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WRA Species Report Family: Salicaceae Taxon: Flacourtia indica Synonym: Flacourtia ramontchi L’Hér. Common Name: batoko plum Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb. governor's plum Gmelina indica Burm. f. (basionym) Indian plum Madagascar plum ramontchi Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 12 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 9/7/2012 Flacourtia indica (Salicaceae) Page 1 of 10 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 12 Print Date: 9/7/2012 Flacourtia indica (Salicaceae) Page 2 of 10 Supporting Data: 101 2007. Wu, Z.Y./Raven, P.H./Hong, D.Y. (eds.). [Is the species highly domesticated? No evidence] "The taxonomy of Flacourtia Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through indica is complex. Some authors have treated the species in a broad sense, and Araliaceae). Science Press and Missouri include in synonymy not only F. ramontchi (see below) but also several other Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis entities found across tropical Asia and Africa. For an introduction to the problem, see Matthew (Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3(1): 59–61. 1983), Mitra (in Sharma et al., Fl. India 2: 402–403. 1993), Sleumer (Fl. Males., ser. 1, 5(1): 76– 77. 1954), and Verdcourt (in Dassanayake & Clayton, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 10: 222–224. 1996). Some of the taxonomic confusion might be due to a loss of significant field characters during the preparation of herbarium material (Verdcourt, loc. cit.). In the present account, F. ramontchi is treated as a separate species because, on the evidence of herbarium material at PE, it seems to be a distinct and recognizable entity within China. Descriptions of F. ramontchi vary; for example, compare that below with Matthew (loc. cit.)." 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Native: Program. Germplasm Resources Information AFRICA Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia; Somalia bin/npgs/html/index.pl East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda South Tropical Africa: Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa - Cape Province, Transvaal Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar ASIA-TEMPERATE China: China - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: India; Nepal; Sri Lanka Indo-China: Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Vietnam Malesia: Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines" 202 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Quality of climate match data 2-High] Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- bin/npgs/html/index.pl 203 1988. Booth, F.E.M./Wickens, G.E.. Non-Timber [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Climate - Occurs in a Uses of Selected Arid Zone Trees and Shrubs in wide range of climatic regions." … "Altitude - Sea level to 2400 m." Africa. Volume 19 of FAO Conservation Guide. Food & Agriculture Org, Rome 203 2007. Wu, Z.Y./Raven, P.H./Hong, D.Y. (eds.). [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes. Broad native range and Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through elevation distribution exceeds 1000 m] "Broad-leaved forests; sea level to 1400 Araliaceae). Science Press and Missouri m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [widespread and cultivated in tropical Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific islands]." 203 2008. Janick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Encyclopedia of [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "…slow growing and is Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, UK found near homes and in fields in a variety of climates and soils south of the Sahara." 204 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Native: Program. Germplasm Resources Information AFRICA Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia; Somalia bin/npgs/html/index.pl East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda South Tropical Africa: Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa - Cape Province, Transvaal Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar ASIA-TEMPERATE China: China - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: India; Nepal; Sri Lanka Indo-China: Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Vietnam Malesia: Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines" 205 2008. Janick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Encyclopedia of [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, UK range? Yes] "It has been spread to the Caribbean, Central America, India and China." Print Date: 9/7/2012 Flacourtia indica (Salicaceae) Page 3 of 10 205 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kindt, R./Jamnadass, [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural R./Simons, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree range? Yes] "Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, China, Cuba, Dominica, reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Dominican Republic, Grenada, Indonesia, Jamaica, Madagascar, Malaysia, Agroforestry Centre, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/) the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands (US)" 301 1976. Morton, J.F.. Pestiferous spread of many [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Flacourtia indica Merr. (F. ramontchi ornamental and fruit species in South Florida. L'Her.) GOVERNOR'S PLUM. Seedlings found in hammocks and disturbed sites Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural on Key Biscayne and elsewhere in South Florida. (6)." Society. 89: 348-353. 301 2001. Sandlund, O.T./Schei, P.J./Viken, Å.. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Table 22.4 The 19 most invasive Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management. species on the Mascarene Islands." … "Very invasive on Mauritius, invasive on Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands Reunion and naturalised on Rodrigues" 301 2003. Wunderlin, R.P./Hansen, B.F.. Guide to [Naturalized beyond native range? Presumably Yes] "Disturbed sites. the Vascular Plants of Florida. University Press Rare…Escaped from cultivation" of Florida, Gainsville, FL 301 2005. Flora of North America Editorial [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Flowering and fruiting year-round. Committee. Flora of North America: North of Roadsides, grassy areas, hammock edges; 0-10 m; introduced; Fla." … Mexico, Volume 7. Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to "Flacourtia indica has been cultivated in southern Florida for a century or more Brassicaceae.
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