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The Surface and its Materials 1. Can the papyrus tell us where it was produced? 2. Material study of the Ira Rabin - Myriam Krutzsch

in Proceedings of the 28th Congress of Barcelona 1-6 August 2016

Edited by Alberto Nodar & Sofía Torallas Tovar Coedited by María Jesús Albarrán Martínez, Raquel Martín Hernández, Irene Pajón Leyra, José-Domingo Rodríguez Martín & Marco Antonio Santamaría

Scripta Orientalia 3 Barcelona, 2019 Coordinación y edición: Alberto Nodar – Sofía Torallas Tovar Coedición: María Jesús Albarrán Martínez, Raquel Martín Hernández, Irene Pajón Leyra, José Domingo Rodríguez Martín, Marco Antonio Santamaría Diseño de cubierta: Sergio Carro Martín

Primera edición, junio 2019 © los editores y los autores 2019 La propiedad de esta edición es de Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat Ausiàs Marc 92-98 – 08013 Barcelona

ISBN 978-84-9191-079-4 (Pamsa) ISBN 978-84-88042-89-7 (UPF) Edición digital http://hdl.handle.net/10230/41902

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword i

Program of the congress vi

Photograph of participants xxi

PART I: Papyrology: methods and instruments 1 for the of Papyrology

ANDREA JÖRDENS, Die Papyrologie in einer Welt der Umbrüche 3-14 ROBERTA MAZZA, Papyrology and Ethics 15-27 PETER ARZT-GRABNER, How to Abbreviate a Papyrological Volume? Principles, 28-55 Inconsistencies, and Solutions PAOLA BOFFULA, Memorie dal sottosuolo di Tebtynis a ... Roma e a Venezia! 56-67 ELISABETH R. O’CONNELL, Greek and Coptic from First Millennium 68-80 CE (still) in the NATASCIA PELLÉ, Lettere di B. P. Grenfell e A. S. Hunt a J. G. Smyly 81-89

PART II: Literary Papyri 91

IOANNA KARAMANOU, The earliest known Greek papyrus (Archaeological 93-104 Museum of Piraeus, MΠ 7449, 8517-8523): Text and Contexts FRANZISKA NAETHER, Wise Men and Women in Literary Papyri 105-113 MAROULA SALEMENOU, State Letters and Decrees in P.Haun. I 5 and P.Oxy. 114-123 XLII 3009: an Evaluation of Authenticity MARIA PAZ LOPEZ, Greek Personal Names, Unnamed Characters and Pseudonyms 124-134 in the Ninos Novel MASSIMO MAGNANI, The ancient tradition of the Euripidean 135-143 hypotheses MARIA KONSTANTINIDOU, Festal Letters: Fragments of a Genre 144-152 MARCO STROPPA, Papiri cristiani della collezione PSI: storia recente e prospettive 153-161 future ANASTASIA MARAVELA, Scriptural Only? Rhetoric in Early Christian 162-177 Papyrus Letters

PART III: 179

GIOVANNI INDELLI - FRANCESCA LONGO AURICCHIO, Le opere greche della 181-190 Biblioteca ercolanese: un aggiornamento GIANLUCA DEL MASTRO, Su alcuni pezzi editi e inediti della collezione ercolanese 191-194 STEFANO NAPOLITANO, Falsificazioni nei disegni di alcuni Papiri Ercolanesi 195-206 ANGELICA DE GIANNI, Osservazioni su alcuni disegni dei Papiri Ercolanesi 207-218 GAIA BARBIERI, Studi preliminari sul PHercul. 1289 219-230

VALERIA PIANO, P.Hercul. 1067 Reconsidered: Latest Results and Prospective 231-240 Researches DANIEL DELATTRE - ANNICK MONET La Calomnie de Philodème (PHerc.Paris.2), 241-249 colonnes E-F-G. Une nouvelle référence à Hésiode MARIACRISTINA FIMIANI, On Several Unpublished Fragments of 4 of the 250-254 Rhetoric of Philodemus of Gadara FEDERICA NICOLARDI, I papiri del libro 1 del De rhetorica di Filodemo. Dati 255-262 generali e novità CHRISTIAN VASSALLO, Analecta Xenophanea. 263-273 GIULIANA LEONE - SERGIO CARRELLI, Per l’edizione di Epicuro, Sulla natura, libro 274-288 incerto (P.Hercul. 1811/335)

