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The Ancient Egyptians Fall 2017 Christopher Wren Association College of William and Mary

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The Ancient Egyptians Fall 2017 Christopher Wren Association College of William and Mary THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS FALL 2017 CHRISTOPHER WREN ASSOCIATION COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY Dr. George DeRise WEEK 5 Professor, Mathematics (retired) Thomas Nelson Community College AMENEMHAT III DYNASTY 12 1842-1797 BC WOMEN'S LEGAL RIGHTS IN ANCIENT EGYPT FROM THE OLD KINGDOM ON …THE FORMAL LEGAL STATUS OF EGYPTIAN WOMEN (WHETHER UNMARRIED, MARRIED, DIVORCED OR WIDOWED) WAS NEARLY IDENTICAL WITH THAT OF EGYPTIAN MEN. PTAHKHENUWY AND WIFE OLD KINGDOM-BOSTON CONTRACTS -WRITTEN COPIES OF ORAL AGREEMENTS PARTY A SPOKE TO PARTY B IN THE PRESENCE OF WITNESSES AND A (PROFESSIONAL) SCRIBE. LAND - WOMEN COULD HOLD PROPERTY TITLE- RESPONSIBE FOR ASSESSMENTS DUE. MARRIAGE - NO LEGAL OR STATE CEREMONY; MARRIAGE CONTRACTS, RE: ECONOMIC MATTERS. DIVORCE AND REMARRIAGE SEEM TO HAVE BEEN RELATIVELY EASY AND RELATIVELY COMMON. ADULTERY- JUST AS WRONG FOR A MAN TO COMMIT ADULTERY AS FOR A WOMAN. WOMEN COULD… ENTER INTO CONTRACTS IN THEIR OWN NAME, INITIATE CIVIL COURT CASES, BE SUED, SERVE AS WITNESSES IN COURT CASES, SERVE ON JURIES, WITNESS LEGAL DOCUMENTS. JANET H. JOHNSON; WOMEN'S LEGAL RIGHTS IN ANCIENT EGYPT UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO HAWARA PAPYRUS 1 7.5 FT. LONG PRE-NUP AGREEMENT PESETCH, DAUGHTER OF ANKHHEP DREW UP THIS DOCUMENT… COMPENSATION: INCLUDED “1.2 PIECES OF SILVER AND 36 SACKS OF EMMER EVERY YEAR FOR THE REST OF HER LIFE.” 1 SACK OF WHEAT (c.58 KG = 128 LB) ‘PIECE OF SILVER’ = 1 (SILVER) DEBEN THE ABOVE CONTRACT’S ANNUITY ENSURED THE WIFE COULD SURVIVE WITH OR WITHOUT HER HUSBAND (ALTHOUGH SHE HAD TO PAY FOR THE PRIVILEGE, GIVING HIM 30 PIECES OF SILVER UPFRONT IN EXCHANGE). THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE HAWARA PAPYRI: DEMOTIC AND GREEK TEXTS FROM AN EGYPTIAN FAMILY ARCHIVE IN THE FAYUM FOURTH TO THIRD CENTURY B.C. ANNUITY CONTRACTS, DONATIONS, SALES, MORTGAGE AGREEMENTS, LOAN REPAYMENTS SANEKH PAYMENTS: WOMEN BENEFICIERIES HAVE A SIGNIFICANT CLAIM ON THE PROPERTY OF THE MEN GUARANTEEING THESE PAYMENTS. CHICAGO HAWARA PAPYRUS 1 STELA OF LADY