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Introduction 1. Arthur G. Green, in Discussion Following Ernest F. Ehrhardt, "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," Chemistry and Industry 43 (1924): 561-65, on 564
Notes Introduction 1. Arthur G. Green, in discussion following Ernest F. Ehrhardt, "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," Chemistry and Industry 43 (1924): 561-65, on 564. 2. This is mentioned by Ehrhardt, in "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," on 561, who is probably referring to a letter from Raphael Meldola published in the London Times on 20 January 1915. Though in 1904 Meldola drew a connection between Caro's departure from England and the decline of the British dye industry, Caro is not mentioned in Meldola's letter to the Times. See also Ehrhardt, "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," 564-65. 3. For a review of the industrial impact of Haber's ammonia synthesis, see Anthony S. Travis, "High Pressure Industrial Chemistry: The First Steps, 1909-1913, and the Impact," in Determinants in the Evolution of the European Chemical Industry, 1900-1939, eds. Anthony S. Travis, Harm G. SchrOter, Ernst Homburg, and Peter J. T. Morris (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998), 1-21. 4. Ehrhardt, "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," 564. A useful study of Caro is Curt Schuster, "Heinrich Caro," in Ludwigshafener Chemiker, ed. Kurt Oberdorffer (Dusseldorf, 1960), vol. 2, 45-83. See also John J. Beer, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, s.v. Heinrich Caro; and Ernst Darmstaedter, "Heinrich Caro," in Das Buch der grossen Chemiker, ed. Giinther Bugge (Berlin: Chemie Verlag,1929), vol. 2, 298-309. The most informative of the obituaries is August Bernthsen, "Heinrich Caro," Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 45 (1912): 1987-2042. 5. Green, in discussion following Ehrhardt, "Reminiscences of Dr. Caro," on 564. 6. For the dearth of archival material on the British dye industry before around 1880, see entries in Peter J. -
Why Don't Inventors Patent?
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES WHY DON'T INVENTORS PATENT? Petra Moser Working Paper 13294 http://www.nber.org/papers/w13294 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 August 2007 I wish to thank Ran Abramitzky, Tim Bresnahan, Latika Chaudhary, Avner Greif, Eric Hilt, Zorina Khan, Ken Sokoloff, and Peter Temin, as well as seminar participants at Berkeley, Boulder, MIT, Pisa, Stanford, Texas Law, and UCLA for helpful comments and the Hoover Institution for generous financial support through the National Fellows Program. Jon Casto, Irina Tallis, Alessandra Voena, and Anne Yeung provided excellent research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 2007 by Petra Moser. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Why Don't Inventors Patent? Petra Moser NBER Working Paper No. 13294 August 2007 JEL No. D02,D21,D23,D62,K0,L1,L5,N0,N2,N21,N23,O3,O31,O34,O38 ABSTRACT This paper argues that the ability to keep innovations secret may be a key determinant of patenting. To test this hypothesis, the paper examines a newly-collected data set of more than 7,000 American and British innovations at four world's fairs between 1851 and 1915. Exhibition data show that the industry where an innovation is made is the single most important determinant of patenting. Urbanization, high innovative quality, and low costs of patenting also encourage patenting, but these influences are small compared with industry effects. -
I.G. Farben's Petro-Chemical Plant and Concentration Camp at Auschwitz Robert Simon Yavner Old Dominion University
Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons History Theses & Dissertations History Summer 1984 I.G. Farben's Petro-Chemical Plant and Concentration Camp at Auschwitz Robert Simon Yavner Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/history_etds Part of the Economic History Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Yavner, Robert S.. "I.G. Farben's Petro-Chemical Plant and Concentration Camp at Auschwitz" (1984). Master of Arts (MA), thesis, History, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/7cqx-5d23 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/history_etds/27 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1.6. FARBEN'S PETRO-CHEMICAL PLANT AND CONCENTRATION CAMP AT AUSCHWITZ by Robert Simon Yavner B.A. May 1976, Gardner-Webb College A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS HISTORY OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 1984 Approved by: )arw±n Bostick (Director) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Robert Simon Yavner 1984 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT I.G. FARBEN’S PETRO-CHEMICAL PLANT AND CONCENTRATION CAMP AT AUSCHWITZ Robert Simon Yavner Old Dominion University, 1984 Director: Dr. Darwin Bostick This study examines the history of the petro chemical plant and concentration camp run by I.G. -
Military Tribunal, Indictments
MILITARY TRIBUNALS CASE No.6 THE UNITED STATES OK AMERICA -against- CARL KRAUCH, HERMANN SCHMITZ, GEORG VON SCHNITZLER, FRITZ GAJEWSKI, HEINRICH HOERLEIN, AUGUST VON KNIERIEM, FRITZ.a'ER MEER, CHRISTIAN SCHNEIDER, OTTO AMBROS, MAX BRUEGGEMANN, ERNST BUERGIN, HEINRICH BUETEFISCH, PAUL HAEFLIGER, MAX ILGNER, FRIEDRICH JAEHNE,. HANS KUEHNE, CARL LAUTENSCHLAEGER, WILHELM MANN, HEINRICH OSTER, KARL WURSTER, WALTER DUERR FELD, HEINRICH GATTINEAU, ERICH VON DER HEYDE, and HANS KUGLER, officialS of I. G. F ARBENINDUSTRIE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT Defendants OFFICE OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT FOR GERMANY (US) NURNBERG 1947 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/1e951a/ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/1e951a/ 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY 5 COUNT ONE-PLANNING, PREPARATION, INITIATION AND WAGING OF WARS OF AGGRESSION AND INVASIONS OF OTHER COUNTRIES 9 STATEMENT OF THE OFFENSE 9 PARTICULARS OF DEFENDANTS' PARTICIPATION 9 A. The Alliance of FARBEN with Hitlet· and the Nazi Party 9 B. F ARBEN synchronized all of its activities with the military planning of the German High Command 13 C. FARBEN participated in preparing the Four Year Plan and in directing the economic mobilization of Germany for war 15 D. F ARBEN participated in creating and equipping the Nazi military machine for aggressive war. 20 E. F ARB EN procured and stockpiled critical war materials . for the Nazi offensive / 22 F. FARBEN participated in weakening Germany's potential enemies 23 G. FARBEN carried on propaganda, intelligence, and espionage activ:ities 25 H. With the approach of war and with each new act of aggression, F ARBEN intensified its preparation for, and participation in, the planning and execution of such aggressions and the reaping of spoils therefrom 27 I. -
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I.G.FARBEN" INDUSTRIE AKTIEN GESELLSCHAFT FRANKFURT (J\\AIN) 1 9 4 0 I. G. Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft Frankfurt am Main Bericht des Vorstands und des Aufsichtsrats und Jahresabschluß für das Geschäftsjahr 1940. In Ehrfurcht und Dankbarkeit gedenken wir unserer Kameraden, die ihr Leben im Kampf um die Verteidigung unseres Vaterlandes hingegeben haben. 16. ordentliche Hauptversammlung Freitag, den 8. August 1941, vormittags 11 Uhr, in unseremVerwaltungsgebäude Frankfurt am Main, Grüneburgplatz. Tagesordnung: 1. Vorlage des Jahresabschlusses und des Geschäftsberichts für 1940 mit dem Prüfungs• bericht des Aufsichtsrats und Beschlußfassung über die Gewinnverteilung. 2. Entlastung von Vorstand und Aufsichtsrat. 3. Ermächtigung des Vorstands bis zum 1. August 1946 zur Erhöhung des Grund kapitals um bis RM 100000000.- durch Ausgabe neuer Stammaktien gegen Geld oder Sacheinlagen (genehmigtes Kapital). Änderung des § 6 der Satzung. 4. Wahlen zum Aufsichtsrat. 