Invasive Alien Plants an Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Invasive Alien Plants an Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent Invasive Alien Plants An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent EDITED BY I.R. BHATT, J.S. SINGH, S.P. SINGH, R.S. TRIPATHI AND R.K. KOHL! 019eas Invasive Alien Plants An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent FSC ...wesc.org MIX Paper from responsible sources `FSC C013604 CABI INVASIVE SPECIES SERIES Invasive species are plants, animals or microorganisms not native to an ecosystem, whose introduction has threatened biodiversity, food security, health or economic development. Many ecosystems are affected by invasive species and they pose one of the biggest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Globalization through increased trade, transport, travel and tour- ism will inevitably increase the intentional or accidental introduction of organisms to new environments, and it is widely predicted that climate change will further increase the threat posed by invasive species. To help control and mitigate the effects of invasive species, scien- tists need access to information that not only provides an overview of and background to the field, but also keeps them up to date with the latest research findings. This series addresses all topics relating to invasive species, including biosecurity surveil- lance, mapping and modelling, economics of invasive species and species interactions in plant invasions. Aimed at researchers, upper-level students and policy makers, titles in the series provide international coverage of topics related to invasive species, including both a synthesis of facts and discussions of future research perspectives and possible solutions. Titles Available 1.Invasive Alien Plants : An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent Edited by J.R. Bhatt, J.S. Singh, R.S. Tripathi, S.P. Singh and R.K. Koh li Titles in Preparation 2.Invasive Plant Ecology and Management: Linking Processes to Practice Edited by T.A. Monaco and R.L. She ley Invasive Alien Plants An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent Edited by J.R. Bhatt Ministry of Environment and Forests, India J.S. Singh Banaras Hindu University, India S.P. Singh Uttarakhand State Institute of Technology and Science, India R.S. Tripathi National Botanical Research Institute, India and R.K. Koh li Panjab University, India 0 b)www.cabi.org CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 6173954056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 6173546875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Invasive alien plants : an ecological appraisal for the Indian subcontinent / edited by J.R. Bhatt ... [et al.]. p. cm. -- (CABI invasive species series ; 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-907-6 (alk. paper) 1. Invasive plants--India. 2. India--Environmental conditions. 3. Plant ecology--India. 4. Plant diversity--India. 5. Invasive plants--Control--India. 6. Invasive plants--Government policy--India. 7. Environmental policy--India. I. Bhatt, J.R. II. Title. III. Series. 0613.14157 2012 333.95'330954--dc23 2011026515 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 907 6 Commissioning editor: David Hemming Editorial assistant: Alexandra Lainsbury and Gwenan Spearing Production editor: Fiona Chippendale Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading. Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY. Contents Contributors vii 1 Plant Invasion in India: an Overview 1 R.K. Koh li, D.R. Batish, J.S. Singh, H.P. Singh and J.R. Bhatt PART I MAJOR INVASIVE PLANTS 2 Biology, Ecology and Spread of the Invasive Weed Parthenium hysterophorus in India 10 D.R. Batish, R.K. Koh li, H.P. Singh and G. Kaur 3 Invasive Species: Ecology and Impact of Lantana camara Invasions 19 G.P. Sharma and A.S. Raghubanshi 4 Biology of Chromolaena odorata, Ageratina adenophora and Ageratina riparia: a Review 43 R.S. Tripathi, A.S. Yadav and S.P.S. Kushwaha 5 Ageratum conyzoides: an Alien Invasive Weed in India 57 S. Kaur, D.R. Batish, R.K. Kohli and H.P. Singh 6 Predicting the Geographial Distribution of an Invasive Species (Chromolaena odorata L. (King) & H.E. Robins) in the Indian Subcontinent under Climate Change Scenarios 77 S.K. Barik and D. Adhikari 7 Impacts of Cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii on Coral Reef Environs of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, South-eastern India 89 J.K. Patterson Edward and J.R. Bhatt 8 Biology of Mikania micrantha H.B.K.: a Review 99 R.S. Tripathi, M.L. Khan and A.S. Yadav 9 Anthemis cotula L.: a Highly Invasive Species in the Kashmir Himalaya, India 108 Z.A. Reshi, M.A. Shah, I. Rashid and N. Rasool vi Contents 10A Brief Appraisal of Genus Potamogeton L. in the Kashmir Valley 126 A. Hassan Ganie, Z.A. Reshi and B.A. Wafai PART II STATUS, MAPPING AND DISTRIBUTION 11Remote Sensing of Invasive Alien Plant Species 131 S.P.S. Kushwaha 12Invasive Alien Weeds of the Western Ghats: Taxonomy and Distribution 139 R.R. Rao and K. Sagar 13Invasive Alien Plants in Tropical Forests of the South-eastern Ghats, India: Ecology and Management 162 N. Parthasarathy, L. Arul Pragasan and C. Muthumperumal 14Status of Alien Plant Invasions in the North-eastern Region of India 174 U. Shankar, A.S. Yadav, J.P.N. Rai and