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Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Activities of Aerial Parts of Flacourtia Sepiaria Roxb

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Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Activities of Aerial Parts of Flacourtia Sepiaria Roxb International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume- 4, Issue-4, Oct.-2016 ANALGESIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF AERIAL PARTS OF FLACOURTIA SEPIARIA ROXB 1KANNAPPAN N, 2SREEJITH M 1Associate Professor of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy,Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002,Tamil Nadu. INDIA 2Assistant Professor,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,National College of Pharmacy Calicut, Kerala, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract— The present study was carried out to investigate the in vivo acute toxicity study, analgesic anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of various extracts of the aerial parts of Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb which belongs to the family of Flacourtiaceae. Flacourtia sepiaria is traditionally used as an antidote for snake poisoning, rheumatoid arthritis, gout and kidney diseases. The methanolic extract was found to be very safe up to 2000mg/kg body weight by acute toxicity model study as per the OECD guidelines 423. The methanol extract showed significant anti-nociceptive (analgesic) anti- inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities in a dose dependent manner. The methanol extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg exhibited significant anti-nociceptive anti- inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity. This activity can be attributed to the phenolic and flavonoid content in the methanol extract. Keywords— Flacourtia Sepiaria, Acute Toxicity, Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Hepatoprotective. I. INTRODUCTION the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up Medicinal plants continue to play a vital role in the about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing healthcare system of large proportions of world’s inflammation as opposed to opioids which affect the population. Over the past decade, herbal medicine has brain. All the conventional NSAID’s like aspirin, become a topic of global importance, making an diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin inhibit both impact on both world health and international trade COX-I and COX-II. Thus provide powerful relief [1]. India is one of the world’s twelve leading from pain and inflammation. biodiversity centers with the presence of over 45,000 different plant species. India’s diversity is unmatched Liver is one of the largest organs in human body and due to the presence of sixteen different agro climatic the chief site for intense metabolism and excretion. zones, ten vegetation zones, twenty-five biotic So it has a surprising role in the maintenance, provinces and four hundred and twenty-six biomes. performance and regulating homeostasis of the body. Analgesics are primary need of patients to get rid of It is involved with almost all the biochemical any kind of pain. The pain is one of the basic pathways to growth, fight against disease, nutrient symptoms of almost all human ailments which are a supply, energy provision and reproduction[4]. The sensorial modality and primary protection. Analgesics major functions of the liver are carbohydrate, protein only relieve pain in a particular complaint without and fat metabolism, detoxification, secretion of bile affecting its cause[2]. The most eminent analgesics and storage of vitamin. Thus to maintain a healthy including opiates and NSAIDs are not helpful in all liver is a crucial factor for overall health and well cases due to their adverse effects. Consequently, the being. But it is continuously exposed to new compounds with potent painkiller action and no environmental toxins and abused by poor drug habits side effects are being required to investigate. Beside and alcohol and prescribed over the counter drug pain, the inflammation involves a complex array of which can eventually lead to various liver ailments enzyme activation, mediator release, fluid like hepatitis, cirrhosis and alcoholic liver disease[5]. extravasations, cell migration, tissue breakdown and Thus by considering the above pros and cons related repair which are aimed at host defense and usually to the use of natural products we have embarked a activated in most disease conditions[3]. At present, research programme aimed at evaluating the plant the natural analgesics and anti-inflammatory of plant Flacourtia sepiaria for its analgesic, anti- origin are being appreciated due to possible toxicity inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. of synthetic drugs. Flacourtia sepiaria belonging to the family of Inflammation is essentially the process by which the Flacourtiaceae is a medium sized tree widely body’s white blood cells attack bacteria and viruses. distributed in the dry jungles of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa White blood cells, when detecting a pathogen, leave and all districts of the Madras presidency. An the blood vessel and release chemicals directed at the infusion of the leaves is given in case of snake bites foreign object. In some cases, the immune system and its bark triturated with sesame oil is used as a triggers an inflammatory response even in the liniment in rheumatism and gout. The ashes of root absence of a pathogen. Anti-inflammatory refers to Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Activities of Aerial Parts of Flacourtia Sepiaria Roxb 195 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume- 4, Issue-4, Oct.-2016 are also given in kidney diseases[6]. It has also been and methanol (MEF) by soxhlet extraction (order of proved to posses antimicrobial activity[7]. increasing polarity). The crude extracts were Flacourtia sepiaria (Flacourtiaceae) is the most concentrated by using rotary vacuum evaporator and useful traditional medicinal plant in India. Although dried at room temperature. The extract obtained with there is no such Phytopharmacological activities has each solvent was weighed and the percentage yield been carried out but, still it is considered as a was calculated in terms of dried weight of the plant valuable source of unique natural products for material. development of medicines and targeting against various diseases. Each part of its allied species i.e., Acute toxicity study (leaves, bark, stem, fruits, root and even whole plant) Toxicity studies were conducted as per internationally of the Flacourtia indica has demonstrated several accepted protocol drawn under OECD guidelines 423 pharmacological activities. So its quantification of the in Swiss albino mice. individual phytoconstituents as well as pharmacological profile based on in vitro, in vivo In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity: Carrageenan- studies has been investigated. induced paw edema in rats Wister rats of either sex with a body weight between II. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT 180-220 g were used. The animals were fasted for 18 STUDY hours prior to the experiment. Animals were divided into six groups of six animals each. Group I received In the present study we have chosen the plant normal saline (0.9%) and served as control. Group II Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb of family Flacourtiaceae received diclofenac sodium 50 mg/kg b.w i.p and traditionally used in the treatment of rheumatoid served as standard. Group III, IV, V and VI received arthritis, inflammation, gout, helminthic infestations, the MEF and EAEF extract respectively at dose of kidney diseases and also as an antidote to snake bite . 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w orally. One hour after Based on the extensive medicinal claims of oral administration, an injection of 0.1ml of Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb the current research work carrageenan (1% carrageenan suspended in 0.9% was carried out in order to scientifically evaluate the NaCl) was made into the right hind limb of each rat folklore claims and to explore the unexplored under the sub plantar aponeurosis. Measurement of phytochemical constituents. paw volume was done by means of volume The literature reveals that there are no previous displacement technique using plethysmometer (Ugo reports with regard to investigate the anti-nociceptive, Basile Italy) immediately after carrageenan injection anti-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activity of and after 6 hours. The results were tabulated by the various extracts of the plant. So the present study percentage of inhibition[8]. was planned to evaluate analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities including acute toxicity study. Percentage inhibition = X 100 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material: Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb. The aerial Vt is the average volume for each group after parts and leaves of Flacourtia sepiaria were collected treatment and Vo is the average volume for each from Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu, India during the group before treatment. month of March 2011. The plant was identified and authenticated by Mr. Chelladurai, Research Officer- Anti-nociceptive activity Botany, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda Writhing test in mice and Siddha, Government of India (Ref No:- The abdominal writhing response to the acetic acid NCP/CH/PS02). All the drugs and chemicals used for (1%, 10 ml/kg i.p) administration involves the work were purchased commercially and were of contractions of the hind limbs. The number of analytical grade. Instruments used were: Digital abdominal writhing was recorded for a period of 10 Balance (Sartorius Ltd, USA), Eppendorff minispin, min, starting 5 min after the administration [9]. For Mechanical shaker (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), the writhing tests, mice received acetic acid injection Shimadzu UV-1601 UV-Vis spectrophotometer. 30 min after receiving
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