5. Wahl des Abschlußprüfers für das Geschäftsjahr 1941. VORSTAND. Geheimer Kommerzienrat Dr. HER M AN N SC H M IT Z, Ludwigshafen a. Rh./Heidelberg, Vorsitzer, Dr. FRITZ GAJEWSKI, Leipzig, Professor Dr. HEINRICH HÖRLEIN, Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Dr. AUGUST v. KNIERIEM, Mannheim, Zentralausschuß Dr. FRITZ TER MEER, Kronberg (Taunus), Dr. CHRISTIAN SCHNEIDER, Leuna, Dr. GEORG von SCHNITZLER, Frankfurt am Main, Dr. OTTO AMBROS, Ludwigshafen a. Rh., Dr. MAX BRÜGGEMANN, Käln-Marienburg, Dr. ERNST BÜRGIN, Bitterfeld, Dr. HEINRICH BÜTEFISCH, Leuna, PAUL HAEFLIGER, Frankfurt am Main, Dr. MAX JLGNER, Berlin-Steglitz, Dr. CONSTANTIN JACOBI, Frankfurt am Main, Dip!. Ing. FRIEDRICH JÄHNE, Frankfurt am Main, Dr. HANS KÜHNE, Leverkusen-LG. Werk, Professor Dr. CARL LUDWIG LAUTENSCHLÄGER, Frankfurt am Main, Generalkonsul WILHELM RUDOLF MANN, Berlin-Grunewald, Dr. HEINRICH OSTER, Berlin-Charlottenburg, Kommerzialrat WILHELM OTTO, Berlin-Zehlendorf-West, Dr. -
Objective List of German and Austrian Scientists. (1,600 “Scientists”) Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency
Objective List of German and Austrian Scientists. (1,600 “Scientists”) Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency. 2 January 1947. Name and Address Field Dr. Udo Adelsburger Crystal clocks & H. F. Heidelberg measurements Heinrich Adenstedt Jet Engines Remscheidt, Brunswick Prof. Dr. Arnold Agatz Marine Engineer Berlin-Zehlendorf West Hans Knirschweg 13 Dipl. Ing. Ahrens Tech. Designer of Stuttgart/Sindelfingen (AZ) Automobile bodies Gerhard E Aichinger Parachutes Wright Field, Ohio Dr. Leonard Alberts Hydro-carbons Army War College Washington, D.C. Dr. Wolfgang Alt CW Expert Gendorf, Bavaria Dr. Herbert Altwicker Production of Aircraft Biederscheld nr Dillenberg Equipment Dr. Otto Ambros CW Expert Gendorf, Bavaria Dr. Rudolph Maria Ammann Jet Engines Wright Field, Ohio Hans, Amtmann Aircraft Engineer Hamburg-Volksdorf, Ahrens-Burgerstr. 98 Hans Amtsberg Shipbuilding and Berlin, Steglitz Model Basins Kissingerstr. 9 Director W. Anders Welding Research Halle/Saale-Throtha 1 Wilhelm Angele Guided Missiles Fort Bliss, Texas Prof. Dr. Ernst Von Angerer Atomic Spectroscopist Munich 23, Gieslastr. 17 I Herrmann Anscheultz Aircraft Munich 25, Valleystr. 47 Dipl. Ing. Antz Aircraft Development Berlin Ing. Erich Apel Manufacturing Engineer Creya bei Bleicherode Suedharz (RZ) Baron Manfred Von Ardenne Nuclear Physics Dr. Gottfried Max Arnold Supersonic Measures Wright Field, Ohio Dr. Carol Aschenbrenner Aerial Photography Wright Field, Ohio Dr. Volker Aschoff Acoustic Torpedoes Gdynia, Poland and Homing Devices Walter Attman Glass Expert Von Aulock Torpedoes Gotenhafen Herbert Feliya Axter Guided Missiles Fort Bliss, Texas Dr. Aufmkampf Meteorology Ainring Airport, near Salzburg Baars (FNU) Batteries Westfalon Dr. Bachem Electronics Konstanz Dipl. Ing. Erich Bachem Aeronautical Engineering Walosee, Wuertt 2 Dr. Erich Bagge Gas Turbines Brunswick Erich K. -
Historical Group
Historical Group OCCASIONAL PAPERS No 7 Nitrogen, Novel High-Pressure Chemistry, and the German War Effort (1900-1918) Anthony S. Travis (Sidney M. Edelstein Center for the History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) The Seventh Wheeler Lecture Royal Society of Chemistry, 22 October 2014 April 2015 Introduction “The story still is told of a Minister, a member of the War Cabinet, who, finding the conversation at a certain dinner turning to the sinister menace of the submarine campaign, then at its height, and its effects especially on the Chile communications, turned to his neighbour with the enquiry: ‘Tell me, what is this nitrate they are all making such a fuss about?’” Stanley I. Levy, “The Status of Chemists and Chemistry”, in Chemistry and Industry, no. 11 (14 March 1924): 285-6. Apocryphal or not, this extract from the correspondence columns of the then new British journal Chemistry and Industry in 1924 exposes the apparent general ignorance in Britain, and also for a time in Germany, of