R.S. Tripathi 15Invasive Alien Weeds in the Tropics: the Changing Pattern in the Herbaceous Flora of Meghalaya in North-east India 189 R.R. Rao and K. Sagar 16Invasion by Alien Macrophytes in Freshwater Ecosystems of India 199 M.A. Shah and Z.A. Reshi 17Plant Invasions in Jammu and Kashmir State, India 216 A.A. Khuroo, Z.A. Reshi, G.H. Dar and I.A. Hamal PART III ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND RISK ASSESSMENT 18Risk Assessment for Management of Biological Invasions 227 Z.A. Reshi and I. Rashid 19Economics of Invasive Alien Species 244 V Kathuria and S.P. Singh PART IV POPULATION DYNAMICS AND UTILIZATION 20Population Dynamics of Invasive Alien Species of Eupatorium 257 R.S. Tripathi and A.S. Yadav 21Resource Utilization and Beneficial Aspects of Invasive Alien Weeds with Special Reference to the Western Ghats, India 271 R.R. Rao, K. Sagar and N. Sathyanarayana 22Lantana Mulching for Soil Fertility Improvement, Soil and Water Conservation and Crop Yield Enhancement in Rainfed Rice in the Kumaun Hills 282 P. Kumar, M. Pant and G.C.S. Negi PART V MANAGEMENT AND LEGISLATION 23Control of Lantana and Restoration of Biodiversity in Reserve Forests of Chandigarh: a Case Study 292 I. Singh Contents vii 24Woody, Alien and Invasive Prosopis julifiora (Swartz) D.C.: Management Dilemmas and Regulatory Issues in Gujarat 299 C.N. Pandey, R. Pandey and J.R. Bhatt Index 305 Contributors Adhikari, D., Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India; E-mail: [email protected] Arul Pragasan, L., Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Barik, S.K., Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India; E-mail: [email protected] Batish, D.R., Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Bhatt, J.R., Director, Ministry of Environment and Forests, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi, India; E-mail: [email protected] Dar, G.H., Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; E-mail: [email protected] Hamal, Irshad A., Vice-chancellor, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Raj ouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India; E-mail: [email protected] Hassan Ganie, A., Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; E-mail: [email protected] Kathuria, Vinish, Associate Professor, SJM School of Management, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India; E-mail: [email protected] Kaur, Gurpreet, Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Kaur, Shalinder, Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Khan, M.L., Department of Forestry, North-Eastern Regional Research Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed University), Nirjuli-791109 (Itanagar), Arunachal Pradesh, India; E-mail: [email protected] Khuroo, A.K., Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; E-mail: [email protected] Koh li, R.K., Chairman, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Kumar, P., G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora-263643 (Uttarakhand), India; E-mail: [email protected] Kushwaha, S.P.S., Forestry and Ecology Division, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, 4 Kalidas Marg, Dehradun-248001, India; E-mail: [email protected] viii ix Contributors Muthumperumal, C., Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Negi, G.C.S., G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Kosi- Katarmal, Almora-263643 (Uttarakhand), India; E-mail: [email protected] Pandey, C.N.,
Recommended publications
  • Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 550, Proc
    Proceeding ICMA-SURE – 2020 The 3rd International Conference On Multidisciplinary Approaches For Sustainable Rural Development Distinguishing two morphologically similar species of Asteraceae using a chloroplast DNA marker A H Susanto*1 and M Dwiati1 1 Faculty of Biology, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia * Email: [email protected] Abstract. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn and Calyptocarpus vialis Less are members of Asteraceae family that morphologically show high similarities. To genetically distinguish between them, a particular molecular marker should be employed. This study aims to present molecular comparison between both species using a chloroplast DNA marker, i.e. atpB – rbcL IGS. A pair of PCR universal primers was used to amplify the marker. Sequence alignment on the PCR products reveals longer S. nodiflora sequence in comparison to that of C. vialis. In addition, some transversions and transitions are also observed. This suggests that the two species exhibit considerable genetic difference despite their similar phenotypic appearance. 1. Introduction Many members of Asteraceae family are recognized for their potentials as ornamental, medicinal, and economic plants[1]. On the other hand, some others are known as invasive weeds[2], resulting in significant loss on several crops with respect to productivity[3]. Some species of Asteraceae family show very high phenotypical similarities causing difficulty in differentiating them from each other. For example, Calyptocarpus vialis Less has ever been identified as Synedrella vialis (Less.) A. Gray due to its high resemblance to Synedrella nodiflora[4]. Nevertheless, S. vialis is now changed into C. vialis [5] and this is the scientifically accepted name for the species, while S.
