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Interpretation of the Scenes of Amun in the Tombs of Gebel El-Mawta at Siwa

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Interpretation of the Scenes of Amun in the Tombs of Gebel El-Mawta at Siwa JFTH Vol. 17, Issue 2 (2020) ISSN: 2314-7024 E-ISSN: 2682-2180 Interpretation of the Scenes of Amun in the Tombs of Gebel El-Mawta at Siwa Heba Magdy Khalil Associate Professor- Tourist Guiding Department Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Alexandria University, Egypt Abstract Two scenes appeared in the tombs of Gebel Western desert. It became very famous in the El-Matwa (one in the tomb of Si-Amun and Greco-Roman period because of the temple of the other in the tomb of the crocodile) the oracle that is dedicated to the main deity in representing a ram-headed figure holding a the Oasis, god Amun. The Mountain of the knife in his hand. This figure was interpreted dead (Gebel al-Mawta) is a hillside full of by all the scholars who dealt with Siwa tombs tombs, lies only one and a half km away from as god Amun. This could be related to the fact the center of the Siwa Oasis. There are about that god Amun was the main deity in the 600 tombs cut in the rock of the mountain. The th Oasis. However, it is unusual to see god Amun tombs dated back to the 26 Dynasty and the holding knife in his hand. As long as no Graeco-Roman era. They were later reused in inscription survived that could deciphere the the Roman era; as the mummies that were figure, the researcher aims at pointing out that found inside the tombs dated back to this this figure could be a demonic gatekeeper of period. (Fakhry, 1990) the netherworld. Those gatekeepers facilitate Among these tombs, only four were cleared the deceased's passage through the gates of the and published: Tomb of Si-Amun, the Netherworld to reach the goal of joining crocodile tomb, Tomb of Mesu-Isis, and the Osiris. They were mentioned in the Book of tomb of Neperbathoth (Fakhry, 1990). The the Dead and used to be represented on the researcher focused on two scenes of a ram- walls of tombs. They were depicted as animal- headed figure holding a knife in his hand headed figures, either sitting or standing and appeared in both the tomb of Si-Amun and the holding weapons in their hands, especially tomb of the crocodile. This figure was knives. interpreted by the researchers who dealts with Keywords: Gebel El-Mawta, demons, the tombs of Gebel el-Mawta; Fakhry (1990) gatekeepers, Amun. and Venit (2015); as the representation of Amun; while Lembke (2015) referred to it as a 1. Introduction: ram-hedaed god. Although Amun was the Siwa Oasis is located between the Qattara main deity in the Siwa Oasis; it is unusual to Depression and the Mediterranean Sea in the see him holding a knife. Moreover, there is no The Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Alexandria University, Vol. 17 , Issue 2 (2020) 195 Interpretation of the scenes of Amun in the tombs of Gebel El-Mawta at Siwa Heba Magdy Khalil inscription survived accompanying both lines, and below this, a crocodile appears scenes that could help in deciphering the painted in yellow (Fakhry, 1990). figure. 3. Interpretation: 2. Description: In the two previous scenes the ram-headed 2.1 The first scene: figure was interpreted by the scholars as Amun, however, god Amun did not use to be It is located on the northern side of the eastern presented holding knives. The reasons that wall in the tomb of Si-Amun. The tomb dates th rd made the researchers interpreted it as Amun, back to the 4 – 3 century BC. In this scene probably related to the fact that Amun was the we can see Si-Amun stands in front of a ram- main deity in Siwa Oasis, and the blue color of headed figure holding two knives (interpreted the body that was usually related to the deities. as Amun), colored blue and wears the tailed As long as there is no inscription accompanied kilt. He is followed by a female goddess the scene, we can't be affirmitive that it is holding in one hand that ankh sign and a Amun. scepter in the other hand. Her name and crown As for the other deities that appeared in are damaged; however, it was interpreted as ancient Egypt with a ram head; they are: Amun's consort Mut. Behind Mut stands Khnum (main deity of Elphentine), Hathor, looking to the right and holding the Banebdjedet (deity of Mendes), Heryshaf (god god Duamutef in her hands (Fakhry, 1990). worshiped in Hermopolis Magna), and Kherty (Pl.1) The female figure that stands behind (a netherworld god) (Hart, 2005). However, Mut was interpreted by Venit (2015) as non of those deities were represented with a Imentet embracing a mummiform falcon- knife in their hands. headed god that is Osiris-Sokar. The While looking in Leitz (2002) dictionary about interpretation of Imentet is more convenient the ancient Egyptian deities, the researcher here as the remains of the crown on the head didn't find any ram-headed god represented of the goddess resembles that of Imentet that with a knife. Thus, the researcher prefers to represents the "hieroglyph of the west" . identify this figure as a demon. 