PART IV: Paraliterary texts- School, and astrology 289

RAFFAELLA CRIBIORE, Schools and School Exercises Again 291-297 JULIA LOUGOVAYA, Literary Ostraca: Choice of Material and Interpretation of 298-309 Text PANAGIOTA SARISCHOULI, Key episodes of the Osirian myth in Plutarch’s De Iside 310-324 et Osiride and in Greek and Demotic Magical Papyri: How do the sources complement each other? ELENI CHRONOPOULOU, The authorship of PGM VI (P.Lond. I 47) + II (P.. 325-332 Inv. 5026) EMILIO SUÁREZ, The flight of passion. Remarks on a formulaic motif of erotic 333-341 spells JOHANNES THOMANN, From katarchai to ikhtiyārāt: The Emergence of a New 342-354 Arabic Type Combining Ephemerides and Almanacs

PART V: Scribal practice and book production 355

MARIE-HÉLÈNE MARGANNE, Les rouleaux composites répertoriés dans le 357-365 Catalogue des papyrus littéraires grecs et du CEDOPAL NATHAN CARLIG, Les rouleaux littéraires grecs composites profanes et chrétiens 366-373 (début du IIIe – troisième quart du VIe siècle) GIOVANNA MENCI, Organizzazione dello spazio negli scholia minora a Omero e 374-381 nuove letture in P.Dura 3 PIERRE LUC ANGLES, Le grec tracé avec un pinceau comme méthode 382-398 d’identification des scripteurs digraphes: généalogie, limites, redéfinition du critère ANTONIO PARISI, Citazioni e meccanismi di citazione nei papiri di Demetrio 399-404 Lacone ANTONIO RICCIARDETTO, Comparaison entre le système d’abréviations de 405-416 l’Anonyme de Londres et ceux de la Constitution d’Athènes et des autres textes littéraires du Brit.Libr. inv. 131 YASMINE AMORY, Considérations autour du π épistolaire: une contamination entre 417-421 les ordres et la lettre antique tardive ? BENJAMIN R. OVERCASH, Sacred Signs in Human Script(ure)s: Nomina Sacra as 422-428 Social Semiosis in Early Christian Material Culture

PART VI: Documentary papyri 429

Ptolemaic CARLA BALCONI, Due ordini di comparizione di età tolemaica nella collezione 431-436 dell’Università Cattolica di Milano STÉPHANIE WACKENIER, Quatre documents inédits des archives de Haryôtês, 437-447 basilicogrammate de l’Hérakléopolite BIANCA BORRELLI, Primi risultati di un rinnovato studio del secondo rotolo del 448-455 P.Rev.Laws CLAUDIA TIREL CENA, Alcune considerazioni su due papiri con cessione e affitto 456-464 di ἡµέραι ἁγνευτικαί

Roman and Byzantine documents EL-SAYED GAD, ἀντίδοσις in : A Sign of Continuity or a Revival of 465-474 an Ancient Institution? MARIANNA THOMA, The law of succession in Roman Egypt: Siblings and non- 475-483 siblings disputes over inheritance JOSÉ DOMINGO RODRÍGUEZ MARTÍN, Avoiding the Judge: the Exclusion of the 484-493 δίκη in Contractual Clauses FABIAN REITER, Daddy finger, where are you? Zu den Fingerbezeichnungen in den 494-509 Signalements der römischen Kaiserzeit DOROTA DZIERZBICKA, Wine dealers and their networks in Roman and Byzantine 510-524 Egypt. Some remarks. ADAM BULOW-JACOBSEN, The Ostraca from Umm Balad. 525-533 CLEMENTINA CAPUTO, Dati preliminari derivanti dallo studio degli ostraca di 534-539 Berlino (O. Dime) da Soknopaiou Nesos SERENA PERRONE, Banking Transactions On The Recto Of A Letter From Nero To 540-550 The Alexandrians (P.Genova I 10)? NAHUM COHEN, P.Berol. inv. no. 25141 – Sale of a Donkey, a Case of Tax 551-556 Evasion in Roman Egypt? ANDREA BERNINI, New evidence for Colonia Aelia Capitolina (P.Mich. VII 445 + 557-562 inv. 3888c + inv. 3944k) JENS MANGERUD, Who was the wife of Pompeius Niger? 563-570