    [Show full text]
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genomic Impact of Mycoheterotrophy in Orchids
    fpls-12-632033 June 8, 2021 Time: 12:45 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 09 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.632033 The Genomic Impact of Mycoheterotrophy in Orchids Marcin J ˛akalski1, Julita Minasiewicz1, José Caius2,3, Michał May1, Marc-André Selosse1,4† and Etienne Delannoy2,3*† 1 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk,´ Gdansk,´ Poland, 2 Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Orsay, France, 3 Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France, 4 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Paris, France Mycoheterotrophic plants have lost the ability to photosynthesize and obtain essential mineral and organic nutrients from associated soil fungi. Despite involving radical changes in life history traits and ecological requirements, the transition from autotrophy Edited by: Susann Wicke, to mycoheterotrophy has occurred independently in many major lineages of land Humboldt University of Berlin, plants, most frequently in Orchidaceae. Yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this Germany shift are still poorly understood. A comparison of the transcriptomes of Epipogium Reviewed by: Maria D. Logacheva, aphyllum and Neottia nidus-avis, two completely mycoheterotrophic orchids, to other Skolkovo Institute of Science autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic orchids showed the unexpected retention of several and Technology, Russia genes associated with photosynthetic activities. In addition to these selected retentions, Sean W. Graham, University of British Columbia, the analysis of their expression profiles showed that many orthologs had inverted Canada underground/aboveground expression ratios compared to autotrophic species. Fatty Craig Barrett, West Virginia University, United States acid and amino acid biosynthesis as well as primary cell wall metabolism were among *Correspondence: the pathways most impacted by this expression reprogramming.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Practices of Sacred Natural Sites: a Socio-Religious Approach for Successful Implementation of Primary
    Medicinal practices of sacred natural sites: a socio-religious approach for successful implementation of primary healthcare services Rajasri Ray and Avik Ray Review Correspondence Abstract Rajasri Ray*, Avik Ray Centre for studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity and Background: Sacred groves are model systems that Sustainability (CEiBa), Malda - 732103, West have the potential to contribute to rural healthcare Bengal, India owing to their medicinal floral diversity and strong social acceptance. *Corresponding Author: Rajasri Ray; [email protected] Methods: We examined this idea employing ethnomedicinal plants and their application Ethnobotany Research & Applications documented from sacred groves across India. A total 20:34 (2020) of 65 published documents were shortlisted for the Key words: AYUSH; Ethnomedicine; Medicinal plant; preparation of database and statistical analysis. Sacred grove; Spatial fidelity; Tropical diseases Standard ethnobotanical indices and mapping were used to capture the current trend. Background Results: A total of 1247 species from 152 families Human-nature interaction has been long entwined in has been documented for use against eighteen the history of humanity. Apart from deriving natural categories of diseases common in tropical and sub- resources, humans have a deep rooted tradition of tropical landscapes. Though the reported species venerating nature which is extensively observed are clustered around a few widely distributed across continents (Verschuuren 2010). The tradition families, 71% of them are uniquely represented from has attracted attention of researchers and policy- any single biogeographic region. The use of multiple makers for its impact on local ecological and socio- species in treating an ailment, high use value of the economic dynamics. Ethnomedicine that emanated popular plants, and cross-community similarity in from this tradition, deals health issues with nature- disease treatment reflects rich community wisdom to derived resources.
