Hungry Nation Benjamin Robert Siegel Index More Information Www

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42596-4 — Hungry Nation Benjamin Robert Siegel Index More Information 267

Index

Aadhar smart ID card scheme, 223 Lal Bahadur Shastri’s address on, 149 Abbas, K.A., 39 – 41 Rajendra Prasad’s address on, 60 Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action rationing ofi cials’ addresses on, Lab, 224 124 , 130 Abedin, Zainul, 37 All India Radio Jawaharlal Nehru’s Abel, Martin, 216 addresses on, 71 , 76 Abhyankar, N.G., 61 All India School of Hygiene and Public Acheson, Dean, 185 Health, 193 advertising, 71 , 209 All India Trade Union Congress, 123 Agrarian Reforms Committee (1946), 158 Allahabad, 141 agricultural credit, 176 , 197 protests and strikes in, 54 from the baniya (creditor), 7 Allahabad Agricultural Institute, 191 , 193 impeded access to, 217 Ambedkar, B.R. in Kisan Sabha analysis, 155 and Dalit refugees, 65 in the Bengal famine, 26 and Republican Party of India, 181 in the United States, 184 Dalit fast in name of, 214 institutional support from the United Amery, Lord Leo, 42 States, 148 , 169 Amma Canteens, 224 M.R. Masani’s support for Ananthasayanam, M., 78 cooperative, 174 Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Prices Commission, 226 , 227 1951 elections in, 161 agriculture new agricultural strategy in, 209 budget in First Five-Year Plan, 161 Annadurai, C.N., 214 ideologies of improvement, 185 , 200 Annapoorna (restaurant), 110 imagery of, 225 – 226 anthropology of food in South Asia, inputs, 154, 185 , 200 , 203 16 – 17 , 91 Ahmad, Ijaz, 59 Apte, Hari Narayan, 10 Ahmad, Ziauddin, 56 Argentina Alexander, Horace, 41 CPI criticism of wheat surplus in, 61 All India Agricultural Federation, 175 foodgrain imports from, 74 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Indian mission to, 58 Kazhagam (AIADMK), 224 artii cial rice, 88 , 97 , 106 All India Institute of Medical Science, 195 trials in Kerala, 106 All India Radio astrology, 203 C. Rajagopalachari’s address on Aurangabad, 229 unilateral decontrol in Madras Australia, foodgrain imports from, 94 , 139 on, 133 Aykroyd, Wallace R. colonial ofi cials’ addresses on, 42 , 58 and dietary transformation, 95 Herbert Hoover’s address on, 58 and the Bihar famine (1966), 207 Indira Gandhi’s address on, 204 and the Woodhead Commission, 43 Jawaharlal Nehru’s addresses on, 70, and women, 108 100 , 104 , 110 Azad, Maulana, 44 , 115

267

268 Index

Bachchan, Amitabh, 222 Bombay, 53 , 60 Bachchan, Harivansh Rai, 21 , 49 All India Women’s Council for Bajpai, G.S., 57 , 185 , 221 Supplementary Foods work in, 110 Bal Ahar (infant food), 207 corruption among food ofi cials in, 75 Bandyopadhyay, Manik, 39 exhibitions in, 110 Bandyopadhyay, Tarasankar, 39 , 160 farmers’ protests in, 229 baniya (creditor), 7 Food Advisory Committee, 139 Baroda, strikes and protests in, 61 introduction of rationing in, 121 Basu, Jyoti, 22 protests and strikes in, 53 , 121 , 144 below poverty line threshold, 222 rationing in, 124 Bengal famine (1943) reintroduction of food control in, 130 American Famine Mission to India, response to Bengal famine in, 30, 40 58 , 183 Bombay (State). See Maharashtra and Axis propaganda, 34 Bombay Plan (1944), 46, 51 , 52 , 97 and drafting of postwar food plan, 44 Borlaug, Norman, 201 , 217 and theater, 40 Bose, Subhas Chandra, 34 , 92 as demonstration of India’s depleted Bourke, Richard (Lord Mayo), 187 health, 51 Bowles, Chester, 144 , 189 as impetus for economic Boyd-Orr, Lord John, 70 planning, 79 , 83 Bradlee, Ben, 41 as impetus to move away from Brando, Marlon, 206 cereals, 93 British Indian Association, 122 cyclone in Midnapore district, 27 Buck, Pearl, 58 denial policy, 26 buffer stock, 88, 136 – 137 , 142 historiography of, 24 bullock capitalists. See new farmers’ hunger marchers, 21 movement in i lm and theater, 39 – 41 Burma, 26 , 94 in Kisan Sabha analysis, 155 literature and poetry, 21, 34 , 39 , 47 Cabinet Mission (1946), 40 , 59 philanthropy, 27 Calcutta, 29 , 37 , 65 private relief efforts, 32, 33 , 34 , 36 1946 recurrance of shortages, 54 prostitution, 37 American troops in, 28 Ram Nath Puri’s account of the, 1 Chinese community of, 33 reception in the United Kingdom, 41 colonial excesses in, 25 Bengal Famine (1943) Direct Action Day, 59 hunger marchers, 28 early rationing efforts in, 93 beriberi, 188 hunger marchers in, 21 Bharat versus India, 230 private relief efforts in, 34 Bharatiya Janata Party, 223 protests and strikes in, 125 , 144 Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 86 rationing in, 29 Bhargava, Thakurdas, 77 School of Tropical Medicine, 193 Bharti-Walmart, 224 staging of Bengal famine theater in, 40 Bhattacharjee, Kalyani, 36 California Hindu Farmers’ Association, 2 Bhattacharya, Bhabani, 47 cartoons Bhattacharya, Bijon, 40 anti-colonial, 10 , 28 Bhave, Vinoba. See Bhoodan movement anti-Communist, 36 Bhoodan movement, 163 – 165 of Jairamdas Daulatram, 71 , 75 Bihar, 87 of Jawaharlal Nehru, 173 protests and strikes in, 133 of K.M. Munshi, 87 , 112 Bihar famine (1966), 204 – 208 on the Bengal famine, 37 and family planning inducements, Casey, Richard, 26 , 42 207 caste short tether policy, 212 and agricultural planning, 74 , 83 Biswas, C.C., 32 and feeding in refugee camps, 65 Biswas, Hemango, 39 and Green Revolution violence, 213

