Invasive Alien Plants An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent EDITED BY I.R. BHATT, J.S. SINGH, S.P. SINGH, R.S. TRIPATHI AND R.K. KOHL! 019eas Invasive Alien Plants An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent FSC ...wesc.org MIX Paper from responsible sources `FSC C013604 CABI INVASIVE SPECIES SERIES Invasive species are plants, animals or microorganisms not native to an ecosystem, whose introduction has threatened biodiversity, food security, health or economic development. Many ecosystems are affected by invasive species and they pose one of the biggest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Globalization through increased trade, transport, travel and tour- ism will inevitably increase the intentional or accidental introduction of organisms to new environments, and it is widely predicted that climate change will further increase the threat posed by invasive species. To help control and mitigate the effects of invasive species, scien- tists need access to information that not only provides an overview of and background to the field, but also keeps them up to date with the latest research findings. This series addresses all topics relating to invasive species, including biosecurity surveil- lance, mapping and modelling, economics of invasive species and species interactions in plant invasions. Aimed at researchers, upper-level students and policy makers, titles in the series provide international coverage of topics related to invasive species, including both a synthesis of facts and discussions of future research perspectives and possible solutions. Titles Available 1.Invasive Alien Plants : An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent Edited by J.R. Bhatt, J.S. Singh, R.S. Tripathi, S.P. Singh and R.K. Koh li Titles in Preparation 2.Invasive Plant Ecology and Management: Linking Processes to Practice Edited by T.A. Monaco and R.L. She ley Invasive Alien Plants An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent Edited by J.R. Bhatt Ministry of Environment and Forests, India J.S. Singh Banaras Hindu University, India S.P. Singh Uttarakhand State Institute of Technology and Science, India R.S. Tripathi National Botanical Research Institute, India and R.K. Koh li Panjab University, India 0 b)www.cabi.org CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 6173954056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 6173546875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Invasive alien plants : an ecological appraisal for the Indian subcontinent / edited by J.R. Bhatt ... [et al.]. p. cm. -- (CABI invasive species series ; 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-907-6 (alk. paper) 1. Invasive plants--India. 2. India--Environmental conditions. 3. Plant ecology--India. 4. Plant diversity--India. 5. Invasive plants--Control--India. 6. Invasive plants--Government policy--India. 7. Environmental policy--India. I. Bhatt, J.R. II. Title. III. Series. 0613.14157 2012 333.95'330954--dc23 2011026515 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 907 6 Commissioning editor: David Hemming Editorial assistant: Alexandra Lainsbury and Gwenan Spearing Production editor: Fiona Chippendale Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading. Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY. Contents Contributors vii 1 Plant Invasion in India: an Overview 1 R.K. Koh li, D.R. Batish, J.S. Singh, H.P. Singh and J.R. Bhatt PART I MAJOR INVASIVE PLANTS 2 Biology, Ecology and Spread of the Invasive Weed Parthenium hysterophorus in India 10 D.R. Batish, R.K. Koh li, H.P. Singh and G. Kaur 3 Invasive Species: Ecology and Impact of Lantana camara Invasions 19 G.P. Sharma and A.S. Raghubanshi 4 Biology of Chromolaena odorata, Ageratina adenophora and Ageratina riparia: a Review 43 R.S. Tripathi, A.S. Yadav and S.P.S. Kushwaha 5 Ageratum conyzoides: an Alien Invasive Weed in India 57 S. Kaur, D.R. Batish, R.K. Kohli and H.P. Singh 6 Predicting the Geographial Distribution of an Invasive Species (Chromolaena odorata L. (King) & H.E. Robins) in the Indian Subcontinent under Climate Change Scenarios 77 S.K. Barik and D. Adhikari 7 Impacts of Cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii on Coral Reef Environs of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, South-eastern India 89 J.K. Patterson