternation in itself is not, and the treatment of consonant gradation can readily be transferred to other stem alternation phenomena. Koskenniemi’s original idea was to see stem alternation as an agglutinative phenomenon. Consider the example (14.1), showing a two-level representation of stem alternation. ehT e$:ehe (14.1) Here the $ sign is a quasi-suffix, introduced to trigger consonant grada- tion in the stem. Two-level rules decide the correspondence of T to surface phonemes t or 0 (empty symbol), based on the context, specifically, according to the presence or absence of the symbol $ in the right context. Another type of rules for handling stem alternations that can be compiled Inquiries into Words, Constraints and Contexts. -
Arxiv:2004.04803V1 [Cs.CL] 9 Apr 2020
FST Morphology for the Endangered Skolt Sami Language Jack Rueter, Mika Hämäläinen Department of Digital Humanities University of Helsinki {jack.rueter, mika.hamalainen}@helsinki.fi Abstract We present advances in the development of a FST-based morphological analyzer and generator for Skolt Sami. Like other minority Uralic languages, Skolt Sami exhibits a rich morphology, on the one hand, and there is little golden standard material for it, on the other. This makes NLP approaches for its study difficult without a solid morphological analysis. The language is severely endangered and the work presented in this paper forms a part of a greater whole in its revitalization efforts. Furthermore, we intersperse our description with facilitation and description practices not well documented in the infrastructure. Currently, the analyzer covers over 30,000 Skolt Sami words in 148 inflectional paradigms and over 12 derivational forms. Keywords: Skolt Sami, endangered languages, morphology 1. Introduction members access to language materials directly. The trick is Skolt Sami is a minority language belonging to Sami to find new uses and reuses for data sets and technologies branch of the Uralic language family. With its native speak- as well as to bring development closer to the language com- ers at only around 300, it is considered a severely endan- munity. If development follows the North Sámi lead, any gered language (Moseley, 2010), which, despite its pluri- project can reap from the work already done. centric potential, is decidedly focusing on one mutual lan- Extensive work has already been done on data and tool gauge (Rueter and Hämäläinen, 2019). In this paper, we development in the GiellaLT infrastructure (Moshagen et present our open-source FST morphology for the language, al., 2013) and (Moshagen et al., 2014), and previous work 3 which is a part of the wider context of its on-going revital- also exists for Skolt Sami (Sammallahti and Mosnikoff, ization efforts. -
000 Euralex 2010 03 Plenary
> State of the Art of the Lexicography of European Lesser Used or Non- State Languages anne tjerk popkema ‘The people who chronicle the life of our language (…) are called lexicographers’ (Martin Hardee, blogger in Cyberspace, 2006) 0 Introductory remarks 1 Language codification and language elaboration (‘Ausbau’) are key ingredients for raising a lesser used language to a level that is adequate for modern use.2 In dictionaries (as well as in grammars) a language’s written standard may be laid down, ‘codified’. 3 At the same time dictionaries make clear what lexical gaps remain or arise in a language. The filling of such gaps – part of language elaboration – will only gain wide acceptance when, in turn, it is codified in a dictionary itself. Thus, both prime categories of language development – codification and elaboration – are hats worn by the same head: the lexicographer’s. Bo Svensén begins the opening chapter of his recent handbook on lexicography by stating that ‘dictionaries are a cultural phenomenon. It is a commonplace to say that a dictionary is a product of the culture in which it has come into being; it is less so to say that it plays an important part in the development of that culture.’ 4 In the case of lesser used languages, language development may lead to (increased) use in domains that were formerly out of reach because of the dominance – for any number of reasons – of another language. In such instances, language development equals language emancipation. An emancipating language takes on new functions, enters new domains of society and is therefore in need of new terminology. -
Fifth Periodical Report Presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in Accordance with Article 15 of the Charter