Index 269

and land reform, 160 , 163 Sunil Janah’s photography for the, 37 and nutritional outcomes, 218 wartime collaboration with the British, and relief camps in the Bihar 22 , 23 , 36 famine, 207 Communist Party of India (Marxist), 213 correlation with malnutrition, 221 Community Development, 177, 189, in the new farmers’ movement, 230 198 , 203 censorship and the Bhoodan movement, 165 of anti-colonial materials, 1 Compton, Karl Taylor, 193 of anti-rationing sentiment, 122 Congress Working Committee, 92 , 96 of Bengal famine materials, 28 , Constituent Assembly debates, 77 – 79 , 222 30 , 32 , 33 cooperative agriculture, 162, 170 , 174 , 198 Central Food Advisory Council, 27 in Israel, 177 Central Food Technological Research in Yugoslavia, 177 Institute (CFTRI), 104 , 106 support of Jawaharlal Nehru, 158 Central Rice Research Institute, versus collective agriculture, 178 Cuttack, 201 corn (maize) Chakravarty, Vasudha, 24 , 36 as substitute food, 97 Chalam, G.V., 201 in Illinois, 183 , 200 Chandra, Jag Parvesh. See Miss a Meal in rations, 95 , 96 movement Indian research on hybrid varieties of, Chattopadhyay, Kamaladevi, 46 , 63 194 , 195 China, People’s Republic of, 168 planting by Jawaharlal Nehru, 101 agricultural collectivization in, 164 , Rockefeller Foundation research in 169 , 171 Mexico on hybrid varieties of, 201 agricultural economics in, 169 Rockefeller Foundation’s work on foodgrain imports from, 169 Indian, 194 Indian delegations to, 138 , 169 , 170 corruption, 36 , 75 , 126 , 203 inl uence on Indian agricultural Council of Scientii c and Industrial planning, 15 , 154 , 196 Research, 99 invasion of Tibet, 168 , 176 crop lodging, 201 nutritional comparison with Cultural Workers’ Committee for Fighting India, 222 Famine (Bombay), 53 Rockefeller Foundation projects Cummings, Ralph W., 194 in, 193 Curzon, Lord George Nathaniel, 25 , 188 Chittaprosad (Chittaprosad Bhattacharya), 37 Dalit Panthers, 214 Circular-i- Azadi , 1 Damodar Valley Project, 68 cloud seeding. See Project GROMET dams, 51 , 80 , 228 Combined Food Board, Dantwala, M.L., 158 , 162 , 198 Washington DC, 54 Darling, Malcolm, 156 Communist Party of India, 4 , 25 , 30 Das, Bhubanananda, 78 and criticism of P.L. 480, 136 dates, imported from Iraq as substitute and land reform, 140 , 159 food, 104 and rationing, 121 , 132 Daulatram, Jairamdas and the Bhoodan movement, 164 and refugees, 65 criticism of Interim Government’s food Communist censure of, 112 administration, 61 correspondence with Jawaharlal criticism of substitute food drive, 112 Nehru, 102 founding of, 24 Jawaharlal Nehru’s complaints about, 100 in Bengal, 30 parliamentary censure, 68 in Kerala, 167 , 204 satire of, 68 , 75 joint protest with other parties, 54 Delhi protests and strikes, 144 exhibitions in, 110 relief efforts in Bengal, 34 farmers’ protests in, 229 student leaders in London, 22 l ag raising in, 3