KHU c. 1850 BC BRITISH MUSEUM CRIMINAL LAW A WRITTEN CRIMINAL LAW CODE DOES NOT EXIST. TOMB ROBBERIES: LATER CRIMES AGAINST THE STATE: NO EGYPTIAN WORD FOR ‘TREASON,’ ‘GREAT CRIME WORTH OF DEATH’ DESERTION: 26TH DYNASTY - FOREIGN MERCENARIES DESERTED, THE KING MASSACRED THEM ON THE SPOT. MURDER: NO PUNISHMENT FOR MURDER IS KNOWN, DEATH PENALTY IS LIKELY. CAUSING INJURIES: DIVERSE SENTENCES MENTIONED IN TEXTS, E.G. CORPORAL PUNISHMENTS - FLOGGING OR FORCED LABOR. RAPE: NO WORD; ‘NEK’ (EARLY) ‘TO HAVE INTERCOURSE’ (NEW KINGDOM) ‘COPULATE’, ‘COMMIT ADULTERY’. CASES WHERE THE INITIATIVE TO COMMIT ADULTERY WAS TAKEN BY THE MAN- THE PUNISHMENT IS UNKNOWN. CASE: MAN STANDING TRIAL HAD TO SWEAR AN OATH TO HAVE HIS NOSE AND EARS CUT OFF AND BE SENT INTO EXILE IN NUBIA IF HE MET THE WOMAN AGAIN. ADULTERY: IF A WOMAN INITIATES ADULTERY THAT LEADS TO DIVORCE OR REPUDIATION, SHE LOSES HER BRIDE PRICE AND REMAINS WITHOUT MEANS. MEN ARE WARNED NOT TO HAVE INTERCOURSE WITH MARRIED WOMEN STEAL: VOCABULARY FOR ‘TO STEAL’ IS VARIED PENALTY CONSISTS OF PAYING DOUBLE OR TRIPLE THE VALUE OF THE OBJECT STOLEN. CORPORAL PUNISHMENTS: CONSISTED OF BEATINGS OR MUTILATIONS. TEXTS SPEAK OF THRASHINGS WITH A WOODEN STICK GIVEN 10, 20, 50, 100, OR EVEN 200 TIMES. THEY ALSO MENTION BRANDING AND MUTILATION OF NOSE AND EARS. NYANKH-KHNUM AND KHNUM-HOTEP KISSING. 5TH DYNASTY (C. 2494–2345 BC) METTERNICH STELA DYNASTY 30, ALEXANDRIA. c. 350 BC MET SPELL AGAINST APOPHIS SPELL AGAINST POISONS SPELLS FOR HEALING A CAT STORY OF ISIS AND INFANT HORUS SPELL FOR PROTECTION ON WATER SPELL AGAINST A SCORPION STING HEARST MEDICAL PAPYRUS PROBLEMS DEALING WITH THE URINARY SYSTEM, BLOOD, HAIR, AND BITES “A TOOTH WHICH FALLS OUT” “REMEDY FOR TREATMENT OF THE LUNG” EDWIN SMITH MEDICAL PAPYRUS ANALYSES OF 48 DIFFERENT TYPES OF WOUNDS EACH CASE BEGINS WITH A TITLE (IN RED) ‘KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE’ DIAGNOSIS RECOMMENDED PROGNOSIS “AN AILMENT I WILL HANDLE.” “AN AILMENT I WILL FIGHT WITH.” “AN AILMENT FOR WHICH NOTHING IS DONE.” TOMB OF ANKH-MA-HOR SAQQARA - DYNASTY 6. "ON THE 16TH I RECOMMENCED MY EXCAVATIONS IN THE VALLEY OF BEBAN EL MALOOK, AND POINTED OUT THE FORTUNATE SPOT, WHICH HAS PAID ME FOR ALL THE TROUBLE I TOOK IN MY RESEARCHES. I MAY CALL THIS A FORTUNATE DAY, ONE OF THE BEST PERHAPS OF MY LIFE…" GIOVANNI BELZONI DISCOVERED THE TOMB OF SETI I – OCTOBER 16, 1817 BURIAL CHAMBER SETI 1, (Dynasty 19) TOMB OF SETI 1 – KV 17 DISCOVERED BY BELZONI IN 1817 TOMB SETI 1 THE PYRAMID TEXTS THE COFFIN TEXTS THE BOOK OF THE DEAD THE BOOKS OF BREATHING, THE AMDUAT THE SPELL OF THE TWELVE CAVES THE BOOK OF GATES THE BOOK OF CAVERNS THE BOOK OF THE EARTH THE BOOK OF NUT THE BOOK OF THE OPENING OF THE MOUTH THE BOOK OF THE DAY THE BOOK OF THE NIGHT THE LITANY OF RE THE BOOK OF THE HEAVENLY COW THE BOOK OF TRAVERSING ETERNITY SARCOPHAGUS SETI 1 - BOOK OF GATES SIR JOHN SOANES MUSEUM SARCOPHAGUS SETI 1 - BOOK OF GATES SIR JOHN SOANES MUSEUM SARCOPHAGUS SETI 1 BOOK OF GATES SIR JOHN SOANES MUSEUM TOMB SETI 1 BOOK OF GATES GODDESS NUT SARCOPHAGUS SETI 1 TOMB NOFRETARY FIRST WIFE OF RAMESES II DYNASTY 19 C. 1250 B.C. TOMB NOFRETARY FIRST WIFE OF RAMESES II DYNASTY 19 C. 1250 B.C. “THE OSIRIS, THE KING'S GREAT WIFE, MISTRESS OF THE TWO LANDS, NEFERTARI BELOVED OF MUT, JUSTIFIED WITH OSIRIS THE GREAT GOD.” FOUR SONS OF HORUS FOUR CANOPIC JARS IN THE SIDE CHAMBER HATHOR DEIR EL-BAHRI CACHE DB 320 1881 INCLUDING TUTHMOSIS III, SETI I, RAMESES II SETI 1 MUMMY FOUND IN THE DEIR EL-BAHRI CACHE, 1881 ANOTHER CACHE KV 35 TOMB AMENHOTEP II MUMMIES OF… TUTHMOSIS IV AMENHOTEP III MERENPTAH SETI II SIPTAH RAMESES IV RAMESES V RAMESES VI THE ELDER LADY- QUEEN TIY THE YOUNGER LADY-QUEEN KIYA KV 63 TUTANKHAMUN’S MOTHER ABBOTT PAPYRUS – A RECORD OF AN OFFICIAL INSPECTION OF ROYAL TOMBS IN THE THEBAN NECROPOLIS 16TH REGNAL YEAR OF RAMESSES IX. C.1110 BC. BRITISH MUSEUM 10221 MUMMIFICATION: HERODOTUS BOOK II BRAIN REMOVED THROUGH NOSTRILS REMOVE INTERNAL ORGANS HEART LEFT INSIDE CLEANSE WITH PALM WINES & AROMATICS FILL BELLY WITH PURE MYRRH POWDER ‘CURE’ FOR 70 DAYS WITH NATRON WASH BODY WRAP IT IN FINE LINEN INTERNAL ORGANS IN CANOPIC JARS MUMMY –RAMESES III EGYPTIAN MUSEUM CAIRO MUMMY BANDAGES 6TH-2ND CENTURIES BC WALTER’S ART MUSEUM BALTIMORE MUMMY QUEEN ESEMKHEBE DYNASTY 21 C.1000 BC CAIRO ANKH WDJAT DJED SA KHEPER IB BES TAWERT TYET ANKH-DJED-WAS AMULETS KV 46 BOOK OF THE DEAD OF IOUIYA THE NEGATIVE CONFESSION TOMB KV 46 YUIYA AND TUIYU PARENTS OF TIY, WIFE OF AMENHETEP III. YUIA’S WOOD SARCOPHAGUS YUIA’S OUTER COFFIN CANOPIC CHEST OF YUIA WOODEN COFFER SHABTI AND SHABTI BOX OF YUIA CHAIR OF SITAMUN GRANDDAUGHTER OF YUIYA AND TUIYU DAUGHTER/WIFE OF AMENHOTEP III. .
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