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Nelson Mandela From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Mandela) Jump to: navigation, search "Mandela" redirects here. For other uses, see Mandela (disambiguation). Page semi-protected His Excellency Nelson Mandela OM AC CC OJ GCStJ QC GColIH RSerafO NPk BR MRCSI Nelson Mandela on his 90th birthday in Johannesburg, South Africa, in May 2008. Mandela in May 2008 President of South Africa In office 10 May 1994 14 June 1999 Deputy Thabo Mbeki F. W. de Klerk Preceded by F. W. de Klerk Succeeded by Thabo Mbeki Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement In office 2 September 1998 14 June 1999 Preceded by Andrés Pastrana Arango Succeeded by Thabo Mbeki Personal details Born Rolihlahla Mandela 18 July 1918 (age 94) Mvezo, South Africa Nationality South African Political party African National Congress Spouse(s) Evelyn Ntoko Mase (19441957) Winnie Madikizela (19571996) Graça Machel (1998present) Children Madiba Thembekile Makgatho Lewanika Makaziwe Maki Zenani Zindziswa Residence Houghton Estate, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa Alma mater University of Fort Hare University of London External System University of South Africa University of the Witwatersrand Religion Christianity (Methodism) Signature Signature of Nelson Mandela Website www.nelsonmandela.org Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xo'li??a?a man'de?la]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African anti-apartheid activist, revolutionary and politic ian who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first to be e lected in a fully representative, multiracial election. His administration focus ed on dismantling apartheid's legacy, and cutting racism, poverty and inequality . Politically a democratic socialist, he served as president of the African Nati onal Congress (ANC) political party from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University a nd the University of Witwatersrand, studying law. Living in Johannesburg townshi ps and becoming involved in anti-colonial politics, he joined the ANC, becoming a founding member of its Youth League. When the white supremacist National Party government implemented apartheid in 1948, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 19 52 Defiance Campaign, being elected president of the Transvaal ANC branch and ov erseeing the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and with the ANC leadership stood on the Trea son Trial from 1956 to 1961. Although initially committed to non-violent protest , in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the milita nt Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets. In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to ov erthrow the government, being sentenced to life imprisonment. Mandela served time in Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison, and then Victor Verster Prison while an international campaign lobbied for his release, which was grante d after 27 years in 1990. Becoming ANC president, Mandela wrote his autobiograph y, and led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and es tablish multi-racial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to a landslide v ictory. As president, he created a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses, while introdu cing policies aimed at land reform, combating poverty and expanding healthcare. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in th e Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw a military intervention in Lesoth o. Refusing to run for a second term and succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki, Ma ndela became an elder statesman focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Mandela has received international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-aparth eid stance, having received over 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Priz e, the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is h eld in deep respect within South Africa as the "Father of the Nation", where he is often known under his Xhosa clan name of Madiba. Controversial for much of hi s life, critics denounced him as a terrorist and communist sympathiser. Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Childhood: 19181936 1.2 Clarkebury, Healdtown and Fort Hare: 19361940 1.3 Arriving in Johannesburg: 19411943 2 Revolutionary activity 2.1 Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 19431949 2.2 Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 19501954 2.3 Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 19551961 2.4 Umkhonto we Sizwe and African tour: 19611962 3 Imprisonment 3.1 Arrest and Rivonia trial: 1962 3.2 Robben Island: 19621982 3.3 Pollsmoor Prison: 19821988 3.4 Victor Verster Prison and release: 19881990 4 The end of apartheid 4.1 Early negotiations: 19901991 4.2 The CODESA talks: 19911992 4.3 General election: 1994 5 Presidency of South Africa 5.1 National reconciliation 5.2 Domestic programs 5.3 Foreign affairs 6 Retirement 6.1 Post-retirement health 6.2 The Elders 6.3 AIDS engagement 6.4 Criticism of US and UK foreign policy 6.5 Ismail Ayob court action 6.6 Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe 7 Acclaim 7.1 Orders and decorations 7.2 Musical tributes 7.3 Published biographies 7.4 Cinema and television 7.5 Statues and civic tributes 8 Political ideology 9 Personal life 9.1 First marriage 9.2 Second marriage 9.3 Third marriage 10 References 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Childhood: 19181936 Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtatu, a part of So uth Africa's Eastern Cape.[1] Given the forename Rolihlahla, a Xhosa term colloq uially meaning "troublemaker",[1] in later years he became known by his clan nam e, Madiba.[2] A member of the Thembu royal family which ruled the Transkei regio n, he belonged to the Left-Hand House of the Ixhiba clan, a cadet branch who pro vided court councillors to the Thembu king.[3] His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyi swa, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch; he had been appointed to t he position in 1915, after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a govern ing white magistrate.[4] In 1926, Gadla too was sacked for corruption, but Nelso n would be told that he had lost his job for standing up to the magistrate's unr easonable demands.[5] A devotee of the god Qamata,[6] Gadla was a polygamist, ha ving four wives, four sons and nine daughters, who lived in different villages. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, who was daughter of Nked ama of the Right Hand House and a member of the amaMpemvu clan of Xhosa.[7] "No one in my family had ever attended school [...] On the first day of school m y teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. This was the custom a mong Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our e ducation. That day, Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was Nelson. Why this particular name I have no idea." Mandela, 1994.[8] Later stating that his early life was dominated by "custom, ritual and taboo",[9 ] Mandela grew up with two sisters in his mother's kraal in the village of Qunu, where he tended herds as a cattle-boy, spending much time outside with other bo ys.[10] Both his parents were illiterate, but being a devout Christian, his moth er sent him to a local Methodist school when he was about seven. Baptised a Meth odist, Mandela was given the English forename of "Nelson" by his teacher.[11] Wh en Mandela was about nine, his father came to stay at Qufu, where he died of an undiagnosed ailment which Mandela believed to be lung disease.[12] Feeling "cut adrift", he later asserted that he inherited his father's "proud rebelliousness" and "stubborn sense of fairness".[13] His mother took Mandela to the "Great Place" palace at Mqhekezweni, where he was entrusted under the guardianship of Thembu regent, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Raised by Jongintaba and his wife Noengland alongside their son Justice and dau ghter Nomafu, Mandela felt that they treated him as their son, but would not see his mother for many years.[14] As Mandela attended church services every Sunday with his guardians, Christianity became a significant part of his life.[15] He attended a Methodist mission school located next to the palace, studying English , Xhosa, history and geography.[16] He developed a love of African history, list ening to the tales told by elderly visitors to the palace, and becoming influenc ed by the anti-imperialist rhetoric of Chief Joyi;[17] he nevertheless considere d the European colonialists as benefactors, not oppressors.[18] Aged 16, he, Jus tice and several other boys traveled to Tyhalarha to undergo the circumcision ri tual that symbolically marked their transition from boys to men; the rite over, he was given the name "Dalibunga".[19] Clarkebury, Healdtown and Fort Hare: 19361940 Mandela, circa 1937 Intending to gain skills needed to become a privy councillor for the Thembu roya l house, Mandela began his secondary education at Clarkebury Boarding Institute in Engcobo, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Af ricans in Thembuland.[20] Made to socialise with other students on an equal basi s, he claimed that he lost his "stuck up" attitude, becoming best friends with a girl for the first time; he began playing sports
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