270 Index

Delhi (cont.) Etawah, 193 Food and Nutrition Exhibition in, 98 Ethiopia, Indian efforts to secure aid opening of Annapoorna restaurant in, 110 from, 59 planting of food crops in, 100 exhibitions on food and nutrition, 94 , rationing in, 123 98 , 110 refugees in, 18 , 53 , 65 expertise, 15 Vinoba Bhave’s 1951 trip to, 164 Department of Food, 1943 fair price shops, 139 , 206 , 226 establishment of, 29 Famine Inquiry Commission (1944), 25 derivative discourse, Indian nationalism famines (pre-1943), 5 , 7 , 9 as a, 14 “Great Famine” of 1876–1878, 188 Desai, Morarji, 144 , 195 , 227 in western India, 220 Development Advisory Ofi ce (Harvard Mughal relief efforts, 7 University), 199 farmer suicides, 225 Dey, S.K., 166 fertilizers, 79, 82 , 210 Dharti ke Lal (1946 K.A. Abbas absence of funding for in Rajendra i lm), 39 – 41 Prasad’s i rst food plan, 61 dietary transformation, 51 , 87 , 88 and the Planning Comission, 162 and women, 108 – 111 as substitute for cow dung, 51 putative impossibility of, 203 in Report on India’s Food Crisis and Steps Dodd, Norris, 70 to Meet It (1959), 197 domestic science, 108 i lm drain of wealth theory, 9 and substitute foods, 95 Drèze, Jean, 221 and the new agricultural strategy, 210 drought and the reversal of decontrol, 130 in Bihar, 204 at the 1959 World Agriculture Fair, 192 in Bombay and the Deccan, 53 contemporary, 225 in Kerala, 204 touring cinema vans, 71 dual burden (of obesity and malnutrition), Five- Year Plans 6 , 222 , 224 First Five-Year Plan (1951–1956), 113 , Dufferin Enquiry (1888), 8 114 , 117 , 131 Dutt, Rajani Palme, 40 , 41 First Five-Year Plan Dutt, Romesh Chunder, 10 , 220 (1951–1956), 52 , 77 First Five-Year Plan (1951–1956), 161 economics and economists, 61 , 67 , 69 , 79 , First Five-Year Plan (1951–1956), 162 80 , 81 , 92 , 93 , 96 , 114 , 122 , 126 , Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961), 127, 130 , 150 , 159, 169 , 171 , 172 , 138 , 140 179 , 183, 190 , 199 , 214 , 215 , 216 , Second Five-Year Plan 220 , 221 , 223 (1956–1961), 166 and drafting of the Bombay Plan, 46 Second Five-Year Plan and economic nationalism, 14 (1956–1961), 166 assessment of Bengal famine, 25 Second Five-Year Plan assessment of colonial malnutrition, 46 (1956–1961), 170 British experts, 44 Second Five-Year Plan late nineteenth-century, 9 (1956–1961), 173 Egypt, foodgrain imports from, 74 Third Five-Year Plan (1961–1966), 198 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 192 Food and Agriculture Organization, 45, elections, 1951–1952, 161 63 , 199 , 221 elections, 1962, 177 food control Enlai, Zhou, 171 and restaurants, 139 Ensminger, Douglas, 196 , 197 , 199 costs of, 131 entitlement theory, 23 , 231 court cases concerning, 119 – 120 equity, as guiding principle in Indian decontrol experiment (1948), 127 – 130 planning, 162 , 187 objections to, 120 , 122 , 139 , 141 , 143 Essential Commodities Act, 134 –136 , 146 popular contempt for, 125 , 132

Index 271

protests and strikes against, 124 Gandhi, Indira, 203 regulation of foodgrains movement, 1977 electoral defeat, 227 131 , 139 and Bihar famine (1966), 205 religious petitions for exemptions and famine in Kerala, 204 from, 141 and nationalization of the wheat violations of, 119 – 120 trade, 226 Food Corporation of India, 115, and populist campaigning, 214 , 226 147 – 149 , 226 and Project GROMET, 207 food surplus, Indian, 6 , 220 , 231 and the founding of the Women’s Food foodgrain imports Committee, 110 decision to end by 1951, 68 – 76 and tours of vegetable gardens, 101 from Argentina, 74 Gandhi, Mohandas K. from Australia, 94 , 139 1915 tour of India, 36 from China, 169 and development models, 5 from Egypt, 74 and refugees, 65 from Indonesia, 59 and self-discipline, 103 , 129 from Iran, 59 , 63 , 74 and Vinoba Bhave, 163 from Iraq, 63 assassination of, 67 , 129 from Morocco, 74 conl uence with liberal thought, 120 from Pakistan, 146 fast to protest partition, 63 from Southeast Asia, 139 Gandhian economists, 79 from the Soviet Union, 74 release from prison, 44 from the United States, 60 , 136 – 137 suggestions for meeting the 1946 food from Turkey, 60 crisis, 56 from Yugoslavia, 74 support for decontrol, 67, 98 , record amounts in 1949, 67 127 – 128 , 129 Foodgrains Enquiry Committee (1957), village republic model, 79 114 , 138 Gandhi, Sonia, 223 Foodgrains Policy Committee (1943), 44, Gandhian economics. See 93 , 97 , 122 Kumarappa, J.C. Foodgrains Policy Committee (1947) Gangulee, Nagendranath, 12 , 41 as antecedent to Subsidiary Food garibi hatao , 214 Production Committee, 105 Gaud, William, 212 assessment of wartime Grow More Food Ghosh, Ajoy, 164 campaign, 69 Ghosh, Kali Charan, 43 call for removal of food controls, 67 Global Hunger Index, 221 Communist criticism of, 112 Godavari district establishment of, 97 1945 cyclone in, 53 Gandhi’s support for, 127 black marketeering in, 119 Foodgrains Procurement Committee colonial investments in agriculture (1950), 75 , 133 in, 187 Foodgrains Stabilization Organization, 139 new agricultural strategy in, 209 Ford Foundation, 189 , 190 , 195 – 200 Goel, Sita Ram, 168 foreign direct investment, 223 , 225 Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 36 foreign exchange, 3 , 69 , 80 , 87 , 139 Gorwala, A.D., 56 , 128 Fox River Valley (Illinois), 183 Great Bengal Famine (1770), 7 Frankel, Francine, 215 Great Depression, 11 , 21 , 155 French, Henry Green Revolution and B.R. Sen, 42 access to technologies, 231 and rationing, 41 and inequity, 214 and the Bengal famine, 42 and William Gaud’s naming, 212 as alleged precursor to communism, 6 G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Nobel Peace Prize (1970) to Norman Technology, 192 Borlaug for work on, 217 Gadgil, N.V., 134 traditional accounts of, 186

