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Some Observations on the Nature of Papyrus Bonding
]. Ethnobiol. 11(2):193-202 Winter 1991 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURE OF PAPYRUS BONDING PETER E. SCORA Moreno Valley, CA 92360 and RAINER W. SCORA Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside, CA 92521 ABSTRACT.-Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus, Cyperaceae) was a multi-use plant in ancient Egypt. Its main use, however, was for the production of laminated leaves which served as writing material in the Mediterranean world for almost 5000 years. Being a royal monopoly, the manufacturing process was kept secret. PI~us Secundus, who first described this process, is unclear as to the adhesive forces bonding the individual papyrus strips together. Various authors of the past century advanced their own interpretation on bonding. The present authors believe that the natural juices of the papyrus strip are sufficient to bond the individual strips into a sheet, and that any additional paste used was for the sole purpose of pasting the individual dried papyrus sheets into a scroll. RESUMEN.-EI papiro (Cyperus papyrus, Cyperaceae) fue una planta de uso multiple en el antiguo Egipto. Su uso principal era la produccion de hojas lami nadas que sirvieron como material de escritura en el mundo meditarraneo durante casi 5000 anos. Siendo un monopolio real, el proceso de manufactura se mantema en secreto. Plinius Secundus, quien describio este proceso por primera vez, no deja claro que fuerzas adhesivas mantenlan unidas las tiras individuales de papiro. Diversos autores del siglo pasado propusieron sus propias interpretaciones respecto a la adhesion. Consideramos que los jugos naturales de las tiras de papiro son suficientes para adherir las tiras individuales y formar una hoja, y que cual quier pegamento adicional se usa unicamente para unir las hojas secas individuales para formar un rollo. -
Be a Scribe Papyrus Lansing
Name ____________________________________________ Date __________ Class _______ Period ____ Quaestio: ________________________________________________________________________________ The Invention of Writing Directions: Examine the infographic and the text and answer the questions belowINFOGRAPHIC. INFOGRAPHIC Around 8000 B.C., Sumerians began using differently shaped clay tokens to represent various items of exchange, such as sheep, bread, or oil. To record economic transactions, they placed the tokens inside clay envelopes often 1 The Sumerians sometimes pressed shaped like balls. Around 3500 B.C., Sumerians began to press the tokens into Around tokens8000 B.C., into Sumerians the surface began of a clayusing enve- differently shapedclay tabletsclay tokens to make to signs. They also started marking the clay using a sharp representlope various before items placing of exchange, them within such it, as sheep, bread, or oil. To record perhaps to indicate its contents. tool called a stylus. Around 3200 B.C., they created a true writing system that economic transactions, they placed the tokens inside clay includedenvelopes symbols often that represented words or syllables. 1 The Sumerians sometimes pressed shaped like balls. Around 3500 B.C., Sumerians began to press the tokens into tokens into the surface of a clay enve- clay tablets to make signs. They also started marking the clay using a sharp lope before placing them within it, perhaps to indicate its contents. tool called a stylus. Around 3200 B.C., they created a true writing system that included symbols that represented words or syllables. Cuneiform Symbol Meaning Mountain Orchard Fish Cuneiform A scribe listed quantities of various 2 SOURCE: Stephen Bertman, Handbook to Life in Symbol commodities on this clay tablet using Ancient Mesopotamia both token impressions and a stylus. -
Storage and Handling of Manuscripts
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 2||February. 2017 || PP.30-32 Storage and Handling of Manuscripts Dr. Sarita Bhattacharjee Librarian, Women’s College, Silchar, Assam, India ABSTRACT: Manuscript is handwritten old document. This paper highlights the types of manuscripts that are usually found in India and also the different initiatives adopted for cataloguing the Indian manuscripts. It focuses on the guidelines for storing and also handling of the manuscripts. Keywords: Manuscript, Cataloguing of Manuscripts, National Mission for Manuscripts, India, Storage, Handling I. INTRODUCTION Manuscript means old document which is written by hand. The word „Manuscript‟ is derived from the Latin phrase „manu scriptum‟ means „written by hand‟. The Antiquities Art Treasures Act 1972 defines manuscript „as a record of scientific, historical, literary or aesthetic value and which has been in existence for not less than 75 years.‟ A manuscript is a handwritten composition on paper, cloth, metal, bark of tree, palm leaf or any other material. In India manuscripts are written in various languages and scripts. The major manuscripts are found in Sanskrit language. The Sanskrit collection of Sarasvai Mahal is the largest manuscripts of India which contain the major works of Sanskrit literature beginning with the Vedas. These manuscripts were written in palm leaf and papers. II. MANUSCRIPTS IN INDIA In the ancient times the earlier method of transferring knowledge to new generation was oral i.e. through schools called gurukulas. But it was quite difficult on the part of the learners to remember all the teachings of their Gurus. -
