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Introduction 1. Arthur G. Green, in Discussion Following Ernest F. Ehrhardt, "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," Chemistry and Industry 43 (1924): 561-65, on 564

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Introduction 1. Arthur G. Green, in Discussion Following Ernest F. Ehrhardt, Notes Introduction 1. Arthur G. Green, in discussion following Ernest F. Ehrhardt, "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," Chemistry and Industry 43 (1924): 561-65, on 564. 2. This is mentioned by Ehrhardt, in "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," on 561, who is probably referring to a letter from Raphael Meldola published in the London Times on 20 January 1915. Though in 1904 Meldola drew a connection between Caro's departure from England and the decline of the British dye industry, Caro is not mentioned in Meldola's letter to the Times. See also Ehrhardt, "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," 564-65. 3. For a review of the industrial impact of Haber's ammonia synthesis, see Anthony S. Travis, "High Pressure Industrial Chemistry: The First Steps, 1909-1913, and the Impact," in Determinants in the Evolution of the European Chemical Industry, 1900-1939, eds. Anthony S. Travis, Harm G. SchrOter, Ernst Homburg, and Peter J. T. Morris (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998), 1-21. 4. Ehrhardt, "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," 564. A useful study of Caro is Curt Schuster, "Heinrich Caro," in Ludwigshafener Chemiker, ed. Kurt Oberdorffer (Dusseldorf, 1960), vol. 2, 45-83. See also John J. Beer, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, s.v. Heinrich Caro; and Ernst Darmstaedter, "Heinrich Caro," in Das Buch der grossen Chemiker, ed. Giinther Bugge (Berlin: Chemie Verlag,1929), vol. 2, 298-309. The most informative of the obituaries is August Bernthsen, "Heinrich Caro," Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 45 (1912): 1987-2042. 5. Green, in discussion following Ehrhardt, "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," on 564. 6. For the dearth of archival material on the British dye industry before around 1880, see entries in Peter J. T. Morris and Colin A. Russell, Archives of the British Chemical Industry 1750-1914: A Handlist, British Society for the History of Science Monographs, no. 6 (Faringdon, Oxfordshire: British Society for the History of Science, 1988). 7. Sir William Ramsay, Nature 12 November 1914; quoted in W. A. Tilden, "The Supply of Chemicals to Britain and Her Dependencies," Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 31 (1915): 19-20, and extracted from Journal ofthe Society of Arts, 27 November 1914,26. 8. The relevant texts are: Travis, "Heinrich Caro, Chemist and Calico Printer, and the Changeover from Natural to Artificial Dyes," in Natural Dyestuffi and Industrial Culture in Europe, 1750-1880, eds. Robert Fox and Agusti Nieto-Galan (Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 1999), 285-307 (chapter 2); Travis, "Heinrich Caro at Roberts, Dale & Co.," Ambix 38 (1991): 113-34 (chapter 3); Carsten Reinhardt and Travis, "The Introduction of Aniline Dyes to Paper Printing and Queen Victoria's Postage Stamps," Ambix44 (1997): 11-18 (chapter 4); Travis, "Theory from Practice: Portraying the Constitutions of Aniline Dyes in the 1860s," in The Invisible 360 Notes to Pages xiii, 1-9 Industrialist, eds. I1ana Lowy and Jean-Paul Gaudilliere (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), 122-42 (chapter 5); Reinhardt, "An Instrument of Corporate Strategy: The Central Research Laboratory at BASF, 1868-1890," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914: Industrial Growth, Pollution, and Projessionalization, eds. Ernst Homburg, Anthony S. Travis, and Hann G. SchrOter (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998),239-59 (chapter 8); Travis, "'Ambitious and Glory Hunting ... Impractical and Fantastic': Heinrich Caro at BASF," Technology and Culture 39 (1998): 105-15 (chapter 9); and Travis "Heinrich Caro and Ivan Levinstein: Uniting the Colours of Ludwigshafen and Lancashire," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914, eds. Homburg, Travis, and SchrOter, 261-80 (chapter 10). 9. Amalie Caro edited Heinrich Caro's lectures at meetings of engineers, delivered between 1890 and 1909, and speeches to gatherings of chemists between 1890 and 1908, published as Gesammelte Reden und Vortrage von Heinrich Caro (Leipzig: Otto Spamer, 1913). Chapter 1 1. The sister of Caro's mother was married to a respected physician in Breslau, and their son was a professor oflaw in Strasbourg. 2. "Me in Curriculum Vitae fUr mein Abiturienten-Examen, Berlin, den 5. September 1852," (hereafter cited as "Curriculum Vitae"), bound with "Erinnerungen an Dr. Heinrich Caro," unpublished volumes of typescript and other documents, including transcriptions of reminiscences by Caro and others, DM NL93/1 0/1, 1-4. All quotations in this chapter are translations from the German. 3. Thomas Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte 1800-1866. Burgerwelt und starker Staat (Miinchen: Beck, 5th ed., 1991),248-51. 4. "Curriculum Vitae," 4. 