Strasbourg, 17 November 2017 MIN-LANG (2017) PR 7 EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES Fifth periodical report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter FINLAND THE FIFTH PERIODIC REPORT BY THE GOVERNMENT OF FINLAND ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES NOVEMBER 2017 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................6 PART I .................................................................................................................................................................7 1. BASIC INFORMATION ON FINNISH POPULATION AND LANGUAGES....................................................................7 1.1. Finnish population according to mother tongue..........................................................................................7 1.2. Administration of population data ..............................................................................................................9 2. SPECIAL STATUS OF THE ÅLAND ISLANDS.............................................................................................................9 3. NUMBER OF SPEAKERS OF REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES IN FINLAND.................................................10 3.1. The numbers of persons speaking a regional or minority language..........................................................10 3.2. Swedish ......................................................................................................................................................10 -
Herders' Congress
Herders' Congress The oldest industry with the widest tracks We are now joining together in Inari for the 2ndWorld Another equally important part ofthis congress is the p- Reindeer Herders' Congress in the period of June 18-23, sibility of meeting each other. People living in a \zst area 200 1. Reindeer husbandry is one of the industries, which and working in a scattered industry need to learn to bow have survived longest and has made the widest tracks in each other. There is a possibility for us now to meet each the North. other and get acquainted, and in the congress pqyam rime The reindeer peoples are now gathering for the third time has been reserved for that purpose. We have been rrying and it is the second time that we are having a worldwide to arrange the program so that there will be a possibility reindeer congress. The first meeting was in 1993 in Trom- for each one of us to get acquainted with the 6eM of rese- so, Norway, with participants from 15 different reindeer arch in different reindeer regions as weU as aih the aut- peoples. It was then that the decision was made for estab- horities working with matters that concern reindeer hw- lishing the Association of World Reindeer Herders (WFU-I). bandry. The reindeer husbandry does not exis alone in its The second meeting took place in Nadym, in the central area, and it is necessary to cooperate with the adminima- reindeer herding area of Nenets in Yamal and it was there tion. that WRH officially was established in 1997. -
Researching Less-Resourced Languages – the Digisami Corpus
Researching Less-Resourced Languages – the DigiSami Corpus Kristiina Jokinen University of Helsinki, Finland and AIRC, AIST Tokyo Waterfront, Japan [email protected] Abstract Increased use of digital devices and data repositories has enabled a digital revolution in data collection and language research, and has also led to important activities supporting speech and language technology research for less-resourced languages. This paper describes the DigiSami project and its research results, focussing on spoken corpus collection and speech technology for the Fenno-Ugric language North Sami. The paper also discusses multifaceted questions on ethics and privacy related to data collection for less-resourced languages and indigenous communities. Keywords: corpus collection, under-resourced languages, North Sami with new technology applications. The main motivation 1. Introduction was to improve digital visibility and viability of the target languages, and to explore different choices for encouraging Several projects and events have increased research and maintaining the use of less-resourced languages in the activities for under-resourced languages during the past digitalized world. The goals of the DigiSami project are years. For instance, the DLDP-project (Digital Language discussed in Jokinen (2014) and Jokinen et al. (2017). Diversity Project) is to advance the sustainability of Europe’s regional and minority languages, while the Flare- The DigiSami project deals with the North Sami language net network and the LRE Map (Calzolari et al. 2012) have (Davvisámegiela) which belongs to the Fenno-Ugric had a big impact on sharing language resources and making language family and is one of the nine Sami languages speech corpora freely available. -