272 Index

Gregory, Theodore, 93 , 122 founding as Imperial Agricultural Grow More Food campaign (1942), Research Institute, 11 , 188 27 , 52 , 69 funding by the Rockefeller Grow More Food campaign (1949), Foundation, 195 69 – 73 , 100 work of B. Sen at the, 216 growing of foodcrops in government Indian Air Force, 64 buildings, 71 Indian Council of Agricultural Research, guest control orders, 101 , 105 , 112 3 , 196 , 202 Guha, Sunil, 171 founding as Imperial Council of Gupta, Akhil, 224 Agricultural Research, 188 Indian Council of Agricultural Research Haldar, Gopal, 39 (ICAR), 68 Han-seng, Chen, 169 Indian food missions, 4 Henderson, Loy, 75 Indian Institute of Sciences, 97 Herbert, John, 26 Indian Medical Service, 11 , 91 Higginbottom, Sam, 193 Indian National Congress Hill, A.V., 44 1950 power struggle within the, 162 Hindu Mahasabha, 30 , 47 , 102 and development planning, 95 coalition with the Muslim League in and violence in Thanjavur (Tanjore) Bengal, 26 district, 213 conl ict with Muslim League and conl ict with Muslim League and Hindu Communist Party in Bengal, 25 Mahasabha in Bengal, 25 joint protest with other parties, 54 defeat in 2014 elections, 222 hoarding, 32 , 135 expectations upon the, 12 , 57 and decontrol, 128 fallout from Nagpur resolution, 178 and inl ation, 76 popular criticism of, 74 , 83 and the Essential Commodities Act, 136 release of leadership, 44 as alleged cause of Bengal famine, 29 theater, 152 at independence, 4 underground units in the Bengal famine demand of death penalty for, 37 (1943), 28 in the wake of farmers’ capture wartime detention, 27 of the Agricultural Prices Indian onion crisis (2010), 225 Commission, 226 Indian People’s Theater Association, 40 Lal Bahadur Shastri’s efforts to Indian Science Congress, 61 , 96 combat, 146 Indonesia, foodgrain imports from, 59 Hoffman, Paul, 195 industrialization, 216 home economics, 94 , 191 as inimical to India’s agrarian Hoover, Herbert, 58 character, 227 Hopper, W. David, 199 Institute of Political and Social Studies Howard, Albert, 188 (Calcutta), 175 hunger in contemporary India, statistics, Intensive Agricultural District Program 220 – 222 (IADP), 198 – 200 Huq, Fazlul, 26 , 27, 29 interim government, 59 , 61 Husain, M. Afzal, 96 International Emergency Food Council, Hutchings, Robert, 54 , 59 60 , 61 , 126 International Monetary Fund, 130 improved seeds, 197 , 201 International Rice Research India International Centre, 195 Institute, 201 India League, 41 Iran, foodgrain imports from, 59 , 63 , 74 Indian Agricultural Research Institute Iraq (IARI), 225 dates from, 104 basic research after independence, 68 foodgrain imports from, 63 creation of graduate school of irrigation, 210 agriculture, 195 colonial schemes in Punjab, 187 establishment of dwarf wheat breeding demand for investment in, 61 program, 201 economists’ support for improved, 81

Index 273

in Report on India’s Food Crisis and Steps Kerala to Meet It (1959), 197 1951 elections in, 161 in the Grow More Food campaign 1966 rice shortage in, 204 (1942), 69 Agrarian Relations Act, 178 merchants’ plans for better, 82 anti-landlord sentiment, 167 provisions for in the draft First Five-Year civic restaurants in, 94 Plan, 162 dock worker strike, 146 Islam, Kazi Nazrul, 39 Kerala Agrarian Relations Bill, 167 Ispahani, M.A.H., 29 , 47 new agricultural strategy in, 209 Israel rationing in, 124 cooperative agriculture in, 169, trials of artii cial rice in, 106 175 , 177 use of substitute foods in wartime, 106 Indian mission to, 177 wartime shortages in, 28 Italy, hunger marchers in, 28 Kesari (Marathi-language newspaper), 10 Keynes, John Maynard, 93 jai jawan, jai kisan [Long live the solider Khaitan, Debi Prasad, 93 and the farmer!], 115 , 225 Khandesh district, 73 Jain, A.P. Khanna, H.L., 63 and artii cial rice, 107n. 116 Kirby, W.H., 93 , 122 , 123 and China, 138 kisan raj , 157 and cooperative agriculture, 171 Kisan Sabha, 44 , 155 , 159 and famine in Kerala, 204 kitchen gardens, 109 and Foodgrains Enquiry Committee Kizhavenmani. See Thanjavur (Tanjore) (1957), 138 district, 1968 massacre in and state trading in foodgrains, 140 Kolhapur, 50 and Swatantra party, 178 Kripalani, J.B., 162 and the Indian farmer, 200 Krishak Praja Party, 26 , 30 appointment as Food Minister, 138 Krishnamachari, T.T., 140 , 202 criticism of C. Subramaniam, 145 Krishnamachari, V.T., 197 resignation of, 140 , 176 Kumarappa, J.C., 80 , 158 , 164 victory over C. Subramaniam, 176 Kumbh Mela, feeding of pilgrims at jajmani system, 8 the, 141 Jalees, Ibrahim, 39 Kunzru, H.N., 78 Jana Sangh, 177 , 178 and state trading in foodgrains, 140 Ladejinsky, Wolf, 179 , 216 efforts to abolish the Food Corporation Lady Irwin College, 94 of India, 148 Lahore, 1 , 34 Janah, Sunil, 37 land ceilings, 160, 162 , 168 , 179 , 181 Janata Party government (1977–1979), 227 land reform Japan, new agricultural methods from, 18 abolition of zamindari , 154 , 156, 158 , 160 Jayalalithaa, 224 and Communist Party of India, 140 Jha, L.K., 146 , 202 failure of, 179 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 31 , 57 , 59 ineffectiveness of, 160 Johnson, Lyndon, 205 , 212 tension between growth and equity, 154 Johnson, Sherman, 197 , 198 Lee-Warner, William, 89 Joshi, P.C., 36 , 37 , 98 , 140 liberalization, 231 Joshi, Sharad, 228 and impact on hunger, 223 journalism, 33 , 36 literature and poetry and kisan raj , 156 Kabir, Humayun, 22 , 31 and the Bengal famine, 21 , 34 , 39 Kamaraj, K., 148 and the Miss a Meal movement, 103n. 89 kans grass, 68 medieval Jain, 7 Karnal, 124 on the baniya , 7 Kashmir, 136 Telugu, 7 Kaur, Rajkumari Amrit, 102 , 194 Lucknow, 124 Kenya and Tanganyika, Indians in, 35 protests and strikes in, 54 , 61