    [Show full text]
  • State of New York City's Plants 2018
    STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 Daniel Atha & Brian Boom © 2018 The New York Botanical Garden All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-89327-955-4 Center for Conservation Strategy The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10458 All photos NYBG staff Citation: Atha, D. and B. Boom. 2018. State of New York City’s Plants 2018. Center for Conservation Strategy. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 132 pp. STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 10 DOCUMENTING THE CITY’S PLANTS 10 The Flora of New York City 11 Rare Species 14 Focus on Specific Area 16 Botanical Spectacle: Summer Snow 18 CITIZEN SCIENCE 20 THREATS TO THE CITY’S PLANTS 24 NEW YORK STATE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED INVASIVE SPECIES FOUND IN NEW YORK CITY 26 LOOKING AHEAD 27 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEGMENTS 30 LITERATURE CITED 31 APPENDIX Checklist of the Spontaneous Vascular Plants of New York City 32 Ferns and Fern Allies 35 Gymnosperms 36 Nymphaeales and Magnoliids 37 Monocots 67 Dicots 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report, State of New York City’s Plants 2018, is the first rankings of rare, threatened, endangered, and extinct species of what is envisioned by the Center for Conservation Strategy known from New York City, and based on this compilation of The New York Botanical Garden as annual updates thirteen percent of the City’s flora is imperiled or extinct in New summarizing the status of the spontaneous plant species of the York City. five boroughs of New York City. This year’s report deals with the City’s vascular plants (ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, We have begun the process of assessing conservation status and flowering plants), but in the future it is planned to phase in at the local level for all species.
    [Show full text]
  • Aethes Fortsat, Cochylidia, Cochylis Mv. (4326-4365) Aethes Cnicana (Wstw.)
    Cochylini del 3 Aethes fortsat, Cochylidia, Cochylis mv. (4326-4365) Aethes cnicana (Wstw.) 13-18 mm. Imago flyver om aftenen omkring foderplanten og kommer fint til lys i juni juli. Længere mod syd i to generationer. Der er en del variation. Båndet kan være næsten jævnt bredt i hele længden eller – oftere - noget knudret, men dog sammenhængende. Aethes cnicana (Wstw.) Larven lever i frø, rødder og stængler af forskellige tidsler, i Norden først og fremmest Tidsel og Bladhovedtidsel (Cirsium, Carduus). Den overvintrer og forpupper sig i stængel/rod om foråret. Udbredt og almindelig i hele det nordlige og centrale Europa. Aethes cnicana & rubigana Aethes cnicana (tv.) er lysere, mere roligt tegnet og midtbåndet er næsten udelt. Aethes rubigana (th.) har delt midtbånd og den nederste del ender med et rundt hoved, der tydeligt bøjer udad mod apex. Midt- båndet er også tydeligt bre- dere og der er et tydeligt, bredt bånd af lidt mørkere skæl længere ude på vingen. Aethes rubigana (Tr.) 15-19 mm. Imago flyver i aftentimerne omkring foderplanterne i juli-august og kommer gerne til lys. Længere mod syd er der også en generation i maj-juni. Også hos denne art er der en del variation, men båndet er altid afbrudt. Aethes rubigana (Tr.) Larven lever i september-oktober i blomsterhovederne af Burre (Actium) og overvintrer i stængel/rodstok. Sommergenerationen kan leve også i bladene. Aethes rubigana (Tr.) Arten kan også være meget spraglet og mørkere i yderfeltet som det viste eksemplar. Det er oftest hunner. Aethes rubigana (Tr.) Arten er udbredt øst for israndslinjen i Danmark og lokalt almindelig.