Late Roman and Islamic documents JEAN-LUC FOURNET, Anatomie d’un genre en mutation: la pétition de l’Antiquité 571-590 tardive ELIZABETH BUCHANAN, Rural Collective Action in Byzantine Egypt (400-700 CE) 591-599 JANNEKE DE JONG, A summary tax assessment from eighth century Aphrodito 600-608 STEFANIE SCHMIDT, Adopting and Adapting – Zur Kopfsteuer im frühislamischen 609-616 Ägypten

PART VII: papyri 617

MARIACHIARA SCAPPATICCIO, Papyri and LAtin Texts: INsights and Updated 619-627 Methodologies. Towards a philological, literary, and historical approach to Latin papyri SERENA AMMIRATI, New developments on Latin legal papyri: the ERC project 628-637 REDHIS and the membra disiecta of a lost legal manuscript GIULIO IOVINE, Preliminary inquiries on some unpublished Latin documentary 638-643

papyri (P.Vindob. inv. L 74 recto; 98 verso; 169 recto) ORNELLA SALATI, Accounting in the Roman Army. Some Remarks on PSI II 119r 644-653 + Ch.L.A. IV 264 DARIO INTERNULLO, Latin Documents Written on Papyrus in the Late Antique and 654-663 Early Medieval West (5th-11th century): an Overview

PART VIII: Linguistics and Lexicography 665

CHRISTOPH WEILBACH, The new Fachwörterbuch (nFWB). Introduction and a 667-673 lexicographic case: The meaning of βασιλικά in the papyri NADINE QUENOUILLE, Hypomnema und seine verschiedenen Bedeutungen 674-682 ISABELLA BONATI, Medicalia Online: a lexical database of technical terms in 683-689 medical papyri JOANNE V. STOLK, Itacism from Zenon to Dioscorus: scribal corrections of <ι> and 690-697 <ει> in Greek documentary papyri AGNES MIHÁLYKÓ, The persistence of Greek and the rise of Coptic in the early 698-705 Christian liturgy in Egypt ISABELLE MARTHOT-SANTANIELLO, Noms de personne ou noms de lieu ? La 706-713 délicate question des ‘toponymes discriminants’ à la lumière des papyrus d’Aphroditê (VIe -VIIIe siècle)

PART IX: Archaeology 715

ROGER S. BAGNALL - PAOLA DAVOLI, Papyrology, Stratigraphy, and Excavation 717-724 Methods ANNEMARIE LUIJENDIJK, On Discarding Papyri in Roman and Late Antique Egypt. 725-736 Archaeology and Ancient Perspectives MARIO CAPASSO, L’enigma Della Provenienza Dei Manoscritti Freer E Dei Codici 737-745 Cristiani Viennesi Alla Luce Dei Nuovi Scavi A Soknopaiou Nesos

PART X: Papyri and realia 747

INES BOGENSPERGER - AIKATERINI KOROLI, Signs of Use, Techniques, Patterns and 749-760 Materials of Textiles: A Joint Investigation on Textile Production of Late Antique Egypt VALERIE SCHRAM, Ἐρίκινον ξύλον, de la bruyère en Égypte? 761-770

PART XI: Conservation and Restoration 771

IRA RABIN - MYRIAM KRUTZSCH, The Writing Surface Papyrus and its Materials 773-781 1. Can the writing material papyrus tell us where it was produced? 2. Material study of the inks MARIEKA KAYE, Exploring New Glass Technology for the Glazing of Papyri 782-793 CRISTINA IBÁÑEZ, A Proposal for the Unified Definition of Damages to Papyri 794-804 EMILY RAMOS The Preservation of the Tebtunis Papyri at the University of 805-827 California Berkeley EVE MENEI - LAURENCE CAYLUX, Conservation of the Louvre medical papyrus: 828-840 cautions, research, process PART XII: Digitizing papyrus texts 841