274 Index

Madras (Chennai), 3 , 210 Marwari Chamber of Commerce, 82 Mahajan, Mehar Chand, 135 Muslim Grain Merchants’ Mahalanobis, P.C., 171 Association, 121 and Bengal famine statistics, 36 Southern India Chamber of and Rockefeller Foundation, 193 Commerce, 181 and Second Five-Year Plan Mexico (1956–1961), 138 Communist Party of, 24 and Second Five-Year Plan cooperative agriculture in, 175 (1956–1961), 166 Indian seed mission to, 201 and Second Five-Year Plan Rockefeller Foundation hybrid maize (1956–1961), 171 program in, 194 Maharashtra, 53 midday meal scheme, 224 withholding of crops in, 132 Midnapore district, 27 Malabar. See Kerala Military Evacuation Organization, 64 malnutrition, 51 Ministries of Food and Agriculture and liberalization, 231 and distribution of Iraqi dates, 104 childhood, 221 and food control, 67 colonial surveys, 11 , 91 and food imports, 64 , 74 , 86 comparative indicators, 6 and Grow More Food campaign in refugee camps, 66 (1949), 97 in Thanjavur (Tanjore) district, 218 and guest control orders, 101 Masani, M.R. and planting of food crops in Delhi, 100 address to Bombay’s Commerce and rationing, 131 Graduates’ Association, 143 and restrictions on movement of and the Bengal famine, 35 food, 139 assault on cooperative farming, 174 and substitute foods, 97 , 105 , 110 , 114 condemnation of colonial and the Ford Foundation, 199 government, 56 and the Miss a Meal movement, 104 Mathai, John, 48 , 127 and the Report on India’s Food Crisis and Mathai, M.O., 112 Steps to Meet It (1959), 198 Mayer, Albert, 193 as impossible government posting, 145 Megaw, John, 11 , 91 assumption of control by Rajendra Mehta, Ashok. See Foodgrains Enquiry Prasad, 59 Committee (1957) coni dential analysis by Food Ministry Mehta, G.L., 78 ofi cials, 76 Menon, V.K. Krishna, 41 , 63 corruption in the, 75 merchants’ groups creation of extension wing within, 190 All Indian Muslim Chamber of disagreement between wings over Commerce and Industry, 121 agricultural targets, 69 , 100 Andhra Chamber of Commerce, 114 , 132 leadership vacuum under Jairamdas Andhra Pradesh Federation of Daulatram, 68 Chambers of Commerce and mission to Iraq and Iran, 63 Industry, 142 petitions to, 61 , 140 Bombay Grain Dealers’ Association, 121 procurement efforts by, 139 Federation of All India Foodgrain publicity efforts, 130 , 161 Dealers’ Associations, 143 , 148 Rajendra Prasad’s i rst address to the, 60 Federation of Indian Chambers of request for Rockefeller Foundation Commerce and Industry, 100 , 115 assistance, 194 Gujarat Vepari Mahamandal, 148 victory of C. Subramaniam over Sanjiva Indian Chamber of Commerce, 93 Reddy, 144 Indian Grain Dealers’ Federation, 141 Ministry of Finance, 194 , 202 Indian Merchants’ Chamber, 56, 61 , Ministry of Home Affairs, 32 , 75 127 , 138 , 143 , 147 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Ismaili, 121 98 , 212 Madurai- Ramnad Chamber of Miss a Meal movement, 102 – 104 , Commerce, 147 , 148 112 – 113