a crucial and even desperate episode in the conduct of what became known as the First Great War. “Nitrate”, a commodity essential to the production of modern explosives employed in warfare, mainly aromatic nitro compounds such as TNT and picric acid, was common currency to all belligerents. Nevertheless outside of scientific and industrial circles the critical roles of what was in fact Chilean nitrate (Chilean saltpetre, or sodium nitrate), extracted from the mineral caliche, and the other nitrogen-containing chemicals of commerce, such as calcium cyanamide and ammonia, as sources of vast destructive power, was generally given little, if any, prominence at the start of the war in early August 1914. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. 8703618 Stokes, Raymond George RECOVERY AND RESURGENCE IN THE WEST GERMAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: ALLIED POLICY AND THE I.G. FARBEN SUCCESSOR COMPANIES, 1945-1951 The Ohio Stale University Ph.D. 1986 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Stokes, Raymond George All Rights Reserved RECOVERY AND RESURGENCE IN THE WEST GERMAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: ALLIED POLICY AND THE I.G. -
BASF History We Create Chemistry 1865 – 2015
BASF History We create chemistry 1865 – 2015 150 years BASF History We create chemistry 1865 – 2015 BASF celebrates its 150th anniversary in 2015. Discover a company history which shows how chemistry enables new ideas and solutions. Table of Contents Chronology: 1865 – 1901 16 Chronology: 1902 – 1924 28 Responsibility 35 Chronology: 1925 – 1944 44 Solutions 53 Chronology: 1945 – 1964 62 Global Presence 71 Chronology: 1965 – 1989 80 Joint Success 89 Chronology: 1990 – 2015 98 Development of BASF’s Logo 112 3 1865 – 1901 1902 – 1924 1925 – 1944 1945 – 1964 1965 – 1989 1990 – 2015 Workers operate filter presses by hand to get indigo as dry as possible at the end of the production process in 1921. 1865 – 1901 The Age of Dyes 1865 – 1901 1902 – 1924 1925 – 1944 1945 – 1964 1965 – 1989 1990 – 2015 Das Zeitalter der Farben XXXX Female workers take care of plants at the Agricultural Research Station Limburgerhof, today Agricultural Center Limburgerhof, around the year 1925. Pot experiments yield information about the influence of fertilizers on plant growth. 1902 – 1924 The Haber-Bosch Process and the Age of Fertilizers 1865 – 1901 1902 – 1924 1925 – 1944 1945 – 1964 1965 – 1989 1990 – 2015 A high-pressure reactor with vast dimensions is fitted at the Ludwigs- hafen site in 1935. BASF pioneers high-pressure technology and intro- duces it to the chemical industry. High-pressure technology becomes 1925 – 1944 increasingly characteristic of indus- trial chemistry. New High-Pressure Syntheses 1865 – 1901 1902 – 1924 1925 – 1944 1945 – 1964 1965 – 1989 1990 – 2015 1945 – 1964 From New Beginnings to the Plastic Age Since the 1960s, plastics have opened up many new areas of application. -
Historical Group Occasional Paper 7 Nitrogen, Novel High-Pressure
Historical Group OCCASIONAL PAPERS No 7 Nitrogen, Novel High-Pressure Chemistry, and the German War Effort (1900-1918) Anthony S. Travis (Sidney M. Edelstein Center for the History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) The Seventh Wheeler Lecture Royal Society of Chemistry, 22 October 2014 April 2015 Introduction “The story still is told of a Minister, a member of the War Cabinet, who, finding the conversation at a certain dinner turning to the sinister menace of the submarine campaign, then at its height, and its effects especially on the Chile communications, turned to his neighbour with the enquiry: ‘Tell me, what is this nitrate they are all making such a fuss about?’” Stanley I. Levy, “The Status of Chemists and Chemistry”, in Chemistry and Industry, no. 11 (14 March 1924): 285-6. Apocryphal or not, this extract from the correspondence columns of the then new British journal Chemistry and Industry in 1924 exposes the apparent general ignorance in Britain, and