NICOLA REGGIANI, The Corpus of Greek Medical Papyri Online and the digital 843-856 edition of ancient documents FRANCESCA BERTONAZZI, Digital edition of P.Strasb. inv. 1187: between the 857-871 papyrus and the indirect tradition

Proceedings of the 28th International Congress of Papyrology, Barcelona 2016 Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona 2019) 773-781

The Writing Surface Papyrus and its Materials 1. Can the writing material papyrus tell us where it was produced? 2. Material study of the inks

Ira Rabin / Myriam Krutzsch Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ; Centre for the Studies of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC), University of Hamburg / Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung Berlin, SMB [email protected] / [email protected]

1. Can the papyrus used as writing material tell us where it was produced? Various material criteria gained during the conservation-restoration process provide a glimpse of material-technical details that were previously little known or unknown, for example, about the origin of the papyrus material, in the sense of where it was produced. A fundamental question about the origin of a papyrus is what is meant by ‘origin’. The production site of the text, the site of the find, and / or the place mentioned in the text are often not identical; in addition, they can all differ from where the papyrus material was produced. Over the centuries or millennia, a papyrus can take a path through a number of places quite distant from each other. If we retrace this path, i.e., beginning with the present and going back to the plant, then the problem of different reference points is quickly obvious:

In his (13.23-27), Pliny already mentions the connection between the quality and sort of papyrus and its production site. Decades of optical observations during the intensive restorative processing of papyri in the Berlin Papyrus Collection and in various collections around the world confirm for us this thesis, namely that the individual qualities

I. Rabin / M. Krutzsch are a kind of trademark of a specific place and thus of a specific site of manufacture. Along with this spatial attribution, simple measurements of the thickness of the sheets and the width of their joins already show striking series of development. These dimensions are ancient benchmarks and thereby enable a first, initially coarse temporal categorization.1 But back to the issue of production sites. It is becoming increasingly clear that there were in fact sites or regions in which specific qualities of papyrus were produced, with only one special quality in each. Some sites appear for a limited time; others had a long or even have a still-continuing tradition. This observation to the question whether it is possible to support this knowledge with natural-scientific evidence. We therefore carried out initial examinations of fragments found in the following places: – Fragment a) from Achmim – Fragments b) - d) from Dimê – Fragments e) - g) from Elephantine – Fragment h) from Illahun – Fragments i) - l) from Tebtynis. Two more papyri were added during the preliminary investigations with the Dino-Lite : a papyrus from Abusir from the time of the Old Kingdom, and one from Thebes from the New Kingdom. Photos were taken with the Dino-Lite at 50x magnification under VIS, UV, and NIR light.2 Then a nondestructive elemental analysis was performed on fragments a) to l) at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Berlin (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing - BAM). The relevant elements are: chlorine (Cl), (K), calcium (Ca), (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), bromine (Br), and strontium (Sr). Added to these in individual cases are also titanium (Ti) and, rarely, manganese (Mn) and (Pb). In the selected fragments, the one from Dimê showed all three of the latter elements. All these elements except lead were found in fragment e) from Elephantine.

Fig.1: Element distributions of a fragment with no inscription (c), Dime.

The most interesting fragment is c), a papyrus from Dimê with no inscription, which can be dated to the Arab period (see fig. 1). The even distribution of chlorine, bromine, potassium, calcium, copper, and zinc is clearly recognizable, while iron is more sporadically present indicating contamination.

1 Krutzsch (2017). 2 Rabin (2014a). 774

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In the further course of the investigation, a statistically relevant number of papyri will be selected and, first, tested to see whether the traces that a papyrus accumulates over time can be distinguished from each other and attributed to specific events. This approach is based on the assumption that diverse events leave recognizable traces that accumulate in the fragment. Added to the trace elements present in the papyrus plant are ever new traces that can be associated with the production of the writing material, its use, and finally its deposit in the ground. The sharp separation of traces in fig. 2 serves clarity; in reality, a heterogeneous mixing takes place.