Reused Paper Bags – Papyrus Papermaking
materials for the arts Reused Paper Bags – Papyrus Papermaking 6th grade Unit: the Early River Valley Civilizations Essential Question: To what degree does geography determine culture? Instructional Outcome: Students will understand how the geography of the Nile River Valley influenced their papermaking and writing process by analyzing secondary sources and participating in a papermaking activity. (2 Days) Materials: Informational trade books on Egyptian geography, papyrus papermaking, hieroglyphs, & scribes. Ex: Eyewitness: Ancient Egypt. Glue, water, mixing bowl, markers, paper bags or butcher paper. http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-•‐shows/what-•‐the-•‐ancients-•‐knew/videos/what-•‐the-•‐ancients-•‐knew-•‐i-•‐shorts-•‐ papyrus/ & http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-•‐collection-•‐online/search?ft=*&deptids=10&rpp=30&pg=2 CCLS: 6.3c Mesopotamia, Yellow River valley, Indus River valley, and Nile River valley complex societies and civilizations adapted to and modified their environment to meet the needs of their population. RI.6.1 Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. RI.6.2 Determine a central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments. W.6.7 Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and refocusing the inquiry where appropriate. Academic and Content Vocabulary: Hieroglyphic, Scribe, Phonogram, Ideogram, Cartouche, Printmaking, surplus, and Papyrus. Do now/hook: Students listen to an Egyptian song and read the lyrics on the screen. “When the [Nile] arises earth rejoices and all men are glad…. -
Revealing Metallic Ink in Herculaneum Papyri
Revealing metallic ink in Herculaneum papyri Emmanuel Bruna,b, Marine Cottec,d, Jonathan Wrightc, Marie Ruatc, Pieter Tacke, Laszlo Vinczee, Claudio Ferreroc, Daniel Delattref,g, and Vito Mocellah,1 aInserm U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France; bUniversité Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France; cThe European Synchrotron, 38043 Grenoble, Cedex, France; dLaboratoire d’Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 8220, 75005 Paris, France; eDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; fCNRS-Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes, 75016 Paris, France; gCentro Internazionale per lo Studio dei Papiri Ercolanesi, 80131 Napoli, Italy; and hConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Unità di Napoli, 80131 Napoli, Italy Edited by Richard Janko, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, and accepted by the Editorial Board February 18, 2016 (received for review October 8, 2015) Writing on paper is essential to civilization, as Pliny the Elder remarks more adherent, ink was required. Thereafter, metallic inks in his Natural History, when he describes the various types of papyri, became the standard for parchments in late antiquity and for the method of manufacturing them, and all that concerns writing most of the Middle Ages (4, 7). materials in the mid-first century AD. For this reason, a rigorous In this work, we study the chemical composition of papyrus scientific study of writing is of fundamental importance for the fragments carbonized by Mount Vesuvius’ eruption in 79 AD historical understanding of ancient societies. We show that metallic and found in the Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum between 1752 ink was used several centuries earlier than previously thought. -
Learning Objective: to Find out About the First Writing Systems
Early Civilisations Learning Objective: To find out about the first writing systems. NEXT www.planbee.com How do we find out about the past? BACK NEXT www.planbee.com Before people invented ways of writing to record stories, facts and information, we had to rely on archaeological evidence to help us find out what life was like. The period before writing was used is called prehistory. These archaeologists are excavating a site in Egypt Archaeologists are historians who find out about the past by looking at what people have left behind. They do this by digging up objects from the ground and by looking at changes made to the ground, like the remains of buildings or city walls. BACK NEXT www.planbee.com We can find out a lot through archaeological evidence, such as where people lived, the kind of houses and buildings they built, the food they ate, the animals they kept and the objects they made but there are lots of things archaeology alone can’t tell us about the time before writing was invented. What kind of things can’t we find out about the past just from archaeological evidence? BACK NEXT www.planbee.com Did you think of these ideas? People’s names What laws people had People’s opinions to live by The stories people told What people looked like The gods people How society was worshipped organised BACK NEXT www.planbee.com The very first writing system in the world was invented by the Sumerians around 3300 BC. The first writing used pictures as words but over the next 200 years, these pictures became wedge-shaped symbols. -