also for a time in Germany, of a crucial and even desperate episode in the conduct of what became known as the First Great War. “Nitrate”, a commodity essential to the production of modern explosives employed in warfare, mainly aromatic nitro compounds such as TNT and picric acid, was common currency to all belligerents. Nevertheless outside of scientific and industrial circles the critical roles of what was in fact Chilean nitrate (Chilean saltpetre, or sodium nitrate), extracted from the mineral caliche, and the other nitrogen-containing chemicals of commerce, such as calcium cyanamide and ammonia, as sources of vast destructive power, was generally given little, if any, prominence at the start of the war in early August 1914. -
A Fresh Start, the Economic Miracle and the Dawn of the Age of Plastics
A Fresh Start, the Economic Miracle and the Dawn of the Age of Plastics The post-war years are marked The plan is to swiftly rebuild a Growth in the plastics segment by streams of refugees, a short- sales network and expand produc- in the 1950s and 1960s is pheno- age of housing and unemploy- tion. BASF decides to build a menal. Between 1953 and 1959 ment. City centers, residential new administrative building which alone, annual plastics production areas and industrial plants lie is Germany’s first skyscraper in West Germany more than in ruins. Reconstruction under over 100 meters high – visible triples. Backed by its prewar re- Allied control is difficult and pro- testimony to a new beginning. search results, BASF is able to gresses very slowly. Production take a leading position in this plants are dismantled, and the After the establishment of the development. Perlon and nylon – Allies, in particular the Soviet Federal Republic of Germany on polyamide synthetic fibers dis- Union and France, confiscate May 23, 1949, the first German covered before the war – register goods as they come off the government under chancellor sensational sales in the 1950s. production line to satisfy their Konrad Adenauer prepares Polyethylene is similarly success- demands for reparations. Germany’s return to the west Euro- ful. The use of polyethylene film pean community of democratic for packaging launches a devel- In May 1945, an 800-strong work- nations. Germans’ acceptance of opment that also revolutionalizes force starts production again at their new state goes hand in the entire method of production the Ludwigshafen site. -
Elements of a Finding
Paul M. Hebert Nuremberg Records LLA0006 Inventory Compiled by Travis H. Williams Paul M. Hebert Law Center Archival Collections Paul M. Hebert Law Center Library Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University 2019 PAUL M. HEBERT NUREMBERG RECORDS LLA0006 1932-2006 PAUL M. HEBERT LAW CENTER LIBRARY CONTENTS OF INVENTORY SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 3 BIOGRAPHICAL/HISTORICAL NOTE .......................................................................... 5 SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE ....................................................................................... 6 PROCESSING NOTE ........................................................................................................ 6 SERIES DESCRIPTIONS .................................................................................................. 7 INDEX TERMS .................................................................................................................. 8 CONTAINER LIST ............................................................................................................ 8 Use of archival materials. If you wish to examine materials in this collection, consult the container list and make note of which items you wish to see. Then inquire at the circulation desk about making an appointment to view those materials. Photocopying. Should you wish to request photocopies, please consult a staff member. Do not remove items to be photocopied. The existing order and arrangement