Index 275

Miss a Meal movement, 115 Charan Singh’s contempt for the, modernization theory, 45 , 200 174 , 227 monsoon, failure of the 1965, 204 impact on Congress planning, 176 Mookherjee, Shyama Prasad, 30 Naidu, Gopalakrishna, 212 Moradabadi, Jigar, 39 Nair, Kusum, 168 , 172 moral economy, 8 Namboodiripad, E.M.S., 204 Morocco, foodgrain imports from, 74 Nanavati, Manilal, 43 , 46 Mudaliar, A. Ramaswami, 56 , 57 Nanda, Gulzarilal, 171 , 178 Mudaliar, A.L., 112 Naoroji, Dadabhai, 9 , 220 Mugali, R.S., 39 Narayan, Jayaprakash Mukerjee, Radhakamal, 12 , 92 and the Bengal famine, 31 multipurpose food, 206 and the Bhoodan movement, 164 , 165 Munshi, K.M. and the Bihar Relief Committee, 206 adoption of religious idioms, 89 Narayan, Shriman, 165 and 1950–1951 shortages, 87 Narayan, T.G., 37 and cooperative farming, 174 National Development Council, 138 , 140 and dietary transformation, 87 National Food Security Act (2013), and food control, 132 222 – 223 and hybrid corn breeding, 194 National Institute of Science, 92 and women, 87 National Institute of Virology, Pune, 195 appointment as Food Minister, 75 National Planning Committee, 48, 96 , 108 critique of colonial rule, 44 Nazimuddin, Khawaja, 29 , 57 decision to end foodgrain imports by Nehru, Jawaharlal 1951, 76 1949 trip to the United States, 73 , early career, 86 183 – 185 famine denial, 75 addresses on food, 61 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 76 , popular contempt for, 87 , 112 100, 104 , 110 Van Mahotsav (tree-planting and All India Institute of Food campaign), 86 Technology, 99 Munshi, Lilavati, 110 and artii cial foods, 99 Muslim League and China, 168 1946 return to power, 47 and Congress Working Committee, 92 Bengal famine publicity efforts, 42 and Constituent Assembly debates, 77 Bengal famine relief, 22 and cooperative agriculture, 140, call for Direct Action Day, 59 158 , 167 conl ict with Hindu Mahasabha and and decontrol, 134 Indian National Congress in and Gandhian language, 99 Bengal, 25 and Indian Science Congress, 61 conl ict with other parties, 30 and National Development Council, 140 formation of new government in April and National Planning 1943, 29 Committee, 48 , 96 joint protest with other parties, 54 and planting of food crops in Delhi, 100 meeting with American Famine Mission and sacrii ce, 56 , 102 , 114 , 117 to India, 58 and substitute foods, 100 , 101 Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s and the Bengal famine, 23 , 48, 54 defense of, 31 and the Indian peasantry, 36 perceived misadministration, 23 and women, 109 , 111 Myrdal, Gunnar, 179 appointment of Swaran Singh, 142 campaign for self-sufi cency by 1951, 74 Nagarjun, 39 , 160 criticism of, 74 , 75 , 112 Nagpur resolution, 197 death, 143 and Jawaharlal Nehru’s diminished development models, 79 authority, 141 , 176 diminished authority in the wake of the as reafi rmation of existing Second Nagpur Resolution, 141 Five- Year Plan commitments to discussions with Vinoba Bhave, 164 cooperative joint farming, 173 goal of self-sufi cency by 1951, 106

276 Index

Nehru, Jawaharlal (cont.) Delegation to China on Agrarian J.C. Kumarappa’s criticism of, 80 Cooperatives, 170 letters to Chief Ministers, 88 publicity photographs of, 73 Life magazine photo shoot, 196 satire of, 75 planting food at Teen Murti Bhavan, 101 Patil, S.K., 141 popular expectations of, 12 Peepli Live (2010 Anusha Rizvi i lm), 225 release from prison, 44 People’s Age , 37 , 61 , 62 , 112 tryst with destiny speech, 3 , 62 Permanent Settlement (1792), 154 Nehru, Rameshwari, 108 philanthropy, 48 new agricultural strategy, 117, 176 , 186, and the Bengal famine, 27 , 58 202, 203 , 208 – 219 and the Bihar famine (1966), 206 new farmers’ movement, 228 Philippines, improved rice strains from Nichols, Beverly, 94 the, 202 NITI Aayog, 225 photography, 32 Niyogi, Jnananjan, 43 and government publicity of agricultural Nutrition Research Laboratories, improvement efforts, 73 , 196 11 , 90 , 95 and the Bengal famine, 33 , 37 , 48 , 54 Pillai, K. Shankar. See Shankar’s Weekly obesity. See dual burden (of obesity and Planning Commission, 174 , 177 , 197 , 218 malnutrition) 2014 abolition of, 225 oilseeds, export of, 51 and Chinese expertise, 169 , 170 Oxfam, 206 and cooperative agriculture, 140 and Daniel Thorner, 172 Pai, T.A., 115 and Douglas Ensminger, 197 Pakistan and land reform, 166 1965 war with India, 114 , 148 and P.L. 480, 142 and Kashmir, 136 and resources devoted to agriculture, 198 and productive land, 3 , 62 , 64 and support prices, 138 and the FAO, 59 and T.T. Krishnamachari, 203 foodgrain imports from, 146 and the Bhoodan movement, 164 Hindu Mahasabha linking of Bengal and the Bihar famine, 205 famine with demand for, 47 and the new agricultural stratregy, 145 negotiations over wheat payment, 64 and Vinoba Bhave, 163 nutritional comparison with India, 221 establishment of the, 88 , 160 , 161 refugees from, 65 Lal Bahadur Shastri’s efforts to diminish Pal, B.P., 201 , 202 the inl uence of the, 202 Paliwal, K.D., 157 Point Four Program, 185 , 189 pamphlets, 51 Pope Paul VI, 205 anti-colonial Urdu language, 10 population, 11 , 85 , 89 government-issued, 42 , 95 , 129, Praja Socialist Party, 177 161 , 192 Prasad, Rajendra, 84 , 133 Hindi- language, 18 , 48 addresses on food, 60 , 128 on famines, 220 and exhibitions on food and nutrition, on nutrition, 67 98 , 110 on the Bengal famine, 31 , 41 and Miss a Meal Movement, 102 on the food problem, 50 , 68 , 73 , 82 , 83 and substitute food, 106 Panchayat Raj, 173 , 203 and the Agrarian Reforms Pant, Pitamber, 198 , 218 Committee, 158 partition, 64 , 81 and the Subsidiary Food Production Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai, 44 , 113 , Committee, 104 161 , 162 appointment of Foodgrains Policy Patil, R.K. Committee, 97 and planting food at Teen Murti Bhavan, assumption of control of Food 101n. 76 Ministry, 59 appointment as Commissioner for Food communication with V.K. Krishna Production, 70 Menon, 63