    [Show full text]
  • Lamiales Newsletter
    LAMIALES NEWSLETTER LAMIALES Issue number 4 February 1996 ISSN 1358-2305 EDITORIAL CONTENTS R.M. Harley & A. Paton Editorial 1 Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK The Lavender Bag 1 Welcome to the fourth Lamiales Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, Newsletter. As usual, we still Mexico D.F. Mexico. Tel: Lamiaceae research in require articles for inclusion in the +5256224448. Fax: +525616 22 17. Hungary 1 next edition. If you would like to e-mail: [email protected] receive this or future Newsletters and T.P. Ramamoorthy, 412 Heart- Alien Salvia in Ethiopia 3 and are not already on our mailing wood Dr., Austin, TX 78745, USA. list, or wish to contribute an article, They are anxious to hear from any- Pollination ecology of please do not hesitate to contact us. one willing to help organise the con- Labiatae in Mediterranean 4 The editors’ e-mail addresses are: ference or who have ideas for sym- [email protected] or posium content. Studies on the genus Thymus 6 [email protected]. As reported in the last Newsletter the This edition of the Newsletter and Relationships of Subfamily Instituto de Quimica (UNAM, Mexi- the third edition (October 1994) will Pogostemonoideae 8 co City) have agreed to sponsor the shortly be available on the world Controversies over the next Lamiales conference. Due to wide web (http://www.rbgkew.org. Satureja complex 10 the current economic conditions in uk/science/lamiales). Mexico and to allow potential partici- This also gives a summary of what Obituary - Silvia Botta pants to plan ahead, it has been the Lamiales are and some of their de Miconi 11 decided to delay the conference until uses, details of Lamiales research at November 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • Synergistic Effect of Herbivory and Mycorrhizal Interactions on Plant Invasiveness
    African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6(19), pp. 4107-4112, 23 May, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR DOI: 10.5897/AJMR11.1278 ISSN 1996-0808 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Synergistic effect of herbivory and mycorrhizal interactions on plant invasiveness Manzoor A. Shah1*, Z. A. Reshi and I. Rashid2 1Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India. 2Government Degree College (Boys), Baramulla, Kashmir, India. Accepted 9 December, 2011 Amongst many novel interactions that alien plants forge with their new associates in the introduced range, the role of Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) mutualism and herbivory has been hitherto studied separately. Since these associations operate concurrently in nature to influence plant performance, we attempted to investigate their interactive effect on invasiveness of Mayweed Chamomile (Anthemis cotula L.), a highly invasive species in the Kashmir Himalaya, India. Survey of some field populations of A. cotula in native (European) and introduced (Kashmir Himalayan) regions revealed high incidence of phytophagous parasites on the species in native range, in contrast to almost enemy-free populations in the introduced range. However, occasional association of an aphid herbivore with some individuals of A. cotula in the introduced range was found to have positive influence on traits contributing to invasiveness of the species. We subsequently established a pot experiment in which A. cotula was grown with and without mycorrhizas and herbivores, both in isolation and combination. Results revealed that mycorrhizal inoculation and herbivory, both in isolation and in combination, influenced significantly growth and fitness, hence invasiveness, of A. cotula.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosome Numbers in Compositae, XII: Heliantheae
    SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 0 NCTMBER 52 Chromosome Numbers in Compositae, XII: Heliantheae Harold Robinson, A. Michael Powell, Robert M. King, andJames F. Weedin SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1981 ABSTRACT Robinson, Harold, A. Michael Powell, Robert M. King, and James F. Weedin. Chromosome Numbers in Compositae, XII: Heliantheae. Smithsonian Contri- butions to Botany, number 52, 28 pages, 3 tables, 1981.-Chromosome reports are provided for 145 populations, including first reports for 33 species and three genera, Garcilassa, Riencourtia, and Helianthopsis. Chromosome numbers are arranged according to Robinson’s recently broadened concept of the Heliantheae, with citations for 212 of the ca. 265 genera and 32 of the 35 subtribes. Diverse elements, including the Ambrosieae, typical Heliantheae, most Helenieae, the Tegeteae, and genera such as Arnica from the Senecioneae, are seen to share a specialized cytological history involving polyploid ancestry. The authors disagree with one another regarding the point at which such polyploidy occurred and on whether subtribes lacking higher numbers, such as the Galinsoginae, share the polyploid ancestry. Numerous examples of aneuploid decrease, secondary polyploidy, and some secondary aneuploid decreases are cited. The Marshalliinae are considered remote from other subtribes and close to the Inuleae. Evidence from related tribes favors an ultimate base of X = 10 for the Heliantheae and at least the subfamily As teroideae. OFFICIALPUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIESCOVER DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the katsura tree Cercidiphyllumjaponicum Siebold and Zuccarini. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Chromosome numbers in Compositae, XII.
