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Ultra-Massive Mimo Communications in the Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Bands for Terrestrial and Space Wireless Systems

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Ultra-Massive Mimo Communications in the Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Bands for Terrestrial and Space Wireless Systems ULTRA-MASSIVE MIMO COMMUNICATIONS IN THE MILLIMETER WAVE AND TERAHERTZ BANDS FOR TERRESTRIAL AND SPACE WIRELESS SYSTEMS A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty By Shuai Nie In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology May 2021 c Shuai Nie 2021 ULTRA-MASSIVE MIMO COMMUNICATIONS IN THE MILLIMETER WAVE AND TERAHERTZ BANDS FOR TERRESTRIAL AND SPACE WIRELESS SYSTEMS Thesis committee: Dr. Ian F. Akyildiz, Advisor Dr. Gordon Stuber¨ School of Electrical and Computer Engi- School of Electrical and Computer Engi- neering neering Georgia Institute of Technology (formerly) Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Raghupathy Sivakumar, Chair Dr. Chuanyi Ji School of Electrical and Computer Engi- School of Electrical and Computer Engi- neering neering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Manos M. Tentzeris Dr. Ashutosh Dhekne School of Electrical and Computer Engi- School of Computer Science neering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Date approved: April 20, 2021 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my heartiest gratitude to my advisor, Prof. Ian F. Akyildiz, for his continuous support, guidance, and encouragement to me during my Ph.D. journey. I have been blessed to have the opportunity to research under his supervision and learn under his mentorship. He has led me to numerous amazing research opportunities and allowed me to explore new directions of my research interests. I am also grateful to him for his enthusiasm and passion, which not only motivated me to advance towards the completion of this dissertation, but inspired me to embrace the unknowns in my future career. I am also sincerely thankful for the precious life lessons shared by Prof. Akyildiz that will perpetually influence and guide me throughout my career and life. I would also like to express my deep appreciation to my committee members, Prof. Raghupathy Sivakumar, Prof. Gordon Stuber,¨ Prof. Manos Tentzeris, Prof. Chuanyi Ji, and Prof. Ashutosh Dhekne, who provided me valuable and constructive suggestions on my work. Their invaluable feedback have helped me better shape this work towards the completion of my doctoral research. My sincere thanks go to members of the Broadband Wireless Networking (BWN) Lab who helped and encouraged me over the past years. I remember all the laughters and wonderful trips we shared together. I am also thankful for my friends in and out of Georgia Tech, for their constant support and patience to me, especially during the final year in this journey. Thank you for being in my life. Finally, to my parents and family, thank you for your endless love. I could never be able to become who I am without your understanding, support, and encouragement. This dissertation is dedicated to you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments................................... iii List of Tables...................................... ix List of Figures..................................... x Summary........................................ xiv Chapter 1: Introduction................................ 1 1.1 Overview of THz band wireless communications .............. 3 1.1.1 Devices in the THz band....................... 3 1.1.2 Physical layer modeling at the THz band............... 5 1.1.3 Ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output communications... 6 1.1.4 Medium access control in THz band................. 7 1.1.5 Use cases of THz band communications............... 8 1.2 Overview of Intelligent Communication Environments ........... 9 1.2.1 Basics................................. 10 1.2.2 Functionalities ............................ 11 1.2.3 Layered structure........................... 12 1.2.4 Use cases ............................... 15 iv 1.3 Research Objectives.............................. 17 1.4 Organization of This Thesis.......................... 21 Chapter 2: Design of Intelligent Communication Environments.......... 23 2.1 Motivation and Related Work......................... 23 2.1.1 Reflectarrays ............................. 27 2.1.2 Metasurfaces ............................. 29 2.2 UM MIMO-Based Intelligent Communication Environments . 34 2.2.1 A tri-layer structure of reconfigurable reflectarray.......... 35 2.2.2 Reconfigurable reflectarrays in the Intelligent Communication En- vironments .............................. 37 2.3 System Model................................. 39 2.3.1 Channel Impulse Response...................... 40 2.3.2 Received Signal Model........................ 43 2.4 Performance Evaluation............................ 44 2.5 Summary ................................... 