Index 277

critique of food imports, 59 inl uence on new farmers’ petition to, 125 movement, 229 pledge to Vinoba Bhave, 164 support for decontrol, 113 , 133 speech at Indian Council of Ramamurthy, Sonti, 56 , 57 , 58 , 104 , 106 Agricultural Research at Ranadive, B.T., 123 independence, 3 , 62 Ranga, N.G., 84 , 175 Premji, M.H. Hasham, 143 , 149 and cooperative agriculture, 174 preventable deaths, estimates of, 224 and kisan raj , 157 prison diets, 188 and the Agrarian Reforms Committee procurement, 67 , 74 (1946), 158 , 159 protests and strikes and the Swatantra party, 175 by the new farmers’ movement, 228 leadership of the All India Kisan colonial grain riots, 8 Sabha, 155 in Allahabad, 54 Rao, V.K.R.V., 198 , 214 in Baroda, 61 rare earth minerals, 73 in Bihar, 133 Rather, Dan, 195 in Bombay, 53 , 121 , 128 , 144 rationing, 53 in Calcutta, 125 , 144 addresses on, 123 in Kerala, 146 collapse of, 131 , 132 in Lucknow, 54 , 61 estimates of extent of, 126 in Punjab, 54 , 124 expansion of, 131 in refugee camps, 65 , 66 in Bombay, 124 in Tamil Nadu, 53 in Calcutta, 29 over foreign direct investment, 225 in Kerala, 124 Public Distribution System, 231 in Tamil Nadu, 124 Public Law 480, 136 – 137 , 138 , 139 , 141 , Indira Gandhi and, 204 142 , 181 introduction in Bombay, 121 publicity, government, 51 , 94 involuntary mixing of grains, 123 of substitute foods, 95 , 98 , 107 protests and strikes against, 124 of the Grow More Food campaign ration cards, 19 , 41 , 83 , 121 , 124 , 128 , (1949), 71 206 , 223 , 228 of the new agricultural strategy, 210 Ray, Prithwis Chandra, 220 of the reversal of decontrol, 130 Reddy, Sanjiva, 144 on the possibility of food riots, 3 refugees, 4 , 18 , 67 Punjab, 1 Report on India’s Food Crisis and Steps to colonial investments in agriculture Meet It (1959), 198 in, 187 Report on the Improvement of Indian new agricultural strategy in, 215 Agriculture (1893), 11 , 188 protests and strikes in, 54 , 124 restaurants, and food control, 139 question of social disruption in, 215 rice Puri, Ram Nath, 1 improved varieties of, 201 , 208 , 209 , 210 Quetta, 122 mill nationalization proposal, 143 milling of, 91 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 144 purported non-interchangability of, 95 railways, 32 , 35 , 53 , 62 , 83 , 119 , 121 , 126 , Taichung Native One, 201 148 , 229 right to food legislation, 222 Rajagopalachari, C. rights, 88 , 103 , 107 and Constituent Assembly Debates, 77 and the responsibilities of women, 109 and food imports, 69 and the responsibilities of women, 114 and founding of Swatantra Party, 175 Rockefeller Foundation, 189 , 192 – 195 and Grow More Food campaign, 100 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 36 , 45 and substitute foods, 100 , 105 Rostow, Walt, 200 and transfer of power to popular Roy, B.C., 102 leaders, 31 Roy, Bidhan Chandra, 34 correspondence with constituents, 174 Roy, Bimal, 159

278 Index

Roy, M.N., 24 , 31 collectivization in, 171 Royal Agri-Horticultural Society, 187 comparison of food control regime with Royal Commission on Agriculture India, 126 (1926), 188 development models, 15 Royal Commission on Indian Agriculture foodgrain imports from, 58 , 74 (1928), 12 , 41 inl uence on Indian agricultural Rusk, Dean, 194 , 195 , 196 planning, 154 , 196 support for India’s new agricultural sacrii ce strategy, 212 government publicity to encourage, Srivastava, J.P., 42 , 44 , 56 96 , 130 standard acre. See Singh, Tarlok Jawaharlal Nehru’s appeals for, 56 , state trading in foodgrains, 137 –140 , 102 , 103 145 , 176 Maulana Azad’s appeals for, 115 C. Subramaniam’s proposal for, 146 Mohandas Gandhi’s appeals for, 98 , 129 merchants’ objections to, 147 R.K. Patil’s appeals for, 70 nationalization of the wheat trade under Rajendra Prasad’s appeals for, 60 , 126 Indira Gandhi, 226 Saha, Meghnad, 46 , 92 proposal for a Foodgrains Stabilization Sahay, Vishnu, 64 , 194 Organization, 139 Sahney, B.L., 169 Stephens, Ian, 33 Saraswati, Swami Sahajanand, 157 Subrahmanyan, V., 97 , 99 , 106 Schultz, Theodore, 183 , 200 Subramaniam, C. Seeds Corporation of India, 201, 208 , 210 1957 plan for minimum support Sen, Amartya, 23 , 221 prices, 138 Sen, B., 216 and the Bihar famine, 205 Sen, B.R., 27 , 42 , 58 and the National Demonstration Sen, Ela, 37 Program, 208 Seventeenth Amendment, 178 assessment of the Nagpur Shah, K.T., 48 resolution, 176 Shankar, Ravi, 40 early views on state trading in Shankar’s Weekly , 68 , 71 , 75 , 87 , 112 foodgrains, 145 , 146 Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 143 – 147 , 225 founding of the Food Corporation of and Miss a Meal Movement, 115 India, 147 and relationship with traders, 148 meetings with merchants’ death, 203 groups, 147 protests in Kerala against, 204 restructuring of Indian agricultural reduction of Planning Commission’s research institutions, 202 inl uence, 202 rising inl uence in wake of Planning Shastri, Srinivasa, 89 Commission’s diminished Shiva, Vandana, 186n. 10 inl uence, 202 Shivaji, 10 sub- Saharan Africa, nutritional Shri Ram, Lala, 97 , 104 comparison with India, 6 , 222 Singh, Charan, 156, 160 , 174 Subsidiary Food Production Committee and the Janata Party government, 227 (1949), 104 , 106 , 110 , 113 tenure as Prime Minister, 228 substitute foods, 5 , 56 , 96 , 98 Singh, Manmohan, 222 in Kerala, 106 Singh, Swaran, 142 sugar, Indian efforts to trade for Singh, Tarlok, 66 , 158 foodgrains, 63 Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia. Suhrawardy, H.S., 29 , 47 See Goel, Sita Ram support prices Sorensen, Reginald, 41 Agricultural Prices Commission’s role in Southeast Asia, foodgrain imports determining, 226 from, 139 C. Subramaniam’s advocacy for Soviet Union minimum, 202 as developmental model, 79 Charan Singh’s advocacy for collective agriculture in, 82 , 84 minimum, 227