Legibility Enhancement of Papyri Using Color Processing and Visual
Personalizing image enhancement for critical visual tasks: improved legibility of papyri using color processing and visual illusions Vlad Atanasiu 1, 2 and Isabelle Marthot-Santaniello 1 University of Basel 1 and University of Fribourg 2, Switzerland, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Purpose: This article develops theoretical, algorithmic, perceptual, and interaction aspects of script legibility enhancement in the visible light spectrum for the purpose of scholarly editing of papyri texts. — Methods: Novel legibility enhancement algorithms based on color processing and visual illusions are compared to classic methods in a user experience experiment. — Results: (1) The proposed methods outperformed the comparison methods. (2) Users exhibited a broad behavioral spec- trum, under the influence of factors such as personality and social conditioning, tasks and application domains, expertise level and image quality, and affordances of software, hardware, and interfaces. No single enhancement method satisfied all factor configurations. Therefore, it is suggested to offer users a broad choice of methods to facilitate personalization, contextualization, and complementarity. (3) A distinction is made between casual and critical vision on the basis of signal ambiguity and error consequences. The criteria of a paradigm for enhancing images for critical applications comprise: in- terpreting images skeptically; approaching enhancement as a system problem; considering all image structures as potential information; and making -
Ancient Writing
Ancient Writing As early civilizations developed, societies became more complicated. Record keeping and communication demanded something beyond symbols and pictures to represent the spoken word. This resource explores the early writing systems of four ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica. You'll also learn about the Rosetta Stone, the 19th-century discovery that gave scholars the key that unlocked the language of ancient Egypt. Grade Level: Grades 3-5 Collection: Ancient Art, East Asian Art, Egyptian Art, Pre-Columbian Art Culture/Region: America, China, Egypt Subject Area: History and Social Science, Science, Visual Arts Activity Type: Art in Depth HOW ANCIENT WRITING BEGAN… AND ENDED As early civilizations developed, societies became more complicated. Record keeping and communication demanded something beyond symbols and pictures to represent the spoken word. This gallery explores the early writing systems of four ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica. Here you’ll also learn about the Rosetta Stone, the 19th-century discovery that gave scholars the key that unlocked the language of ancient Egypt. Why were writing systems developed? Communication – Sounds and speech needed to be visually represented. Correspondence – There was a desire to send notes, letters, and instructions. Recording – Bookkeeping tasks became important for counting crops, paying workers’ rations, and collecting taxes. Preservation – Personal stories, rituals, religious texts, hymns, literature, and history all needed to be recorded. Why did some writing systems disappear? Change – Corresponding cultures died out or were absorbed by others. Innovation – Newer, simpler systems replaced older systems. Conquest – Invaders or new rulers imposed their own writing systems. New Beginnings – New ways of writing developed with new belief systems. -
Grading on a Tablet
Grading on a Tablet Steven M. McKay August 2, 2016 Contents 1 Introduction2 2 Gathering Required Pieces2 2.1 Adobe Acrobat Pro........................3 2.2 Python 2..............................3 2.3 gradepages.py, converttojpg.py, byuexamheader.sty and tablet- grader.sty.............................3 2.4 Ghostscript or Imagemagik....................4 2.5 Auto Multiple Choice.......................4 2.6 LibreOffice.............................5 3 Workflow5 3.1 Preparing your Document....................6 3.2 Creating the AMC Project.................... 12 3.3 Grading.............................. 15 3.4 Post Processing.......................... 17 3.4.1 Convert the pdf files to jpg files............. 18 3.4.2 Run OMR......................... 18 3.4.3 Create the Spreadsheet.................. 18 4 Unusual Circumstances 20 4.1 Single sided or double sided exams............... 20 4.2 Multiple Sections......................... 20 4.3 Printer Setup on OS X...................... 20 1 1 Introduction This document outlines one possible way to grade exams on a tablet. I do not claim that it is the only way, or even the best way. It is a method that works for me. In order for me to be able to grade on my tablet, I have had to deal with the following requirements: • I need to be able to transfer the exams to pdf's in an easy way. • I need to be able to split the exams by page number, so that I can grade one problem at a time, or one page at a time. • I need some way for the scores of each exam to be recorded automati- cally. • I need some way for the exams to be returned to the students. -
The Writing Surface Papyrus and Its Materials 1. Can the Writing Material Papyrus Tell Us Where It Was Produced? 2