5. "Erinnerungen an Dr. Heinrich Caro," (hereafter "Erinnerungen"), DM NL93/1O/1, 1-2. 6. Caro's father had purchased estates in Angermiinde near the Baltic Sea and leased them out. Political unrest and ill luck of the tenants caused the Caro family to suffer considerable misfortune and fmancialloss. Eventually, the lands were sold off. 7. "Curriculum Vitae," 6. 8. "Curriculum Vitae," 7. 9. "Curriculum Vitae," 9. 10. "Erinnerungen," 3. 11. According to Amalie, on one occasion Meyerbeer "turned up to see his friend [Simon Caro] and told him with enthusiasm and delight that he had just discovered a young woman singer with wonderful talent." Soon this young woman featured in one of Meyerbeer's works at the Berlin opera house. She was Jenny Lind, "the Swedish Nightingale," born Johanna Maria Lind (1820-87). 12. "Curriculum Vitae," 11. 13. "Erinnerungen," 3-4. 14. The meeting of the Unified Landtag, an assembly of the provincial parliaments in Prussia, had been initiated in order to raise taxes to pay for a Berlin-to-Konigsberg railway. It was convened on 11 April 1847, and brought together East-Prussian Notes to Pages 9-22 361 Junkers and the wealthy citizenry of the Rhineland. Disputes led to cancellation of the proposed tax, and stoppage of the construction work on the railway. 15. "Curriculum Vitae," 13-14. 16. "Beschreibung meiner Erinnerungen der 48er Marztage, miterlebt als Tertianer, aufgezeichnet 1908," (hereafter "48er Marztage"), bound with "Erinnerungen," 24-25. 17. Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick (1797-1882) was mayor of Berlin from 1834 to 1848. As a result of the revolution he was forced to resign, but was re-elected in 1850 and remained in office until 1862. 18. "48erMarztage" 1-18. 19. "48erMarztage," 1-18. 20. "Curriculum Vitae," 14-15. 21. "Curriculum Vitae," 16-17. 22. RUdiger Hachtmann, Berlin 1848. Eine Politik- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte der Revolution (Bonn: Dietz, 1997), 252-56. 23. "Curriculum Vitae," 19. Appendix to Chapter 1 1. RUdiger Hachtmann, Berlin 1848. Eine Politik- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte der Revolution (Bonn: Dietz, 1997), 107-08,525. 2. Certain historical information that is not related to Caro's own experience in 1848 has been omitted. A valuable account of the events of March 1848 by a participant is Karl Ludwig von Prittwitz, Berlin 1848. Das Erinnerungswerk des Generalleutnants Karl Ludwig von Prittwitz und andere Quellen zur Berliner Marzrevolution und zur Geschichte PreufJens um die Mitte des 19 Jahrhunderts, ed. Gerd Heinrich (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1985). Von Prittwitz was commander of Prussian troops in Berlin from the afternoon of 18 March. The best impression from the other political side is the very detailed account by the deputy editor of the Berliner Zeitungshalle, Adolf Wolff, Berliner Revolutionschronik Darstellung der Berliner Bewegungen im Jahre 1848 nach politischen, sozialen und literarischen Beziehungen, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1851-54; reprinted, Leipzig, 1979). The most authoritative history of the events in Berlin is Hachtmann, Berlin 1848. 3. "Beschreibung meiner Erinnerungen der 48er Marztage, miterlebt als Tertianer, aufgezeichnet 1908," (hereafter "48er Marztage"), bound with "Erinnerungen," 8. 4. Hachtmann, Berlin 1848, 137-39. 5. Theodor Komer (1791-1813), poet of the wars of liberation against Napoleonic France, wrote the tragedy Zriny in 1812. Niklas Zriny, a Hungarian count, opposed Turkish troops during a 1566 offensive, and was killed during the siege of his fortress. 6. "48er Marztage," 9. 7. "48er Marztage," 10. 8. For a description of the fighting, see Hachtmann, Berlin 1848, 152-67. 9. "48er Marztage," 10-14. 10. For an account of the events, see David E. Barclay, Frederick William IV and the Prussian Monarchy, 1840-1861 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 138-45. 362 Notes to Pages 22-29 11. Hachtmann, Berlin 1848, 189-202. 12. "48er Marztage," 21. 13. "48er Marztage," 22-24. 14. This follows Thomas Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte 1800-1866. Biirgerwelt und starker Staat (Miinchen: Beck, 5th ed., 1991),527-89. Chapter 2 1. F. W. Nottebohm, Chronik der Koniglichen Gewerbe-Akademie zu Berlin. Festschrift zur Feier des Fiinftigjahrigen Bestehens der Anstalt (Berlin, 1871),29. 2. See Caro to Uirmann, 4 March 1904, DM NL93/1O/3. The mathematical ability was in the use of the Quetelet equation that Caro had just learned for his fmal examination at the Realgymnasium. 3. Rammelsberg and Magnus had joined the Gewerbeinstitut in 1850, but retained their links with the University of Berlin, where Magnus had been appointed a full professor in 1845, and Rammelsberg an associate professor in 1846. For the role of academic chemists in German polytechnics see Ernst Homburg, Van beroep 'Chemiker: ' De opkomst van de industriele chemicus en het polytechnische onderwijs in Duitsland (1790-1850) ('''Chemiker' by Occupation: The Rise of the Industrial Chemist and Polytechnic Education in Germany (1790-1850)") (Delft: Delftse Universitaire Pers, 1993). 4. "Lehr-
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