Index 279

demand for concurrent food United Nations, 57 , 168 , 205 , 218 subsidy, 231 United States Food Ministers’ eschewal of, 146 assessment of First Five-Year Plan, 162 in developing countries, 200 CPI criticism of wheat surplus in, 61 J.C. Kumarappa’s proposal for, 80 fear of communist revolution in merchants’ advocacy for, 82 India, 195 new agricultural movement’s demand foodgrain imports from, 60 , 73 for higher, 228 inl uence on Indian agricultural Swaminathan, M.S., 201 , 209 development, 183 – 185 , 200 and the Indian Agricultural Research universities, 190 , 200 , 201 Institute, 202 United States Agency for International Swatantra party, 175 , 177 , 178 , 230 Development (USAID), 197 , 212 United States Department of Agriculture Taiwan (USDA), 190, 191 , 196, 197 , 216 improved rice strains from, 201 Uttar Pradesh Consolidation of Holdings Tamil Nadu, 82 Act, 173 Intensive Agricultural District Program in, 198 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 179 midday meal scheme in, 224 vanaspati (vegetable oil), 91 new agricultural strategy in, 209 Varanasi (Benares), 144 , 152 peasant intimidation in, 53 Vaswani, K.N., 79 protests and strikes in, 9 , 53 Verghese, B.G., 207 rationing in, 124 violence, 144 , 212 – 215 , 225 renaming of Madras state, 214 Visakhapatnam, 119 , 215 wheat propoganda ofi cer in, 94 Voelcker, J.A. See Report on the Tandon, Purshottamdas, 113 , 162 Improvement of Indian Technical Cooperation Mission, Indo- Agriculture (1893) American, 189 – 192 , 196 Telangana, 163 Walters, Barbara, 195 Tennessee Valley Authority, 45 , 81 , 191 Wardha, 163 Terai region, 68 wastelands, reclamation of, 68, 69 , 81 , 162 Texas, 196 West Bengal, 22 Thakurdas, Purshottamdas, 52, 97 , 127 wheat Thanjavur (Tanjore) district, 198, 209 , imports from the United States. See 210 , 213 , 214 , 218 Public Law 480 1968 massacre in, 212 – 214 improved varieties of, 192 , 201 , Thant, U, 205 208 , 209 Thapar, Romesh, 210 nationalization of trade under Indira The Causes and Nature of Current Agrarian Gandhi, 226 Tensions (1969), 214 Wipro, 143 theater, 40 , 152 Wisconsin, 201 Thorner, Alice, 198 Wiser, Charlotte Viall, 91 Thorner, Daniel, 172 , 198 , 209 , 216 women Tikait, M.S., 228 and development planning, 46 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 10 and dietary transformation, 88, 108 – 111 tractors, 67 , 71 , 73 , 166 , 185 , 192 , 195 , and food wastage, 127 215 , 225 and journalism, 36 Travancore-Cochin. See Kerala and postwar food planning, 46 Trichur district, 168 and promotion of public food Truman, Harry, 57 , 185 , 189 distribution schemes, 58 Turkey, foodgrain imports from, 60 and protests against decontrol, 128 Bengal famine relief United Kingdom efforts, 34 , 36 , 108 Bengal famine publicity, 41 in social planning, 52 industrial agriculture in the, 84 proposal for canteens staffed by, 95 Ministry of Food, 41 , 60 , 62 protests and strikes by, 124 , 144

280 Index

women’s groups World Trade Organization, objections All India Women’s Committee, 58 to National Food Security Act All India Women’s Conference, 46, 102 , (2013), 222 109 , 128 All India Women’s Council for Yojana (Planning Commission Supplementary Foods, 110 journal), 205 Mahila Atmaraksha Samiti, 108 Yugoslavia Woodhead, John. See Famine Inquiry foodgrain imports from, 74 Commission (1944) Indian mission to investigate cooperative World Agriculture Fair (1959), 192 agriculture in, 177 World Bank, 216 World Health Organization, 112 Zutshi, C.N., 12