The Writing Surface Papyrus and its Materials 1. Can the writing material papyrus tell us where it was produced? 2. Material study of the inks Ira Rabin - Myriam Krutzsch in Proceedings of the 28th Congress of Papyrology Barcelona 1-6 August 2016 Edited by Alberto Nodar & Sofía Torallas Tovar Coedited by María Jesús Albarrán Martínez, Raquel Martín Hernández, Irene Pajón Leyra, José-Domingo Rodríguez Martín & Marco Antonio Santamaría Scripta Orientalia 3 Barcelona, 2019 Coordinación y edición: Alberto Nodar – Sofía Torallas Tovar Coedición: María Jesús Albarrán Martínez, Raquel Martín Hernández, Irene Pajón Leyra, José Domingo Rodríguez Martín, Marco Antonio Santamaría Diseño de cubierta: Sergio Carro Martín Primera edición, junio 2019 © los editores y los autores 2019 La propiedad de esta edición es de Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat Ausiàs Marc 92-98 – 08013 Barcelona ISBN 978-84-9191-079-4 (Pamsa) ISBN 978-84-88042-89-7 (UPF) Edición digital http://hdl.handle.net/10230/41902 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword i Program of the congress vi Photograph of participants xxi PART I: Papyrology: methods and instruments 1 Archives for the History of Papyrology ANDREA JÖRDENS, Die Papyrologie in einer Welt der Umbrüche 3-14 ROBERTA MAZZA, Papyrology and Ethics 15-27 PETER ARZT-GRABNER, How to Abbreviate a Papyrological Volume? Principles, 28-55 Inconsistencies, and Solutions PAOLA BOFFULA, Memorie dal sottosuolo di Tebtynis a ... Roma e a Venezia! 56-67 ELISABETH R. O’CONNELL, Greek and Coptic manuscripts from First Millennium 68-80 CE Egypt (still) in the British Museum NATASCIA PELLÉ, Lettere di B. P. Grenfell e A. S. -
Marianne Van Den Boomen Trans Coding the Digital How Metaphors Matter in New Media
MARIANNE VAN DEN BOOMEN TRANS CODING THE DIGITAL HOW METAPHORS MATTER IN NEW MEDIA A SERIES OF READERS PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE OF NETWORK CULTURES ISSUE NO.: 14 MARIANNE VAN DEN BOOMEN TRANSCODING THE DIGITAL HOW METAPHORS MATTER IN NEW MEDIA Theory on Demand #14 Transcoding the Digital: How Metaphors Matter in New Media Author: Marianne van den Boomen Editorial support: Miriam Rasch Design and DTP: Katja van Stiphout Publisher: Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam 2014 Printer: ‘Print on Demand’ First 200 copies printed at Drukkerij Steenman, Enkhuizen ISBN: 978-90-818575-7-4 Earlier and different versions of Chapter 2 has been published in 2008 as ‘Interfacing by Iconic Metaphors’, in Configurations 16 (1): 33-55, and in 2009 as ‘Interfacing by Material Metaphors: How Your Mailbox May Fool You’, in Digital Material: Tracing New Media in Everyday Life and Technology, edited by Marianne van den Boomen, Sybille Lammes, Ann-Sophie Lehmann, Joost Raessens, and Mirko Tobias Schäfer. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, p. 253-266. An earlier and different version of Chapter 6 has been published in 2006 as ‘Transcoding Metaphors after the Mediatic Turn’, in SPIEL 25 (h.1): 47-58. Contact Institute of Network Cultures Phone: +31 20 5951865 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.networkcultures.org This publication is available through various print on demand services. For more information, and a freely downloadable PDF: http://networkcultures.org/publications This publication is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). TRANSCODING THE DIGITAL 3 TRANSCODING THE DIGITAL HOW METAPHORS MATTER IN NEW MEDIA De transcodering van het digitale Hoe metaforen ertoe doen in nieuwe media (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. -
Your Work Day Made Smarter
Your Work Day Made Smarter Automate Your Tedious Yet Essential Business Processes Pyrus streamlines workflows in any department. The Pyrus platform combines request tracking, workflow automation, business communication, and document approvals in a single user-friendly interface. The Pyrus flexible workflow engine can be configured without coding and seamlessly integrates with existing ERP, CRM, SCM, or other software. Executives love Pyrus mobile apps and use them daily. Smart Inbox Reporting The folder “Inbox” in Pyrus is your to-do list. No need to switch Pyrus provides detailed reports on workflow progress: number between different applications: documents, decisions, and of opened and closed tasks, employee efficiency, time required requests are at your fingertips. With Pyrus you will forget about to complete a task on each step. You define a target Service endless emails, where it’s easy to lose track of communication. Level (for example, 95% of tasks need to be accomplished Finding required information in Pyrus is easy and convenient. No in four hours) and software shows you weekly and monthly more lost tasks or long conversation threads – your email volume dynamics, enabling you to analyze delays and find bottlenecks. will decrease dramatically and you’ll only see the things that require your attention. Support Request Summary Registry Reports Workflow Template More Service Level all steps 1 2 3 day week 24 mar 2015–21 apr 2015 95,7% 1932 2045 Streamlining Workflows The percentage of completion Meet Total number of tasks 100 In Pyrus you can create forms and set up their step-by-step 90 routing. Companies use Pyrus for sales and marketing, administrative workflows, human resources, IT and many other 80 workflows.