    [Show full text]
  • Low Risk Aquarium and Pond Plants
    Plant Identification Guide Low-risk aquarium and pond plants Planting these in your pond or aquarium is environmentally-friendly. Glossostigma elatinoides, image © Sonia Frimmel. One of the biggest threats to New Zealand’s waterbodies is the establishment and proliferation of weeds. The majority of New Zealand’s current aquatic weeds started out as aquarium and pond plants. To reduce the occurrence of new weeds becoming established in waterbodies this guide has been prepared to encourage the use of aquarium and pond plants that pose minimal risk to waterbodies. Guide prepared by Dr John Clayton, Paula Reeves, Paul Champion and Tracey Edwards, National Centre of Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity, NIWA with funding from the Department of Conservation. The guides will be updated on a regular basis and will be available on the NIWA website: www.niwa.co.nz/ncabb/tools. Key to plant life-forms Sprawling marginal plants. Grow across the ground and out over water. Pond plants Short turf-like plants. Grow in shallow water on the edges of ponds and foreground of aquariums. Includes very small plants (up to 2-3 cm in height). Most species can grow both submerged (usually more erect) and emergent. Pond and aquarium plants Tall emergent plants. Can grow in water depths up to 2 m deep depending on the species. Usually tall reed-like plants but sometimes with broad leaves. Ideal for deeper ponds. Pond plants Free floating plants. These plants grow on the water surface and are not anchored to banks or bottom substrates. Pond and aquarium plants Floating-leaved plants. Water lily-type plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Illinois Bundleflower (Desmanthus Illinoensis) Story by Alan Shadow, Manager USDA-NRCS East Texas Plant Materials Center Nacogdoches, Texas
    Helping People Help The Land September/October 2011 Issue No. 11 The Reverchon Naturalist Recognizing the work of French botanist Julien Reverchon, who began collecting throughout the North Central Texas area in 1876, and all the botanists/naturalists who have followed ... Drought, Heat and Native Trees ranging from simple things like more extensive root systems, to more drastic measures like pre- Story by Bruce Kreitler mature defoliation, what they actually have little Abilene, Texas defense against is a very prolonged period of no appreciable water supply. nybody that has traveled in Texas this year A will have noticed that not only most of the By the way, even though they are usually the land browned out, but also if you look at the trees same species, there is a difference in landscape in the fields and beside the roads, they aren't trees and native trees, which are untended plants looking so good either. It doesn't take a rocket that have to fend for themselves. While they are scientist to realize that extreme high temperatures indeed the same basic trees, the differences be- combined with, and partially caused by, drought tween the environments that they live in are huge are hard on trees. and thus overall general environmental factors such as drought, temperature, and insect infesta- Since I'm pretty sure that most of the people read- tions act on them differently. For the purposes of ing this article understand very well that drought this article, I'm referring to trees that are on their is a problem for trees, the question isn't is the pre- own, untended for their entire lives in fields, pas- sent drought going to have an effect on trees, but tures, forests, or just wherever nature has placed rather, what are the present effects of the drought them and refer to them as native trees.
    [Show full text]
  • 22 Foodplant Ecology of the Butterfly Chlosyne Lacinia
    22 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY 1972. Coevolution: patterns of legume predation by a lycaenid butterfly. Oecologia, in press. BRUSSARD, P. F . & P. R. EHRLICH. 1970. Contrasting population biology of two species of butterflies. Nature 227: 91-92. DETmER, V. G. 1959. Food-plant distribution and density and larval dispersal as factors affecting insect populations. Can. Entomol. 91 : 581-596. DOWNEY, J. C. & W. C. FULLER. 1961. Variation in Plebe;us icarioides (Lycaeni­ dae ) 1. Food-plant specificity. J. Lepid. Soc. 15( 1) : 34-52. EHRLICH, P. R. & P. H. RAVEN. 1964. Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolu­ tion. Evolution 18: 586-608. GILBERT, L. E. 1971. The effect of resource distribution on population structure in the butterfly Euphydryas editha: Jasper Ridge vs. Del Puerto Canyon colonies. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University. SINGER, M. C. 1971. Evolution of food-plant preference in the butterfly Euphydryas editha. Evolution 25: 383-389. FOODPLANT ECOLOGY OF THE BUTTERFLY CHLOSYNE LACINIA (GEYER) (NYMPHALIDAE). 1. LARVAL FOODPLANTS RAYMOND \;y. NECK D epartment of Zoology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 For several years I have studied field populations of Chlosyne lacinia ( Geyer) (N ymphalidae: Melitaeini) in central and south Texas for genetic (Neck et aI., 1971) and ecological genetic data. A considerable amount of information concerning foodplants of this species has been collected. Foodplant utilization information is an important base from which ecological studies may emerge. Such information is also invaluable in evaluating the significance of tested foodplant preferences of larvae and adults. Such studies have been under way by other investigators and will be available for comparison with natural population observa­ tions.
    [Show full text]