Fig. 2: Schematic cross-section of an object with traces spatially separated. In the outer layers are traces of the treatment the object was subjected to in the time after its discovery (oils, glues, etc.). The burial in the ground is recognizable based on mineral remnants. Use, too, leaves characteristic traces; and the papyrus plant itself contains contaminations from the soil.

Examinations of the manuscripts from , the so-called Dead Sea , brought an entirely different result. These scrolls, usually of skin-based material, are from the late period of the Second Temple in Jerusalem and were discovered in the caves near Qumran. Here, namely, it turned out that the layers could often be distinguished by an extensive spatial characterization.3 In the framework of the international Qumran project, an analytic procedure for the nondestructive characterization of ancient fragments was developed. It proceeds in several steps. First, a fragment is mapped by means of µ-XRF, in order to obtain spatially resolved distributions of the elements. Through the statistical analysis of the element maps, the overall surface is reduced to target areas whose chemical composition is now investigated with other high-resolution methods to obtain chemical . The resulting chemical maps correspond to the characteristic traces of production, soil contamination, and substances that indicate later interventions. If the chemical maps display markedly different areas, these can be attributed to different events. Comparison with the reference materials, soil minerals, and known chemicals used for restoration would permit the events to be identified. To answer the question whether the writing material papyrus could tell us where it was produced, we plan to use a statistically relevant number of papyri for each quality group.

3 Rabin / Hahn (2013) 4648-4654. 775

I. Rabin / M. Krutzsch

2. Material study of the inks The other focus of our investigations is the ancient writing materials such as inks. , plant, and iron-gall inks belong to different typological classes of black . Soot ink is a fine of in a water-soluble binding agent, while plant-based ink consists of a solution of tannin extracts with a binding agent. Iron-gall ink combines water- soluble components (iron and tannin extract from gall nuts) with insoluble black material that evolves when the components undergo a chemical reaction. Each ink class has distinct optical properties that readily permit their differentiation. We use this property for the initial reflectographic screening of the inks. It must be said here that inks often contain additives that can’t be detected by reflectography alone. Table 1 presents a number of known inks together with their characteristic features and means of identification.

Type Precursors Colorant Color Properties Detectiona carbonb , oil carbon (soot black ; stays on the IR photography, or charcoal) surface; solid black color Ramanc from UV to IR spectral regions. copperd blue vitriol not brown pigment; solid brown PIXEe (CuSO4), gall identified color from VIS to IR nuts spectral regions. iron gall vitriolf iron gallate black pigment & solution; IR photography, (FeSO4), gall (brown when penetrates substrate; Raman, XRF, nuts deteriorated) loses opacity toward IR; PIXE becomes transparent at 1200nm plantg bark, gall nuts tannin brown solution; IR photography, readily penetrates FTIR substrates; becomes invisible in NIR mixed carbon & same as carbon; IR photography + copperh presence of copper can be XRF detected only by x-rays. mixed carbon & leadi carbon black same as carbon IR photography + XRF mixed carbon & carbon black same as carbon extraction tanninj mixed Carbon & iron carbon & black same as carbon IR photography + gallk gallate XRF Table 1: Black inks detected in various documents ranging from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. a) A detailed description of the detection techniques is given in Rabin (2014b). b) In addition to the multitude of recipes, there is a great deal of analytical work in progress that reflects a growing interest in historic inks. c) It is now routinely detected by infrared reflectography and Raman spectroscopy. d) Copper-tannin ink was identified in a number of documents from Egypt in the 3rd century BCE.4 e) Particle-Induced X-ray Emission. f) Natural vitriol consists of a of metallic (iron sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, and zinc sulfate) with relative weight contributions characteristic of the source, which contributions can be easily

4 Delange et alii (1990) 213-217. 776

The Writing Surface Papyrus and its Materials detected by X-Ray (XRF). We use this property of the iron gall inks for their comparison and identification.5 g) Plant inks can be easily recognized by their homogeneous brown color in contrast to the heterogeneous brown of degraded iron-gall inks. h) Copper-containing carbon inks have so far been detected only from the first centuries CE. i) Similar to the copper-containing ink, carbon ink with lead (Pb) additive can be identified only by a combination of two techniques: IR photography and XRF. j) This ink presents a challenge to identification using non-invasive methods and hasn’t been found yet in a historical manuscript. k) As with copper- and lead-containing carbon inks, two techniques are required for an unequivocal identification: IR photography and XRF.