Edward and J.R. Bhatt 8 Biology of Mikania micrantha H.B.K.: a Review 99 R.S. Tripathi, M.L. Khan and A.S. Yadav 9 Anthemis cotula L.: a Highly Invasive Species in the Kashmir Himalaya, India 108 Z.A. Reshi, M.A. Shah, I. Rashid and N. Rasool vi Contents 10A Brief Appraisal of Genus Potamogeton L. in the Kashmir Valley 126 A. Hassan Ganie, Z.A. Reshi and B.A. Wafai PART II STATUS, MAPPING AND DISTRIBUTION 11Remote Sensing of Invasive Alien Plant Species 131 S.P.S. Kushwaha 12Invasive Alien Weeds of the Western Ghats: Taxonomy and Distribution 139 R.R. Rao and K. Sagar 13Invasive Alien Plants in Tropical Forests of the South-eastern Ghats, India: Ecology and Management 162 N. Parthasarathy, L. Arul Pragasan and C. Muthumperumal 14Status of Alien Plant Invasions in the North-eastern Region of India 174 U. Shankar, A.S. Yadav, J.P.N. Rai and R.S. Tripathi 15Invasive Alien Weeds in the Tropics: the Changing Pattern in the Herbaceous Flora of Meghalaya in North-east India 189 R.R. Rao and K. Sagar 16Invasion by Alien Macrophytes in Freshwater Ecosystems of India 199 M.A. Shah and Z.A. Reshi 17Plant Invasions in Jammu and Kashmir State, India 216 A.A. Khuroo, Z.A. Reshi, G.H. Dar and I.A. Hamal PART III ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND RISK ASSESSMENT 18Risk Assessment for Management of Biological Invasions 227 Z.A. Reshi and I. Rashid 19Economics of Invasive Alien Species 244 V Kathuria and S.P. Singh PART IV POPULATION DYNAMICS AND UTILIZATION 20Population Dynamics of Invasive Alien Species of Eupatorium 257 R.S. Tripathi and A.S. Yadav 21Resource Utilization and Beneficial Aspects of Invasive Alien Weeds with Special Reference to the Western Ghats, India 271 R.R. Rao, K. Sagar and N. Sathyanarayana 22Lantana Mulching for Soil Fertility Improvement, Soil and Water Conservation and Crop Yield Enhancement in Rainfed Rice in the Kumaun Hills 282 P. Kumar, M. Pant and G.C.S. Negi PART V MANAGEMENT AND LEGISLATION 23Control of Lantana and Restoration of Biodiversity in Reserve Forests of Chandigarh: a Case Study 292 I. Singh Contents vii 24Woody, Alien and Invasive Prosopis julifiora (Swartz) D.C.: Management Dilemmas and Regulatory Issues in Gujarat 299 C.N. Pandey, R. Pandey and J.R. Bhatt Index 305 Contributors Adhikari, D., Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India; E-mail: [email protected] Arul Pragasan, L., Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Barik, S.K., Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India; E-mail: [email protected] Batish, D.R., Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Bhatt, J.R., Director, Ministry of Environment and Forests, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi, India; E-mail: [email protected] Dar, G.H., Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; E-mail: [email protected] Hamal, Irshad A., Vice-chancellor, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Raj ouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India; E-mail: [email protected] Hassan Ganie, A., Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; E-mail: [email protected] Kathuria, Vinish, Associate Professor, SJM School of Management, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India; E-mail: [email protected] Kaur, Gurpreet, Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Kaur, Shalinder, Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Khan, M.L., Department of Forestry, North-Eastern Regional Research Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed University), Nirjuli-791109 (Itanagar), Arunachal Pradesh, India; E-mail: [email protected] Khuroo, A.K., Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India; E-mail: [email protected] Koh li, R.K., Chairman, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Kumar, P., G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora-263643 (Uttarakhand), India; E-mail: [email protected] Kushwaha, S.P.S., Forestry and Ecology Division, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, 4 Kalidas Marg, Dehradun-248001, India; E-mail: [email protected] viii ix Contributors Muthumperumal, C., Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India; E-mail: [email protected] Negi, G.C.S., G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Kosi- Katarmal, Almora-263643 (Uttarakhand), India; E-mail: [email protected] Pandey, C.N.,