Samiskan Under Fyra Sekel I Svenska Kyrkans Arbete
Samiskan under fyra sekler i Svenska kyrkans arbete olavi korhonen Samiskan under fyra sekel i Svenska kyrkans arbete Abstract De första samiska böckerna publicerades 1619 av Nicolaus Andreæ, kyrkoherde i Piteå. Hans mässbok och ABC-bok hade mycket bristfällig samiska. Ett annat 1600-talsverk var Manuale Lapponicum (1648), en kyrkohandbok för Torne lappmark av Johannes Tornæus, kyrkoherde i Torneå. År 1669 utgavs en sydligare motsvarig- het för Ume och Pite lappmark av kyrkoherde Olaus Stephani Graan i Lycksele. Lycksele blev under 1700-talet centrum för arbetet med kyrklig litteratur på samiska. Där skapade prosten Pehr Fjellström ett skriftspråk på umesamisk grund. Han utgav en kyrkohandbok, Luthers lilla katekes och en psalmbok (1744) förutom en grammatik och en umesamisk ordsamling (1738). Viktigast var översättningen av Nya testamentet (1755). Genom att skola andra präster i samiska, bl.a. Pehr Hög- ström, Gellivare församlings förste kyrkoherde, spred Fjellström denna samiska till nordliga församlingar. Högström lade mer vikt vid lulesamiska i översättningen av en postilla (1737) och en katekes (1748), vilket gav ordförrådet en nordligare prägel. Ett viktigt verk var Johan Öhrlings och Eric Lindahls Lexicon Lapponicum (1780). Redan före år 1800 började arbetet att översätta Gamla testamentet till samiska. Kyrkoherde Samuel Öhrling i Jokkmokk hade huvudansvaret. I arbetet deltog flera sa- miskkunniga präster. Tat Ailes Tjalog, Den Heliga Skrift, trycktes 1811. Under 1800-talet utkom flera psalmböcker, av vilka en utgåva från 1895 länge brukades i Lule lappmark. När Lars Levi Læstadius lät trycka några småskrifter på lulesamiska, inleddes en över- gång till en samiska med fastare grund i ett områdes muntliga språk. -
Kuávsui Já Peeivičuovâ. 'Sarastus Ja Päivänvalo'. Inarinsaamen
(Nid.) 82-0 (Verkkojulkaisu) KUÁVSUI JÁ PEEIVIČUOVÂ. ’SARASTUS JA PÄIVÄNVALO’. INARINSAAMEN KIELEN REVITALISAATIO UUH9_VALMIS.inddH9_VALMIS.indd 1 117.5.20157.5.2015 221:44:231:44:23 Annika Pasanen: Kuávsui já peeivičuovâ. ’Sarastus ja päivänvalo’ . Inarinsaamen kielen revitalisaatio Uralica Helsingiensia 9. Layout, cover Alexandra Kellner, Niko Partanen Cover photograph Paadar Images Woman standing at the door of the church at Pielpajärvi ISBN 978-952-5667-70-7 Orders • Tilaukset ISSN 1797-3945 Tiedekirja <www.tiedekirja.fi> Unigrafi a Oy Snellmaninkatu 13 <[email protected]> Helsinki 2015 FI-00170 Helsinki Uralica Helsingiensia Uralica Helsingiensia is a series published jointly by the University of Helsinki Finno-Ugrian Studies Programme and the Finno-Ugrian Society. It features monographs and thematic col- lections of articles with a research focus on Uralic languages, and it also covers the linguistic and cultural aspects of Estonian, Hungarian and Saami studies at the University of Helsinki. The series has a peer review system, i.e. the manuscripts of all articles and monographs submitted for publication will be refereed by two anonymous reviewers before binding decisions are made concerning the publication of the material. Uralica Helsingiensia on Helsingin yliopiston suomalais-ugrilaiset kielet ja kulttuurit -oppi- aineryhmän yhdessä Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran kanssa julkaisema sarja, jossa ilmestyy monografi oita ja temaattisia artikkelikokoelmia. Niiden aihepiiri liittyy uralilaisten kielten tut- kimukseen ja kattaa myös Helsingin -
SELECTED ACTIVITIES RELATED to CLIMATE CHANGE, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE and EDUCATION in REINDEER HUSBANDRY 2016 - 2018