In , the main black writing ink was based on soot or charcoal produced mostly from oils and wood, respectively. The best-known descriptions originate from (HN 35. 25) and Vitruvius (De arch. 7.10.217) and suggest a mixture of two ingredients: soot and gum. We can identify carbon in the inks of many documents from this period: infrared of the documents that show clear writing in black, unlike those taken under visible illumination, invariably indicate the presence of soot. In a relatively small number of ancient documents studied with x-ray methods, among them five manuscripts from the collection, analysis revealed the presence of copper in a soot-based ink.6 Similar inks were also identified on Tebtynis papyri.7 This finding brings us to the recipe of Dioscorides in Materia Medica 5.181,8 which contains a copper-based substance, χαλκανθου or Chalchanton. For Pliny the Elder (HN 34.32) this substance was atramentum sutorious or shoemaker’s black, i.e., he believed that this substance was used to blacken leather. Yet, this is chemically implausible, since no copper substance produces a black pigment upon reaction with tannin. Therefore, shoemaker’s black must have contained an iron-based substance. A clear distinction between copper and iron sulfates probably marks the beginning of the era of iron gall inks, though they occasionally appeared at an earlier date. We find confirmation of this hypothesis in the Talmudic tractates, in which the list of possible ingredients from the Mishnah corresponding to the records from the 2nd-3rd centuries CE (e.g. Sabbath 104b or Gittin 19a) contains kankantum, which, despite the slight linguistic distortion, remains easily recognizable as the chalchanton of Dioscorides, whereas the later-compiled Gemara refers to the same substance as the ‘shoemaker’s black’ of Pliny. By the 5th century CE, iron-gall ink seems to have become established, though the earliest extant written recipe did not appear for another 300-400 years in the Orient and another 600-700 years in .9 Another additive to carbon inks recently discovered in one of the charred fragments from Herculaneum caused great excitement in scientific and scholarly circles alike. In their pioneering work on phase-contrast tomography, Vito Mocella and his co-workers discovered that the element lead was added to the black inks.10 Curiously, the only written records found so far that refer to such ink can be found in the Mishnah, the older part of Talmud. Though our work addresses inks of different periods, we would like to present here some of the inks from Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, a period that, at this stage of research, seems to testify to a great diversity of writing inks. In the Book of Proverbs, dated to the 3rd-4th centuries CE, our first example, we have found the earliest evidence of iron-gall

5 Hahn et alii (2004) 234-239. 6 Nir-El / Broshi (1996). 7 Christiansen et alii (2017) 218. 8 Zerdoun (1983) 80. 9 Zerdoun (1983). 10 Brun et alii (2016) 3751-3754. 777

I. Rabin / M. Krutzsch ink. After the initial reflectographic screening indicated that the ink doesn’t contain carbon (fig. 3 top), we performed XRF analysis that has clearly shown the presence of both iron and copper, as is typical of iron-gall ink (fig. 3 bottom).

Fig.3: Ink of the Book of Proverbs (Ms. or. oct. 987, Staatsbibliothek Berlin). Top row: comparison of the ink under illumination with visible (left) and near infrared (right) light. Bottom row: XRF spectra of the ink (black) and of the support (grey).

In the second example, we have applied reflectography screening and Raman analysis to a fragment excavated in Dime, which, however, is unfortunately undated. Both tests have shown that the inks are of the carbon type. A routine XRF mapping, however, revealed the presence of the element lead (Pb) in the inscription on the verso side of the fragment. Lead is present in a relatively high amount and is clearly associated with the ink. It seems to us, therefore, that lead-containing ink was not such a great rarity. It escaped notice only because XRF screening of inks doesn’t belong to the ink analysis protocol.

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Fig.4: Ink study of the Dime fragment. Top row: comparison of the ink under illumination in the visible (left), near infrared (middle), and Raman spectrum that unequivocally proves that here we are dealing with carbon ink (right). Bottom row: micrograph of the area subjected to XRF analysis (left) and distribution of lead (Pb) in the fragment (right). No other elements have shown a correlation with the inscription.