49 Chapter 3: Beamforming in Intelligent Communication Environments...... 51 3.1 Motivation and Related Work......................... 51 3.2 System Model................................. 53 3.3 Optimal Beamforming at Reconfigurable Reflectarray............ 54 3.3.1 Beamforming at the AP and UE ................... 55 3.3.2 Beam-steering at the reconfigurable reflectarray........... 55 3.3.3 Beamforming with phase-gradient metasurfaces........... 56 v 3.4 Beamforming in Dual-Polarized Channel................... 57 3.4.1 Dual-polarized UM MIMO Antenna Array ............. 58 3.4.2 Channel model under dual polarization................ 60 3.4.3 Precoding codeword design...................... 62 3.5 Performance Evaluation............................ 63 3.6 Summary ................................... 67 Chapter 4: Path Tracking in A Three-Dimensional Terahertz Band Channel.. 68 4.1 Motivation and Related Work......................... 68 4.2 3D Time-Varying Channel Model in THz Band ............... 69 4.2.1 Time-varying THz channel in time and frequency domains . 70 4.2.2 Path propagation with time variation................. 72 4.3 Dynamic Channel Tracking in THz Band................... 73 4.3.1 Extended Kalman filtering for LoS path tracking .......... 73 4.3.2 Continuous-time Markov chain for multipaths............ 75 4.4 Channel Simulation and Characterization................... 76 4.4.1 Channel simulation procedures.................... 76 4.4.2 Channel characterization and analysis ................ 77 4.5 Summary ................................... 80 Chapter 5: Channel Modeling and Analysis for Inter-Small-Satellite Links... 81 5.1 Motivation and Related Work......................... 81 5.1.1 Inter-Satellite Link Capability and Channel Modeling . 85 5.1.2 Satellite Beam Pointing, Acquisition, and Tracking......... 87 vi 5.2 Characterization of THz Band ISL Channels................. 88 5.2.1 Near-Earth Channel.......................... 88 5.2.2 Deep-Space Channel......................... 92 5.3 Orbit Perturbation Modeling and Beam Tracking for Small Satellites . 95 5.3.1 Perturbation Modeling ........................ 95 5.4 THz Communications in TeraSpace Networks................ 99 5.4.1 Channel model with polarization and frequency diversity . 100 5.4.2 Link Performance Analysis......................105 5.5 Summary ...................................107 Chapter 6: Multi-band CubeSat Design in Satellite Communication Networks. 109 6.1 Motivation and Related Work.........................109 6.2 CubeSat Architecture and Subsystems ....................113 6.2.1 Electrical Power System .......................114 6.2.2 Command and Data Handling ....................115 6.2.3 Attitude Determination and Control System . 115 6.2.4 Payloads................................115 6.2.5 Communication System........................116 6.3 Proposed Design for Next-Generation CubeSats . 117 6.3.1 Multi-frequency Transceiver Design from RF to THz Bands to Op- tical Frequencies ...........................117 6.3.2 Multi-Frequency Antenna Systems..................121 6.4 Multi-Band CubeSat Communications....................122 6.4.1 Inter-Satellite Links..........................123 vii 6.4.2 Ground-to-Satellite Links.......................127 6.4.3 Influence of Weather on CubeSat Multi-Band Links . 128 6.4.4 Massive and Ultra-massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Com- munications..............................129 6.4.5 Distributed Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Communication in IoST 130 6.4.6 Resource Allocation Techniques...................131 6.4.7 Challenges in Physical Layer Techniques . 136 6.5 Summary ...................................137 Chapter 7: Conclusion and Future Work...................... 138 7.1 Summary of Contributions ..........................138 7.2 Future Directions ...............................140 7.3 Publications..................................142 Appendices....................................... 145 Appendix A: Proof of Lemma in Chapter 5 ....................146 References....................................... 149 Vita........................................... 162 viii LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Overview on Current Research in Controllable Surfaces. .......... 26 2.2 Parameters in simulations........................... 45 3.1 Simulation parameters............................. 64 4.1 Parameters in the 3D Time-Varying THz Channel Model .......... 71 5.1 Classification of small satellites (SmallSats) [91, 95]............. 82 5.2 Fixed orbital-related parameters of a sample satellite . 100 5.3 Parameters in simulations...........................104 6.1 Existing or Planned CubeSats-based Satellite Services . 111 6.2 A Comparison of Design Control Table ...................126 ix LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 A layered metasurface-based reflectarray design for EM waves manipula-
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