For the Barents Working Group of Indigenous Peoples (WGIP): SELECTED ACTIVITIES RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE and EDUCATION IN REINDEER HUSBANDRY 2016 - 2018. Reindeer herders traditionalfrom knowledge - transforming indigenous economy in the circumpolar north – side event UniversitySeptember of the 11 Arcticth UArctic Institute Conference for Circumpolar St Petersburg Reindeer 2016. Husbandry Unprecedented climate challenges and threats to reindeer husbandry will effects low sustainability of reindeer(UArctic herding EALÁT economy Institute) in the(UEI) circumpolar north, effecting local communities and environment. Future sustainable governance of reindeer husbandry might face major challenges related to these rapid changes. Reindeer husbandry represents a livelihood and way of life based on practices and knowledge developed through long-term COORDINATEDexperiences AT in livingINTERNATIONAL under harsh and CENTREhighly variable FOR conditions. REINDEER Therefore, HUSBANDRY reindeer herders’ traditional knowledge, culture, and language(ICR) provide a central foundation for rebuilding social ecological resilience locally, to be used to navigate through future shocks and disturbances. This workshop will explore potential ways to full and effective participation of indigenous reindeer herder towards ecologically, socially and economically sustainable societies. Governance of Arctic resources have to reconnect to our planet, and to the original indigenous knowledge base. Our vision is to develop adaptive skills to sustaining -
A World Heritage Site As Arena for Sami Ethno-Politics in Sweden
Managing Laponia ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology no 47 Carina Green Managing Laponia A World Heritage as arena for Sami ethno-politics in Sweden Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Geijersalen, Thun- bergsväg 3H, Uppsala, Friday, December 18, 2009 at 10:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Green, C. 2009. Manging Laponia. A World Heritage Site as Arena for Sami Ethno-Politics in Sweden. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology 47. 221 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-7656-4. This study deals with the implications of implementing the World Heritage site of Laponia in northern Sweden. Laponia, consisting of previously well-known national parks such as Stora Sjöfallet and Sarek, obtained its World Heritage status in 1996. Both the biological and geological significance of the area and the local Sami reindeer herding culture are in- cluded in the justification for World Heritage status. This thesis explores how Laponia became an arena for the long-standing Sami ethno-political struggle for increased self- governance and autonomy. In many other parts of the world, various joint management schemes between indigenous groups and national environmental protection agencies are more and more common, but in Sweden no such agreements between the Swedish Envi- ronmental Protection Agency and the Sami community have been tested. The local Sami demanded to have a significant influence, not to say control, over the future management of Laponia. These were demands that were not initially acknowledged by the local and national authorities, and the negotiations about the management of Laponia continued over a period of ten years. -
DOMINANT ETHNIC GROUPS in EUROPE, 1850-1940 · Ethnic Groups and Language Rights Volume III
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON GOVERNMENTS AND NON 1/ .f:( - DOMINANT ETHNIC GROUPS IN EUROPE, 1850-1940 · Ethnic Groups and Language Rights Volume III ~., i . 1 . Edited by { SERGIJ VILFAN in collaboration with 1 GUDMUND SANDVIK and LODE WILS 1. f' 1 ~... ,' Non-existent Sami Language Rights in Norway, 1850--1940 GUDMUND SANDVIK European Science Foundation NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS DARTMOUTH 128 .., 13 Non-existent Sami Language Rights in Norway, 1850-1940 GUDMUND SANDVIK Background The Samis are an ethnic minority in the Nordic countries and in Russia. According to more or less reliable censuses, they number today about 40 000 in Norway (1 per cent of the total population), 20000 in Sweden (0.25 per cent), 4500 in Finland (0.1 per cent) and 2000 on the Kola peninsula in Russia. Only Finland has had a regular ethnic census. The Samis call themselves sapmi or sabmi. It is only recently (after 1950) that this name has been generally accepted in the Nordic countries (singular same, plural samer). Tacitus wrote about fenni;1 Old English had finnas;2 Historia NorvegitE (History of Norway) written about P80 had finni,3 and the Norse word was {imzar. 4 In medieval Icelandic and Norwegian literature, Finnmork was the region in northern Scandinavia where the Samis lived. The northern most Norwegian fylke (county) of today, Finnmark, takes jts name from the huge medieval Finnmork. But Samis of today still use the name S4pnzi for the entire region where they live (See Map 13.1, ;].. which "shows S4pmiwith state frontiers and some Sami centres). 'Finner' is accordingly an authentic Norwegian name.