In the third example, a Greek fragment from the Byzantine era, we also see the presence of lead (Pb). In this case, however, we measure minute amounts of lead both in the writing support and in the ink, which suggests that this element came from the water used to prepare both papyrus and ink. Note that amount of lead in the inscription exceeds the amount of lead in the papyrus writing surface. Therefore, lead belongs to contaminants that would be characteristic of the area of production rather than storage.

3. Conclusions When we manage to analyze precisely which minerals are found in a papyrus and to compare them with regional soil compositions, it will be possible to determine the sites of production. In this way, we can not only read ancient trade and transport routes, but also determine a papyrus’ previously unknown origin. Another result of the investigations consists in recognizing and determining the inks and washes, which not only contribute to learning the origin of a manuscript, but especially to dating it. In addition, this method allows us to distinguish forgeries from originals.

4. Note on instrumentation To determine the ink typology, we used a three-color USB microscope (Dino-lite AD413T- I2V). We performed XRF analysis with a portable ELIO (XG Lab) spectrometer with an Rh- tube at 40kv and an interaction spot size of 1 mm. The element maps were obtained with a high-resolution imaging spectrometer M6 (Bruker GmbH) that is equipped with a Rh-tube. The measurements were conducted at 50 kV, 100 µm interaction spot and 100msec dwelling time.

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Fig.5: Greek text from the Byzantine era. Top: comparison of the ink under illumination in the visible (left) and near infrared (right) spectra. Bottom row: micrograph of the area subjected to XRF analysis (left) and the distribution of lead (Pb) in the fragment (right). In this case, the element lead (Pb) traces the structure of the substrate as well as the script.

5. Acknowledgements We take this opportunity to thank Christoph Rauch for permission to study the Book of Proverbs. Our thanks also go to Olivier Bonnerot who performed Raman spectroscopy on the ink on fragment (d) from Dime and the XRF measurements of the Book of Proverbs. DFG funding (SFB 950) is thankfully acknowledged.

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Brun, E. / Cotte, M. / Wright, J. / Ruat, M. / Tack, P. / Vincze, L. / Ferrero, D. / Delattre, C. /, Mocella V. (2016), “Revealing metallic ink in ”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, 3751-3754. Christiansen, T. / Buti, D. / Dalby, K.N. / Lindelof, P.E. / Ryholt, K. / Vila. A (2017), “Chemical characterization of black and red inks inscribed on ancient Egyptian papyri: The Tebtunis temple library”, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 14, 208-219. Delange, E. / Grange, M. / Kusko, B. / Menei, E. (1990), “Apparition de l'encre métallogallique en Égypte à partir de la collection de papyrus du Louvre”, Rev.d'Ég. 41, 213-217. Hahn, O. / Malzer, W. / Kanngießer, B. / Beckhoff, B. (2004), “Characterization of Iron-gall Inks in Historical Manuscripts using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry”, X-Ray Spectrometry 33, 234-239. Krutzsch, M. (2017) “Einzelblatt und Rolle”, in Feder, F. / Sperveslage G. / Steinborn F. (Hrsg.), Ägypten begreifen. Erika Endesfelder in memoriam, IBAES 19 ( ), 213-222. Nir-El, Y. / Broshi, M. (1996), “The black ink of the Qumran Scrolls”, Dead Sea Discoveries 3, 158-167. Rabin, I. / Hahn, O. (2013), “Characterization of the Dead Sea Scrolls by advanced analytical techniques”, Analytical Methods 5, 4648-4654. Rabin, I. (2014a), “Ink identification to accompany digitization of the manuscripts”, in Andrews, T.L. / Macé, C. (eds.), Analysis of Ancient and Medieval Texts and Manuscripts: Digital Approaches (Turnhout), 293-308. Rabin, I. (2014b), “Instrumental Analysis in Manuscript Studies”, in Bausi, A. et al. (eds.), Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies. An Introduction, online and print-on-demand edition. Soncino Babylonian Talmud (1963), translated by I. Epstein (London). Zerdoun Bat-Yehouda, M. (1983), Les encres noires au Moyen Age (Paris).

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