2.2 The second scene: In ancient Egypt, the demons are subordinate It is located in the crocodile tomb, that to the gods, and in certain cases they act under probably dates to the late Ptolemaic or early the command of a deity (Lucarelli, 1994). Roman Period. At the two thicknesses of the there were two types of demons: the entrance, the headless bodies of three figures malevolent demons (the wanderers), who were of deities are represented holding knives in wandering creatures that provoke misfortune their hands. Originally there were four figures. on earth and menace the deceased during his To the right of the niche the tomb owner is journey in the netherworld. They were seated on a chair and behind him stands the connected to diseases, misfortune to ram-headed figure (interpreted as god Amun), humans, nightmares, and demonic possessions holding a knife in each hand (Pl. 2). The body (Lucarelli, 2008). Magical spells are of the god is colored blue; while that of the mentioned in the Pyramid texts, Coffin texts tomb owner is a light red. Beneath them is a and Book of the Dead to confront the power of mad adorned with stepped pyramidal designs painted blue or red, bordered with two yellow The Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Alexandria University, Vol. 17 , Issue 2 (2020) 196 Interpretation of the scenes of Amun in the tombs of Gebel El-Mawta at Siwa Heba Magdy Khalil these malevolent demons (Lucarelli, 2006; Those gatekeepers were represented in detail Borghouts, 1978). in the spells 144 to 147 of the Book of the Dead (Book of the Dead, 2017) (Pl. 4) and on On the other hand, there are the benevolent the walls of the Pharaonic tombs (Pl. 5) either demons (the guardians), who were called standing or seating holding the knives in front sAwty.w "Guardian- of the portals. Among theses gatekeepers there demons" (Lucarelli, 2017; Szpakowska, 2009). is a demon in a ram-headed shape holding a They guard certain regions of the netherworld knife. During the Graeco-Roman period, those and can turn malevolent towards those who demons were also represented on the walls of don't know the magical spells needed to face the tombs. At dakhla Oasis, inside the tomb of amd greet them. They are named with epithets Petubasis, there are representations of ape- that usually refer to some fear-inspiring detail headed daemon with a bow, Jackal-headed of their faces or characters. They were daemon with knife, and Bes-daemon with a depicted as animal-headed figures, either knife (Venit, 2015) (Pl. 6). The representation sitting or standing and holding weapons in of the demons appeared in other tombs in the their hands, especially knives (Lucarelli, Dakhla Oasis such as the tomb of Psenosiris 2011). The function of these weapons was to (Venit, 2015). repulse the evil which faced the deceased in The reasons that make the researcher assumes his journey in the underworld before reaching that the ram-headed figure represented in the the field of Iaru or the eternal paradise tombs of Gebel el-Mawta is a gatekeeper (Omran, 2015). The Guardians dealt with the demon and not god Amun are: gates and portals of the netherworld, facilitating the deceased's passage through God Amun was never represented them to reach the goal of joining Osiris (Von holding a knife. Lieven, 2002). In the scene from the crocodile tomb, the ram-headed figure was represented Those demonic gatekeepers were also in behind the seated deceased. If this charge of the 12 gates through which the solar figure was Amun, the deceased will barque had to pass at night, as mentioned in never be represented giving his back to the Book of Gates. Before each gate, Re had to the almighty god Amun. Moreover, stop and recite the name of the gatekeeper in a Amun was never one of the protective spell which included the name of the gate. gods that used to be represented behind Then he could pass on to the next gate. Later, the kings such as Isis and Horus. it became the pharaoh who had to deliver the It was common to see the gatekeepers recitations in order to pass beyond the represented on the walls of the tombs netherworld safely to be united with his father starting from the Pharaonic period till Re (Wells, 1993).
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